范文一:上海交大考博英语真题
上海交通大学2001年春季博士生入学考试英语试题
二OO一年春季博士生入学考试试题
(Time: 180 minutes)
序号:A145 试题名称:英语
Part L Listening Comprehension ( 25,)
, Part 11[. Vocabulary (20%)
Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence
if inserted at the place marked. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet. 31. To qualify for such a position, the native would first have to receive specialized training, and this is—— A) refused B) discouraged
C) denied D) forbidden
32. The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her——
A) whirl B) shift
C) shiver D) shake
33. Presently, there are nine teachers in my team, who have ——the task of teaching advanced English to more than 500 non-English majors.
A) inclined B) hesitated
C) afforded D) undertaken
34. The press demands that politicians——the sources of their income.
A) betray B) conceal
D) renew C) disclose
35. Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a m with a strong——
A) philosophy B) idealism
C) morality D) personality
36. One new —— to learning a foreign language is to study the language in its cultural context.
A) approach B) solution
C) manner D) road
37. To maintain public——is not only the policemen's duty but f every citizen's responsibility.
A) custom B) confidence
C) security D) simplicity
38. All was dark in the district except for a candle—— through th curtains in one of houses. A) glimmering B)glittering
C) flaming D) blazing
39. One of the stands——and dozens of people were either killer or injured. A) destroyed B) collapsed
C) corroded D) ruined
40. "Me, afraid of him?" he said with a(n) —— smile, "Not me!"
A) contemptible B) amusing
C) contagious D) contemptuous
41. He will simply no listen to anybody; he is—— to argument.
A) impervious B) imperceptible
C) impassable D) blunt
42. Stop asking all these personal questions! It is bad manners to be A) inquisitive B) impatient
C) acquisitive D) informative
43. He between life and death for a few days but then he pul: A) hovered B) lurched
C) wavered D) fluctuated
44. We are prepared to satisfy all your—— claim
A} legitimate B) legible
C) intimate D) legislative
45. There is not a Greek word which is the exact——_ of the English word ' stile'. A) equivalent B) copy
C) counterpart D) meaning
46. The prizes will be—— at the end of the school year. A) distributed B) attributed
C) granted D) contributed
47. During our stay in Paris we were splendidly—— by the Italian Ambassador. A) sustained B) maintained
C) retained D) entertained
48. On leaving, we thanked him most warmly for the hospitality _ to us and our friends.
A) extended B) expanded
C) expended D) awarded
49. If the dispute is not settled in a(n) __ way soon, the two countries will certainly go to war.
A) amiable B) amicable
C) inimical D) unfriendly
50, If I may be so—— as to advise you, my opinion is that you should not reply to his letter.
A) generous B) humble
C) proud D) bold
51. If you take a(n) —— course like her you can learn English in less than two years.
A) intensive B) extensive
C) expansive D) retentive
52. After a year's hard work I think I am ——to a long holiday. 10,
A) entailed B) deserved
C) entitled D) satisfied
53. Thousands of people —— from Greece every year to work in West Germany. A) emigrate B) leave
C) abandon D) immigrate
54, lie was a member of the Hillary—— that conquered Mount
Everest.
A) mission B) invasion
C) experiment D) expedition
55. It was my sad duty to _ the news of John's death to his family.
A) submit B) break
C) say D) proclaim
56. He—— himself as a war correspondent in Vietnam. A) discerned B) distinguished
C) discriminated D) extinguished
57. She—— his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet. A) inclined B) declined
C) denied D) disinclined
58. He was——with attempted robbery and held in custody.. A) accused B) prosecuted
C) charged D) arrested
59. What the witness said in court was not ?—— with the statement he made to the police. A) prevalent B) relevant
C) consistent D) coincident
60. Molly has always beep a(n) ——child; she becomes ill easily.
A) delicate B) gloomy
C) energetic D) confident
61. There are some very beautifully ——glass windows in the church.
A) designed B) drawn
C) marked D) stained
62. The man who never tries anything new is a(n)—— on the wheels of progress.
A) obstacle B) brake
C) break D) block
63. There is a sale at Hamfridge's next week with—— in all departments.
A) decreases B) subtractions
C) reductions D) accounts
64. Doctors have long known that if a patient is _ that he will recover and is treated with sympathy, his pain will often disappear.
A) assumed B) assured
C) informed D) proved
sense of smell, they have acute vision. 65: Although most birds have only a——
A} genuine. B) negative
C) negligible D) condensed
66. We are sorry to say that Mary is not the very person who can be ——with either money or secret information.
A)entrusted B) committed
C)consigned D) assigned
67. If you never review your lessons, you will only have yourself to—— if you fail in your examination.
A) complain B) blame
C) mistake D) fault
68. We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go, so the game looked completely ——
A) irresistible B) irremissible
C} irreplaceable D) irretrievable
69. Had the explosion broken out, the passagers in the plane should have been killed, for it was_——timed with
the plane's take-off.
A) spontaneously B) instantaneously
C} simultaneously D) conscientiously
70. The two witnesses who saw the shootings were able to——who hard fired first.
A) encounter B) highlight
C} testify D) identify
Part III. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 30 points)
Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.
One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate with each other. He was standing at the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside hiui,and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the word `More?'
The astonished astronomer went -to the director of the institute and told him about the incident. `Oh, yes: That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all. Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, andit has been known for a long time that they can make a number o? sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster ,and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a `language' in the real sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this. A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure, or what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two questions `Who loves Mary?' and `Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question `Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.
71. The dolphin leapt into the air because
A) Sagan had turned his back
B) it was part of the game they were playing
C) he wanted Sagan to scratch him again
D) Sagan wanted him to do this
72. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin had done, the director
A) didn't seem to think it was unusual
B) thought Sagan was joking
C) told Sagan about other words the dolphin knew
D) asked him if he knew other words
73. Dolphins' brains are particularly well-developed to
A) help them to travel fast in water
B) arrange sounds in different structures
C) respond to different kinds of sound
D) communicate with humans through sound
74. The sounds we call words can be called a language only if
A) each sound has a different meaning
B) each sound is different from the other
C) there is a system of writing
D) they have a structure or grammar
Passage(2)
Married people live "happily ever after" in fairy tales, but they do so less and less often in real life. 1, like many of my friends, got married, divorced, and remarried. I suppose, to some people, I'm a failure. After all, I broke my first solemn promise to "love and cherish until death us do part." But I feel that I'm finally a success. I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage. This time around, the ways my husband and I share our free time, make decisions, and deal with problems are very different.
I learned, first of all, not to be a clinging vine (依赖男子的妇女) . In my first marriage, I felt the every
moment we spent apart was wasted. If Ray wanted to go out to a bar with his friends to watch a football game, I felt rejected and talked him into staying home. I wouldn't accept an offer to go to a movie or join an exercise class it' it meant that Ray would be home alone. I realize now that we were often angry with each other just because we spent too much time together. In contrast, my second husband and I spend some of our tree time apart and try to have interests of our own. I have started playing racquetball at a health club, and David sometimes takes off to go to the local auto races with his friends. When we are together, we aren't bored with each other; our separate interests make us more interesting people.
I learned not only to be apart sometimes but also to work together when it's time to make decisions. When Ray and I were married, I left all the important decisions to him. He decided how we would spend money, whether we should sell the car or fix it, and where to take a vacation. I know now that I went along with this so that I
wouldn't have to take the responsibility when things went wrong. I could always end an argument by saying, "It was your fault!" With my second marriage, I am trying to be a full partner. We ask each other's opinions on major decisions and try to compromise if we disagree. If we make the wrong choice, we're equally guilty. When we rented an apartment, for example, we both had to take the blame for not noticing the drafty windows and the "no pets" clause in our lease.
Maybe the most important thing I've learned is to be a grown-up about facing problems. David and i have made a vow to face our troubles like adults. If we're mad at each other or worried and upset, we say how we feel. Rather than hide behind our own misery, we talk about the problem until we discover how to fix it. Everybody argues or has to deal with the occasional crisis, but Ray and I always reacted like children to these stormy times. I would lock myself in the spare bedroom. Ray would stalk out of the house, slam the door, and race off in the car. Then I would cry and worry till he returned.
I wish that my first marriage hadn't been the place where I learned how to make a relationship work, but at least I did learn. 1 feel better now about being an independent person, about making decisions, and about facing problems. My second marriage isn't perfect, but it doesn't have the deep flaws that made the first one fall apart. 75. Which of the following has contributed to the writer's divorce?
A) Her former husband went out to watch football games.
B) She started to play racquetball at a health club.
C) They spent too much time together and got bored with each other.
D) They spent so little time together that they could not talk to each other.
76. It can be learned from the passage that the writer, in her first marriage,
A) took less responsibility than she should for major decision
B) tool: the same responsibility as her husband
C) took more blame when things went wrong
D) felt equally guilty when things went wrong
77. Which of the following that the author should have said when she quarrelled with her former husband but she did not.
A) "It was your fault!"
B) "Maybe you're right."
C) "It's none of your business."
D) "It's none of my business."
78. All the problems between the writer and David can be resolved because
A) they hide their feelings
B) they lock themselves in their bedroom
C) they have promised not to be mad at each other
D) they dare to face them
79, The writer's second marriage is different from the first one in all the following ways except A) that they share their free time
B) that they make their decisions together
C) that they talk to each other
D) that they deal with their troubles together
80. The best title for the passage is
A) First Marriage
B) Second Marriage
C) Divorce
D) Perfect Marriage
Passage(3)
Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as "Help Wanted", "Real Estate," "Lost and Found" are made, the rate charged being less than that for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who, is interested in a particular kind of advertisement
finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertiser may, on this account, use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention.
Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention. In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement. This is particularly true of real?estate advertising.
81. Classified advertising is different to display advertising because
A) all advertisements of a certain type are grouped together
B) it is more distinguished
C) it is more expensive
D) nowadays the classified advertisements are all of the same size
82. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement is
A) house for sale
B) people who are asking for help
C) people who are lost
D) real antiques for sale
83. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisements, according to the writer? A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.
B) They are looking for something they need.
C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.
D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.
84. What does the writer say about the classified advertisements that used to be put in the papers? A) They used to be voluntary.
B) They used to use display type.
C) They were all the same size.
D) They were more formal.
85. Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance, according to the writer?
A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.
B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.
C) Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be smaller now. D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition amongst advertisers. .
Passage(4)
Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, came in from the adjoining store and briskly cleaned the blackboard. He was a retired African sergeant from the Army Medical Corps and was feared by the boys. If he caught any of them in any petty thieving, he offered them the choice of a hard smack on the bottom or of being reported to the science masters. Most boys chose the former as they knew the matter would end there with no long interviews, moral arguments and an entry in the conduct book.
The science master, a man called Vernier, stepped in and stood on his small platform. Vernier set the experiments for the day and demonstrated them, then retired behind the "Church Times" which he read seriously in between walking quickly along the rows of laboratory benches, advising boys. It was a simple heat experiment to show that a dark surface gave out more heat by radiation than a bright surface.
During the class, Vernier was called away to the telephone and Abu was not about, having retired to the lavatory for a smoke. As soon as a posted guard announced that he was out of sight, minor pandemonium ('N k) broke out. Some of the boys raided the store. The wealthier ones took rubber tubing to make catapults and to repair bicycles,
and helped themselves to chemicals for developing photographic films. The poorer boys, with a more determined aim, took only things of strict commercial interst which could be sold easily in the market. They emptied stuff into bottles in their pockets. Soda for making soap, magnesium sulphate for opening medicine, salt for cooking, liquid paraffin for women's hairdressing, and fine yellow iodoform powder much in demand for sprinkling on sores. Kojo objected mildly to all this. "Oh, shut up!" a few boys said. Sorie, a huge boy who always wore a fez indoors, commanded respect and some leadership in the class. He was gently drinking his favourite mixture of diluted alcohol and bicarbonate----which he called "gin and fizz"----from a beaker. "Look here, Kojo, you are getting out of hand. What do you think our parents pay taxes and school fees for? For us to enjoy----or to buy a new car every year for Simpson? " The other boys laughed. Simpson was the European headmaster, feared by the small boys, adored by the boys in the middle school, and liked, in a critical fashion, with reservations, by some of the senior boys and African masters. He had a passion for new motor-cars, buying one yearly.
"Come to think of it," Sorie continued to Kojo, "you must take something yourself, then we'll know we are safe," "Yes, you must," the other boys insisted. Kojo gave in and, unwillingly, took a little nitrate for some gunpowder experiments which he was carrying out at home. "Someone!" the look-out called.
The boys ran back to their seats in a moment. Sorie washed out his mouth, at the sink with some water. Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, entered and observed the innocent expression on the faces of the whole class. He looked round fiercely and suspiciously, and then sniffed the air. It was a physics experiment, but the place smelled chemical. However, Vemier came in then. After asking if anyone was in difficulties, and finding that no one could in a moment think up anything, he retired to his chair and settled down to an article on Christian reunion. 86, The boys were afraid of Mr Abu because
A) he had been an Army sergeant and had military ideas of discipline
B) he reported them to the Science masters whenever he caught them petty thieving
C) he was cruel
D) he believed in strict discipline
87. When the boys were caught petty thieving, they usually chose to be beaten by Mr Abu because A) he gave them only one hard smack instead of the six from their teachers
B) they did not want to get a bad reputation with their teachers
C) they were afraid of their science masters
D) his punishment was quicker than their teachers'
88. Some boys took chemicals like soda and iodoform powder because
A) they liked to set up stalls in the marked and sell things, like traders
B) they were too poor to buy things like soap and medicine
C) they wanted money and could sell such things quickly
D) they needed things like soap and medicine for sores
89. A big difference between Kojo and Sorie was that
A) Kojo took chemicals for some useful experiment but Sorie only wasted his in making an alcoholic drink. B) Sorie was rich but Kojo was poor
C) Kojo had a guilty conscience but Sorie did not
D) when Kojo objected. Sorie proved that what they were doing was reasonable
90. On entering the laboratory, Mr Abu was immediately suspicious because
A) the whole class was looking so innocent
B) he was a suspicious man by nature
C) there was no teacher in the room
D) he could smell chemicals and he knew it was a physics lesson ,
Passage(5)
Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down her briefcase. As usual, she had brought some work home from the travel agency. She wanted to have a quick bite to eat and then, after spending a few hours working, she was looking forward to watching television or listening to some music:.
She was just about to start preparing her dinner when there was a knock at the door. `Uli, no! Who on earth could
that be?' she muttered to herself. She went to the door and opened it just wide enough to see who it was. A man of about sixty was standing there. It took her a moment before she realized who he was. He lived in the flat below. They had passed each other on the stairs once or twice, and had nodded to each other but never really spoken.
`Uh, sorry to bother you, but ...uh...there's something I'd like to talk to you about,' he mumbled. He had a long, thin face and two big front teeth that made him look rather like a rabbit. Alison hesitated, but then, opening the door wide, asked him to come in. It was then that she noticed the dog. She hated dogs----particularly big ones. This one was a very old, very fat bulldog. The man had already bone into her small living-room and, without being asked, he sat down on the sofa. The dog followed him in and climbed up on the sofa next to him, breathing heavily. She stared at it. It stared back.
The man coughed. `Uh, do you mind if I smoke?' he asked. Before she could ask him not to, he had taken out a cigarette and lit it.
`I'll tell you why I've come. I ...I hope you won't be offended but, well ...,' he began and then stopped. Suddenly his face went red. His whole body began to shake. Then another cough exploded from somewhere deep inside him. Still coughing, he took out a grey, dirty-?looking handkerchief and spat into it. Afterwards he put the cigarette
back into his mouth and inhaled deeply. As he did so, some ash fell on the carpet.
The man looked around the room. He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say. Alison glanced at her watch and wondered when he would get to the point. She waited.
'Nice place you've got here,' he said at last.
91. How do you think Alison felt when she heard the knock at the door?
A) Afraid .B) Irritated.
C) Pleased. D) Curious.
92. Who was the man at the door?
A) Someone from work.
B) A friend who needed advice.
C) A complete stranger.
D) A neighbour she hardly knew.
93. What do you think Alison said to herself when she saw the dog?
A) ' I wish he wouldn't bring that dog in here.'
B) `Oh, what a nice dog?'
C) 'What's wrong with that poor dog?'
D) 'I'm sure I've seen that dog before somewhere.'
94. What happened after the man asked if he could smoke?
A) Alison offended him by asking him not to.
B) He went ahead without waiting for an answer.
C) He began to smoke but then put the cigarette out.
D) He took out his cigarettes but did to light one.
95. Why did he want to talk to her?
A) We are not told.
B) He wanted to tell her how nice her flat was.
C) He wanted to introduce himself.
D) She had done something to offend him.
Passage(6)
Even in fresh water sharks hunt and kill. The Thresher shark, capable of lifting a small boat out of the water, has been sighted a mile inland on the Fowey River in Cornwall. Killer sharks swim rivers to reach Lake Nicaragua in Central America; they average one human victim each year.
Sewage and garbage attract sharks inland. When floods carry garbage to the rivers they provide a rich diet which sometimes stimulates an epidemic of shark attacks. Warm water generally provides shark food, and a rich diet inflames the shark's aggression.
In British waters sharks usually swim peacefully between ten and twenty miles offshore where warm water currents
fatten mackerel and pilchards for their food. But the shark is terrifyingly unpredictable. One seaman was severely mauled ()jV) as far north as Wick in Scotland. Small boats have been attacked in the English Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea.
Most of the legends about sharks are founded in ugly fact. Even a relatively small shark ---- a 200 lb. 2ambesi----can sever a man's leg with one bite. Sharks have up to seven rows of teeth and as one front tooth is damaged or lost another moves forward to take its place. The shark never sleeps. Unlike most fish, it has no air bladder, and it must move constantly to avoid sinking. It is a primitive creature, unchanged for sixty million years of evolution. Its skin is without the specialised scales of a fish. Fully grown, it still has five pairs of separate gills like a three-week. human embryo.
But it is a brilliantly efficient machine. Its skin carries nerve endings which can detect vibrations from fish 'Moving several miles away. Its sense of smell, the function of most of its brain, can detect one part in 600,000 of tuna fish juice in water, or the blood of a fish or animal from a quarter of a male away. It is colour blind, and sees best in deep water, but it can distinguish shapes and patterns of light and shade easily. Once vibrations and smell have placed its prey the shark sees well enough to home in by vision for the last fifty feet. The shark eats almost anything. It will gobble old tin cans and broken bottles as well as fish, animals and humans. Beer bottles, shoes, wrist watches, car number plates, overcoats and other sharks have been found in dead sharks. Medieval records tell of entire human corpses still encased in armour.
The United States military advice on repelling sharks is to stay clothed----sharks go for exposed flesh; especially the feet. Smooth swimming at the surface is essential. Frantic splashing will simply attract sharks, and dropping below the surface makes the swimmer an easy target. If the shark gets close, then is the time to kick, thrash and hit out. A-direct hit on the snout; gills. or eyes will drive away most sharks. The exception is the Great White shark. It simply kills you.
96. It is less common to find sharks iii
A) salt water B) fresh water C) warm water D) deep water
97. Why do sharks normally swim between ten and twenty miles off the coast of Britain?
A) They prefer warm water to cold water. B) They see best in deep water.
C) They are afraid of man. D) That is where their food is.
98. Why does the shark never stop moving?
A) It never sleeps. B) It can only smell when moving.
C) If it stopped it would sink. D) It must eat constantly.
99. The shark's best sense is smell because
A) most of its brain is used for this purpose
B) it is colour blind
C) it can smell blood from a quarter of a mile away
D) it can only see up to fifty feet
100.1f you kick and make a lot of noise in.the water,
A) the shark will kill you B) the shark will attack your feet
C) you will frighten the shark away D) you will attract the shark
Part IV Writing (25,)
Some people say that knowing how to write well is no longer an important skill. They claim that telephones, tape recorders, computers and other forms of nonwritten communication have made good writing skills unnecessary. Do you agree or disagree'? Write 250 words to support your viewpoint with rational arguements and examples from your life experience on the following topic.
Are Good Writing Skills Necessary?
范文二:上海交大考博英语真题
上海交大2?005真题?
Part II vocab?ulary?
secti?on A
31.There? was no___?__but? to close? the road until? Febru?ary.
A.dilem?ma B.denyi?ng C.alter?nativ?e D.doubt?
32.I____?__whe?n I heard? that my grand?fathe?r had died.
A.fell apart? B.fell away
C.fell out D.fall back
33.I’m____?_pass?ing a new law that helps? poor child?ren get bette?r medic?ine.
A.takin?g advan?tage of B.stand?ing up for
C.looki?ng up to D.takin?g hold of
34.In front? of the platf?orm,the stude?nts were talki?ng with the profe?ssor over the quizz?es of
their?_____?subje?cts.
A.compu?lsory? B.compu?lsive? C.alter?nativ?e D.predo?minan?t
35.The tutor? tells? the under?gradu?ates that one can acqui?re___?_in a forei?gn langu?age throu?gh more
pract?ice.
A.profi?cienc?y B.effic?iency? C.effic?acy D.frequ?ency
36.The teach?er expla?ined the new lesso?n____?_to the stude?nts.
A.at rando?m B.at a loss C.at lengt?h D.at hand
37.I shall? ___th?e loss of my readi?ng-glass?es in newsp?aper with a rewar?d for the finde?r. A.adver?tise
B.infor?m C.annou?nce D.publi?sh
38.The poor nutri?tion in the early? stage?s of infan?cy can ___ad?ult growt?h. A.degen?erate?
B.deter?iorat?e C.boost? D.retar?d
39.She had a terri?ble accid?ent,but__?_she?was’t?kille?d.
A.at all event?s B.in the long run C.at large? D.in vain
40.His weak chest?___hi?m to winte?r illne?ss .
A.predi?cts B.preoc?cupie?s C.preva?ils D.predi?spose?s
Secti?on B
41.The compa?ny was losin?g money,so they had to lay off ?some of its emplo?yees for three? month?s.
A.owe B.dismi?ss C.recru?it D.summo?n
42.The north? Ameri?can state?s agrre?ed to sign the agreeof econo?ment ?mical? and milit?ary union? in
Ottaw?a.
A.conve?ntion? B.convi?ction? C.contr?adict?ion D.confr?ontat?ion 43 The statu?e would? be perfe?ct but for a few small? defec in its base. ?ts
A.fault?s B.weakn?esses? C.flaws? D.error?s
44.When he final?ly emerg?ed from the cave after? thirt?y days.John was start pale. A.amazi?lingl?y?ngly
B.aston?ishin?gly C.uniqu?ely D.drama?tical?ly
45.If you want to set up a compa?ny,you must compl?y with the regul?ation?s laid down by the
autho?ritie?s.
A.abide? by B.work out C.check? out D.succu?mb to
46.The schoo?l maste?r appla?uded the?girl’s?brave?ry in his openi?ng speec?h.
A.prais?e B.appra?ised C.cheer?ed D.clapp?ed
47.The local? gover?nment? leade?rs are makin?g every? efforthe probl?t to tackl?em of pover?e ?ty.
A.aboli?sh B.addre?ss C.extin?guish? D.encou?nter
48.This repor?t would? be intel?ligib only to an exper?le?t in compu?ting.
A.intel?ligen?t B.compr?ehens?ive C.compe?tent D.compr?ehens?ible 49.Readi?ng a book and liste?ning to music? simul? seemstaneo?usly? to be mo probl?em for them.
A.inter?mitte?ntly B.const?antly? C.concu?rrent?ly D.conti?nuous?ly
50.He was given? a lapto?p compu?ter in ackno?wledgof his work for the compa?ement? ?ny.
A.accom?plish?ment B.recog?nitio?n C.appre?hensi?on D.commi?tment?
Part III Close?
In Mr.Allen?’s?high?schoo?l class?,all stude?nts?have?to?“get?marri?ed”.Howev?er,the weddi?ng cerem?onies? are not real ones but 51 .These? mock cerem?onies? somet?imes becomthat the ?e so 52 loud laugh?ter drown?s out the voive? of?the?“minis?ter”.Even the two stude?nts getti?ng marri?ed often? begin? to giggl?e.
The teach?er Mr. Allen?,belie?ves that marri?age is a diffi?cult and serio?us busin?ess.He wants? young? peopl?e to under?stand? that there? are many chang? take placees that 53? after? marri?age.He belie?ves that the need for these? psych?ologi?cal and finan?cial 54 shoul?d be under?stood? befor?e peopl?e marry?.
Mr.Allen? does’t?only?intro?duce his stude?nts to major? probl? in marriems 55?age such as illne?ss or unemp?loyme?nt.He also expos?e them to nitty?-gritt?y probl?ems they will face every? day.He wants? to intro?duce young? peopl?e to all the trial?s and 56 that can strai?n a marri?age to the break?ing point? .He even 57 his stude?nts with the probl?ems of divor?ced men must pay child? suppo?rt money? for their? wives?.
It has been upset?ting for some of the stude?nts to see the probl?ems that a marri?ed coupl?e often? faces?. 58 they took the cours?e,they had not worri?ed much about? the probl?ems of marri?age.Howev?er,both stude?nts and paren?ts feel that Mr.Allen?’s?cours?e is valua?ble and have 59 the cours?e publi?cly.There? state?ments? and lette?rs suppo?rting? the class the schoo?? have, 60 l to offer? the cours?e again?,
51. A.dupli?catio?ns B.imita?tions? C.assum?ption? D.fanta?sies
52. A.noisy? B.artif?icial? C.grace?ful D.real
53. A.might? B.would? C.must D.need 54. A.issue?s B.adjus?tment?s C.matte?rs D.expec?tanci?es
55. A.to face B.facin?g C.havin?g faced? D.faced?
56. A.tribu?latio?ns B.error?s C.trium?phs D.verdi?cts
57. A.infor?ms B.conce?rns C. trium?phs D.assoc?iates?
58. A.Until? B.Befor?e C.After? D.As.
59. A.taken? B.sugge?sted C.endor?sed D.repro?ched
60. A.confi?ned B.convi?nced C.compr?omise?d D.conce?ived
passa?ge one
Why do peopl?e alway?s want to get up and dance? when they hear music?? The usual? expla?natio?n is that there? is somet?hing embed?ed in every? cultu?re-----that danci?ng?is?a?“cultu?ral unive?rsal”. A resea?rcher? in Manch?ester? thing?ks the impul?se may be more deepl?y roote?d than that.
He says it may be a refle?x react?ion.
Neil Todd,a psych?ologi?st at the Unive?rsity? of Manch?ester?. told the BA that he first? got an inkli?ng that biolo?gy was the key after? watch?ing peopl?e dance? to deafe?ningl?y loud music?.“There? is a compu?lsion? about? it.”he?says.He recko?ned there? might? be a more direc?t,biolo?gical?,expla?natio?n for the disre? to dance?,so he start?ed to look at the inner? ear.
The human? ear has two main funct?ions:heari?ng and maint?ainin?g balan?ce.The stand?ard view is that these? tasks? are segre?gated? so that organ?s for balan?ce,for insan?ce,do not have an acous?tic funct?ion.But Todd says anima?l studi?es have shown? that the saccu?lus,which? is part of the balan?ce---regul?ating? vesti?bular? syste?m,has retai?n some sensi?tivit?y to sound?.The saccu?lus is espec?ially? sensi?tive to extre?mely loud noise?,above? 70 decib?el.
“There?’s?no?quest?ion that in a conte?mpora?ry dance? envir?onmen?t,the saccu?lus will be stimu?lated?.”says?Todd.The avera?ge rave,he says,blare?s music? at a painf?ul 110 to 140 decib?els.But no one reall?y knows? what an acous?tical?ly stimu?lated? saccu?lus does.
Todd specu?lates? that liste?ning to extre?mely loud music? is?a?form?of?“vesti?bular? self-stimu?latio?n”:it gives? a heigh?tened? sensa?tion of motio?n. “We?don’t?know?exact?ly why it cause?s pleas?ure.”he?says.”But?we?know?that?peopl?e go to extra?ordin?ary lengt get it.?h to”He?list?bunge?e
jumpi?ng,playi?ng on swing?s or even rocki?ng to and fro in a rocki?ng chair? as other? examp?le of pursu?its desig?ned to stimu?late the saccu?lus.
The same pulsi?ng that makes? us feel as thougwe are movin?h ?g may make us get up and dance?s as well,says Todd.Loud music? sends? signa?ls to the inner? ear which? may promp?t refle?x movem?ent. “The?typic?al pulse? rate of dance? music? is aroun?d the rate of locom?otion?.”he?says,“It’s?quite? possi?ble?you’re?trigg?ering? a spina?l refle?x.”
61.The passa?ge begin?s with_?_____?
A. a new expla?natio?n of music? B. a cultu?ral unive?rsal quest?ioned?
C. a commo?n psych?ologi?cal abnor?malit?y D. a deep insig?ht into human? physi?cal moven?ents 62.What intri?gued Todd was _____?_
A.human? insti?nct refle?xes
B.peopl?e’s?biolo?gical? herit?ages
C.peopl?e’s?compu?lsion? about? loud music?
D.the damag?es loud music? wreck?s on human? heari?ng
63.Todd’s?biolo?gical? expla?natio?n for the desir?e to dance? refer?s to___?__
A.the mecha?nism of heari?ng sound?s
B.the respo?nse evoke?d from the saccu?lus
C.the two main funct?ions perfo?rmed by the human? ear
D.the segre?gatio?n of the heari?ng and balan?ce maint?ainin?g funct?ion
64.When the saccu?lus is acous?tical?ly stimu?lated?,accor?ding to Todd_?____
A.funct?ional? balan?ce will be maint?ained? in the ear
B.pleas?ure will be arous?ed
C.decib?el will shoot? up
D.heari?ng will occur?
65.What is the passa?ge mainl?y about??
A.The human? ear does more than heari?ng than expct?ed.
B.Danci?ng is capab?le of heigh?ten the sensa?tion of heari?ng
C.Loud music? stimu?lates? the inner? ear and gener?ates the urge to dance?
D.The human? inner? ear does more to help hear than to help maint?ain balan?ce.
passa?ge 2
Have you switc?h off your compt?er? How about? your telev?ision?? Your video?? Your CD playe?r? And even your coffe?e perco?lator?? Reall?y switc?hed them off,not just press?ed the butto?n on some conrt?ol panel? and left your machi?ne with a tellt?ale brigh?t red light? warni?ng you that it is ready? to jump back to life at your comma?nd?
Becau?se if you haven?’t,you are one of the guilt?y peopl?e who help pollu?te the plane?t.It?does’t?matte?r?if?you’ve?joine?d the neigh?borho?od recyc?ling schem?e,consc?ienti?ously? sorte?d your garba?ge and avoid?ed drivi?ng to work.You still? can’t?sleep? easy while? just one of those? littl?e red light?s is glowi?ng in the dark.
The awful? truth? is that house?hold and offic?e elect?rical? appli?ances? left on stand?-by mode are gobbl?ing up energ?y,even thoug?h they are doing? absol?utely? nothi?ng.Some elect?ronic? produ?cts-----such as CD playe?rs----can use almos?t as much energ?y on stand?-by as they do when runni?ng.Other?s may use a lot less,but as your video? playe?r spend? far more hours? on stand?-by than playi?ng anyth?ing,the wasta?ge soon adds up.
In the US.alone?,idle elect?ronic? devic?es consu?me enoug?h energ?y to power? citie?s with the energ?y needs? of Chica?go or Londo?n----costi?ng consu?mers aroun?d ,1 billi?on a year.Power? stati?ons fill the atmos?phere? with carbo?n dioxi?de just to do absol?utely? nothi?ng.
Thoug?htles?s desig?n is partl?y respo?nsebl?e for the waste?.But manuf?actur?es only get away with desin?ging produ?cts that waste? energ?y this way becau?se consu?mers are not sensi?tive enoug?h to the
,while? recyc?ling has caugh?t the publi?c imagi?natio?n ,reduc?ing waste? has attra?cted much issue?,indee?d
less atten?tion.
But?“sourc?e reduc?tion”,as the garba?ge exper?ts like to call the art of not using? what?you?don’t?need to use,offer?s enorm?ous poten?tial for reduc?ing waste? of all kinds?.With a littl?e intel?ligen?t shopp?ing,you can cut waste? long befor?e you reach? the end of the chain?.
Packa?ging remai?ns the big villa?in.One of the hidde?n conse?quenc?es of buyin?g produ?cts grown? or made all aroun?d the world?,rathe?r than produ?ced local?ly,is the huge amoun?t of packa?ging.To help cut the waste?and encou ?rage intel?ligen?t manuf?actur?ers the simpl?est trick? is to look for ultra?-light? packa?ge.
The same argum?ents apply? to the very light? but stron?g plast?ic bottl?es that are repla?cing heavi?er glass? alter?nativ?es,thin-walle?d alumi?num cans,and carto?ns made of compo?sites ? that wrap upanyth?ing drink?able in an ultra?-light? packa?ge.
There? are hundr?eds of other? trick?s you can discu?ss with colle?agues? while? gathe?ring aroun?d the prove?rbial? water? coole?r—filli?ng up,natur?ally,your own mug rathe?r than a dispo?sable? plast?ic cup.But?you?don’t?need?to?go?as?far?as?one?websi?te which? tells? you how to give your frien?ds unwra?pped Chris?tmas prese?nts.There? are limit?s to sourc?e corre?ctnes?s.
66. Fron the first? two parag?raphs?,the autho?r impli?es that_?_____?
A.hitch? has made life easy every?where?
B.nobod?y seems? to be innoc?ent in pollu?ting the plane?t
C.recyc?ling can poten?tiall?y contr?ol envir?onmen?tal deter?iorat?ion
D.every?body is joini?ng the globa?l battl?e again?st pollu?tion in one way or anoth?er
67.The waste? cause?d by house?hold and offic?e elect?rical? appli?ances? on stand?-by mode seems?
to___?__
A.be a long-stand?ing indoo?r probl?em B.cause? nothi?ng but troub?le
C.get exagg?erate?d D.go unnot?iced
68.By idle elect?ronic? devic?es,the autho?r means? those? appli?ances?_____?
A.left on stand?-by mode
B.filli?ng the atmos?phere? with carbo?n dioxi?de
C.used by those? who are mot energ?y-consc?ious
D.used by those? whose? words? spesk? loude?r than actio?ns
69.Ultra?-light? packa?ging_?_____?
A.is expec?ted to reduc?e Ameri?can waste? bu one-third?
B.is an illus?trati?on of what is calle?d?“sourc?e reduc?tion”
C.can make both manuf?actur?ers and consu?mers intel?ligen?t
D.is a villa?in of what the garna?ge exper?ts?call?“sourc?e reduc?tion”
70.The concl?usion? the autho?r is tryin?g to draw is that_?_____?
A.one perso?n canno?t win the battl?e again?st pollu?tion
B.anybo?dy can pick up trick?s of envir?onmen?tal prote?ction? on the web
C.noybo?dy can be absol?utely? right? in all the trick?s of envir?onmen?tal prote?ction?
D.anybo?dy can prese?nt or learn? a trick? of cutti?ng down what is not neede?d
passa?ge 3
You can have too much of a good thing?,it seems?---at least? when it comes? to physi?other?apy after? a strok?e. Many docto?rs belie?ve that it is the key to recov?ery:exetc?ising? a parti?ally paral?yzed limb can help the brain? “rewir?e”itsel?f and repla?ce neura?l conne?ction?s destr?oyed by a clot in the brain?.
But the lates?t anima?l exper?iment?s sugge?st that too much exerc?ise too soon after? a brain? injur?y can make the damag?e worse?. “It’s?somet?hing that clini?cians? are not aware? of,”says?Timot?hy Schal?lert of the Unive?rsity? at Austi?n,who led the resea?rch.
In some trial?s,strok?e victi?ms asked? to put their? good arm in a sling?---to force? them to use their? parti?ally paral?yzed limb---had made much bette?r recov?eries? than those? who used their? good arm. But these? patie?nts were treat?ed many month?s after? their? strok?es.Earli?er inter?venti?on,Schal?lert reaso?ned,shoul?d lead to even more drama?tic impro?vemen?ts.
To test this theor?y,Schal?lert and his colle?agues? place?d tiny casts? on the good forel?imbs of rats for two weeks? immed?iatel?y after? they were given? a small? brain? injur?y that parti?ally paral?yzed one forel?imb.Sever?al weeks? later?, the resea?rcher?s were aston?ished? to find that brain? tissu?e surru?oudin?g the origi?nal injur?y had also died. “The?size?of?the?injur?y doubl?ed. It’s?very?drama?tic effec?t.”says?Schal?lert.
Brain?-injur?ed rats that were not force?d to overu?se their? parti?ally paral?yzed limbs? showe?d no simil?ar damag?e,and the casts? did not cause? a drama?tic loss of brain? tissu?e in anima?ls that had not alrea?dy suffe?red minor? brain? damag?e.In subse?quent? exper?iment?s,the resea?rcher?s have found? that the criti?cal perio?d for exerc?ise-induc?ed damag?e in rats is the first? week after? the initi?al brain? injur?y.
The sprea?ding brain? damag?e witne?ssed by Schal?ler’s?team?was?proba?bly cause?d by the
relea?se of gluta?mate,a neuro?trans?mitte?r,from brain? cells? stimu?lated? durin?g limb movem?ent.At high doses?,gluta?mate is toxic? even to healt?hy nerve? cells?.And Schal?lert belie?ves that a brain? injur?y makes? neigh?borin?g cells? unusu?ally susce?ptibl?e to the neuro?trans?mitte?r’s?toxic? effec?ts.
Rando?lph Nudo of the Unive?rsity? of Texas? Healt?h Scien?ce Cente?r at Houst?on,who studi?es brain? injur?y in prima?tes,agree?s that gluta?mate is the most likel?y culpr?it.In exper?iment?s with squir?rel monke?ys suffe?ring from strok?e-like damag?e,Nudo tried? begin?ning rehab?ilita?tion withi?n five days of injur?y.Altho?ugh the treat?ment was bebef?icial? in the long run,Nudo notic?ed an initi?al worse?ning of the paral?ysis that might? also have been due to brain? damag?e broug?ht on by exerc?ise.
Schal?lert stres?ses that mild exerc?ise is likel?y to be benef?icial? howev?er soon it begin?s.He adds that it is uncle?ar wheth?er human? victi?ms of strok?es,like brain? -injur?ed rats,could? make their? probl?ems worse? by exerc?ising? too vigor?ously?,too soon.
Some clini?cs do encou?rage patie?nts to begin? physi?other?apy withi?n a few weeks? of suffe?ring a traum?atic head injur?y or strok?e,says David? Hovda?,direc?tor of brain? injur?y resea?rch at the Unive?rsity? of Calif?ornia?,Los Angel?es.But even if human?s do have a simil?ar perio?d of vulne?rabil?ity to rat,he specu?lates? that it might? be possi?ble to use drugs? to block? the effec?ts of gluta?mate.
ert issue?d a warni?ng to those? who__?__ 71. Schal?l
A.belie?ve in the possi?bilit?y of rewir?ing the brain?
B.are ignor?ant of physi?other?apy in the clini?c
C.add exerc?ise to parti?ally paral?yzed limbs?
D.are on the verge? of a strok?e
72.Which? of the follo?wing is Schal?lert’s?hypot?hesis? for his inves?tigat?ion.?
A.Earli?er inter?venti?on shoul?d lead to even more drama?tic impro?vemen?ts.
B.The criti?cal perio?d for braim? damag?e is one week after? injur?y.
C.A parti?ally paral?yzed limb can cause? brain? damag?es
D.Physi?other?apy is the key to brain? recov?ery.
73.The resul?ts from Schal?lert’s?resea?rch__?__
A.reinf?orced? the singi?fican?ce of physi?other?apy after? a strok?e
B.indic?ated the fault? with his exper?iment? desig?n
C.turne?d out the oppsi?te
D.verif?ied his hypot?hesis?
74.The resul?ts made Schal?lert’s?team?aware? of the fact that_?___
A.gluta?mate can have toxic? effor?ts on healt?hy nerve? cells?
B.exerc?ise can boost? the relea?se of gluta?mate
C.gluta?mate is a neuro?trans?mitte?r
D. all of the above?
75.Schal?lert would? proba?bly advis?e clini?cians?____
A.to admin?ister? drugs? to blick? the effec?ts of gluta?mate
B.to be watch?ful of the amoun?t of exerc?ise for strok?e victi?ms
C.to presc?ribe vigor?ous exerc?ise to strok?e vivti?ms one week after? injur?y
D.to recon?sider? the signi?fican?ce of phusi?other?apy to brain? damag?e
Pssag?e Four
Our under?stand?ing of citie?s in anyth?ing more than casua?l terms? usual?ly start?s with obser?vatio?ns
of their? spati?al form and struc?ture at some point? or cross?-secti?on in time.This is easie?st way to begin?,for it is hard to assem?ble data on how citie?s chang?e throu?gh time,and, in any case,our perce?ption?s often? betra?y us into think?ing of spati?al struc?tures? as being? resil?ient and long lasti?ng.Even where? physi?cal chang?e is very rapid?,this only has an impac?t on us when we visit? such place?s infre?quent? ,ly ,after? years? away. Most of our urban? theor?y,wheth?er it emana?tes from the socia?l scien?ces or engin?eerin?g,is struc?tured? aroun?d the notio?n that spati?al and spati?al and socia?l struc?tures? chang?e slowl?y,and are suffi?cient?ly inert? for us to infer? reaso?nable? expla?natio?ns from cross?-secti?onal studi?es.In recen?t years?,these? assum?ption?s have come to be chall?enged?,and in previ?ous edito?rials? I have argue?d the need for a more tempo?ral empha?sis to our theor?ies and model?s,where? the empha?sis is no longe?r on equil?ibriu?m but on the intri?nsic dynam?ics of urban? chang?e.Even these? views?,howev?er,imply? a conve?ntion?al wisdo?m where? the real focus? of urban? studi?es is on proce?sses that lead to compa?rativ?ely slow chang?es in urban? organ?izati?on,where? the funct?ions deter?minin?g such chang?e are very large?ly routi?ne,accom?plish?ed over month?s or years?,rathe?r than any lesse?r cycle? of time.There? is a tacit? assum?ption? that longe?r term chang?e subsu?mes routi?ne chang?e on a day-to-day or hour-basis?,which? is seen as simpl?y suppo?rting? the fixed? spati?al infra?struc?tures? that we perce?ive citie?s to be built? aroun?d .Trans?porta?tion model?ing,for examp?le,is fashi?oned from thes stand?point? in that routi?ne trip-makin?g behav?ior is the focus? of study?,its expla?natio?n being? centr?al to the notio?n that apati?al struc?tures? are inert? and long lasti?ng.
76.We ,accor?ding to the passa?ge,tend to obser?ve citie?s
A.chron?ologi?cally? B.longi?tudin?ally C.spora?dical?ly D.horiz?ontal?ly
77.we think? about? a city as___?_
A.a spati?al event? B.a symbo?lica world?
C.a socia?l envir?onmen?t D.an inter?telat?ed syste?m
78.Cross?-secti?onal studi?es show that citie?s ____
A.are struc?tured? in three? dimen?sios B.are trans?forme?d rapid?ly in any aspec?t
C.are resil?ient and long lasti?ng rhrou?gy time
D.chang?e slowl?y in spati?al and socia?l struc?trues?
79.The autho?r is drawi?ng our atten?tion to ____
A.the equil?ibriu?m of urban? spati?al struc?tures?
B.the intri?nsic dynam?ics of urban? chang?e
C.the fixed? spati?al infra?struc?ture D.all of the above?
80.The conve?ntion?al notio?n,the aurho?r conte?nds,____
A.prese?nts the inher?ent natur?e of a city
B.under?lies the fixed? spati?al infra?struc?tures?
C.place?s an empha?sis on lesse?r cycle?s of time
D.hinde?rs the physi?cal chang?e of urban? struc?ture
Passa?ne five
When it is sunny? in June,my fathe?r gets in his first? cutti?ng of hay.He start?s on the creek? meado?ws,which? are flat,sandy?,and hot.They are his dries?t land.This year,vacat?ionin?g from my medic?al pract?ice,I retur?ned to Vermo?nt to help with the hayin?g.
The heft of a bale throu?gh my leath?er glove?s is famil?iar:the tautn?ess of the twine?,the heave? of the
bale,the sweat? river?s that run throu?gh the hay chaff? on my arms.This work has the smell? of sweet? grass? and breez?e.I walk behin?d the chug and clack? of the baler?,movin?g the bales? into piles? so my broth?er can do the real work of picki?ng them up later?.As hot as the air is,my face is hotte?r.I am surpr?ised at how soon I get tired?.I take a break? and sit in the shade?,watch?ing my fathe?r bale,tryin?g not to think? about? how old he is,how the heat affec?ts his heart?,what might? happe?n.
This is not my usual? work,of cours?e.My usual? work is to sit with patie?nts and liste?n to them.Occas?ionsl?ly I touch? them,and am glad that my hands? are soft.I?don’t?think? my patie?nts would? like farme?r callo?uses and dirty? hands? on their? tende?r spots?.Reluc?tantl?y I feel for lumps? in breas?ts and testi?cles,hidde?n swell?ings of organ?s and joint?s,and probe? all the painf?ul place?s in my patie?nts’lives?.There? are many,Perha?ps I am too soft,could? stand? callo?uses of a diffe?rent sort.
I feel heavy? after? a?day’s?work?,as if my patie?nts were insid?e me,letti?ng me carry? them.I?don’t?mean to.But where? do I put their? stori?es? The child?hood beati?ngs,ulcer?s from stres?s, incap?acita?ting depre?ssion?,fears?,illne?ss? These? are not my exper?ience?s,yet I feel them and carry? them with me.Try to find healt?hier meani?ngs,I spent? the week befor?e vacat?ion cryin?g.
The hay field? is getti?ng organ?ized.Piles? of three? and four bales? are scatt?ered aroun?d the field?.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climb?s,tired? and lame,from the tract?or.I hand him a jar of ice water?,and he looks? with satis?facti?on on his job just done.I’ll?stack? a few more bales? snd maybe? drive? the truck? for my broth?er.My fathe?r will have some appre?ciati?ve custo?mers this winte?r,as he sells? his bales? of hay.
I’ve?neede?d to feel this heavi?ness in my muscl?es,the heat on my face.I am taunt?ed by the simpl?icity? of this work,the purpo?se and resul?ts,the defin?ite bound?aries? of the field?s,the dimen?sions? of the bales?,for illne?ss is not defin?ed by the bound?aries? of bodie?s;it spill?s into famil?ies ,homes?, schoo?ls,and my offic?e,like hay tumbl?ing over the edge of the cutte?r bar.I feel the rough? stubb?le left in its wake.I need to remem?ber the stori?es?I’ve?helpe?d resha?pe,new meani?ngs stack?ed again?st the despa?ir of pain,I need to remem?ber the smell? of hay in June.
81.Which? of the follo?wing is NOT true accor?ding to the story??
A.The muscu?lar work in the field? has an emoti?onal impac?t on the narra?tor.
B.The narra?tor gets tired? easil?y worki?ng in the field?.
C.It is the first? time for the narro?ator to do hayin?g
D.The narra?tor is as physi?cian
82.In retro?spect?ion ,the narra?tor__?_
A.feels? guilt?y befor?e his fathe?r and broth?er
B.defen?ds his soft hands? in a meani?ngful? way
C.hates? losin?g his muscu?lar power? befor?e he knows? it
D.is shame?d for the farme?r callo?uses he does not posse?ss
83.As a physi?cian,the narra?tor is ___
A.empat?hic B.arrog?ant C.callo?us D.fragi?le
84.His assoc?iatio?ns punct?uate_?____
A.the simil?ariti?es betwe?en medic?ine and agric?ultur?e
B.the simpl?icity? of muscu?lar work
C.the hards?hip of life every?where? D.the natur?e of medic?al pract?ice
85.The narra?tor would? say that_?___
A.it can do physi?cians? good to spend? a vacat?ion doing? muscu?lar work
B.every?thing? is inter?linke?d and anyth?ing can be anyth?ing
C.he is a shame? to his fathe?r
D.his trip is worth? it
Passa?ge Six
Every?one has seen it happe?n,A colle?ague who has been excit?ed,invol?ved,and produ?ctive? slowl?y begin?s to pull back,lose energ?y and inter?est,and becom?es a shado?w or his or her forme?r self.Or,a perso?n who has been a beaco?n of visio?n and ideal?ism retre?ats into despa?ir or cynic?ism.What happe?ned? How does someo?ne who is capab?le and commi?tted becom?e a perso?n who funct?ions minim?ally and does not seem to care for the job or the peopl?e that work there??
Burno?ut is a chron?ic state? of deple?ted energ?y ,lack of commi?tment? and invol?vemen?t,and conti?nual frust?ratio?n,often? accom?panie?d at work by physi?cal sympt?oms,disab?ility? claim?s and perfo?rmanc?e probl?em.Job burno?ut is a crisi?s of spiri?t,when work that was once excit?ing and meani?ngful? becom?es deade?ning. An organ?izati?on’s?most?valua?ble resou?rce---the energ?y ,dedic?ation?,and creat?ivity? of its emplo?yees---is often? squan?dered? by a clima?te that limit?s or frust?rates? the pool of talen?t and energ?y avail?able.
Milde?r forms? of burno?ut are a probl?em at every? level? in every? type of work.The burne?d-out manag?er comes? to work,but he bring?s a shell? rathe?r than a perso?n.He exper?ience?s littl?e satis?facti?on,and feels? uninv?olved?,detac?hed,and uncom?mitte?d to his work and co-worke?rs.While? he may be effec?tive by exter?nal stand?ards,he works? far below? his own level? of produ?ctivi?ty. The peopl?e aroun?d him are deepl?y affec?ted by his attit?ude and energ?y level?,and the whole? commu?nity begin?s to suffe?r.
Burno?ut is a crisi?s of the spiri?t becau?se peopl?e who burn out were once on fire.It’s?espec?ially? scary? …………….some of the most talen?ted .If?they?can’t?maint?ain their? fire,other?s ask who can? Are these? peopl?e lost forev?er,or can the inner? flame? be rekin?dled? Peopl?e often? feel that burno?ut just comes? upon them and that they are helpl?ess victi?ms of it. Actua?lly,the evide?nce is growi?ng that there? were ways for indiv?idual?s to safeg?uard and renew? their? spiri?t,snd more impor?tant,there? are ways for organ?izati?ons to chang?e condi?tions? that lead to burno?ut.
86.The passa?ge begin?s with_?___
A.a perso?nal trans?ition?
B.a contr?ast betwe?en two types? of peopl?e
C.a shift? from confo?rmity? to indiv?idual?ity
D.a myste?rious? physi?cal and menta?l state?
87.Which? of the follo?wing is relat?ed with the crisi?s of spiri?t?
A.Emoti?onal exhau?stion? B.Deper?sonal?izati?on
C.Reduc?ed perso?nal accom?plish?ment
D.All of the above?
88.Job burno?ut is a crisi?s of spiri?t,which? will resul?t in ___
A.a perso?nal probl?em B.dimin?ished? produ?ctivi?ty
C.an econo?mic crisi?s in a count?ry
D.a failu?re to estab?lish a pool of talen?t and energ?y
89.Burno?ut can be ___
A.fatal? B.stati?c C.infec?tious? D.perma?nent
90.Those? who are burne?d-out,accor?ding to the passa?ge,are poten?tiall?y able_?__
A.to find a quick? fix
B.to resto?re what they have lost
C.to be aware? of their? statu?s quo
D.to chall?enge their? organ?izati?on
A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.
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范文三:上海交大2013年考博英语试题及答案
上海交大2013年考博英语试题及答案
http://kaobo.b2cedu.com 2013-8-21 来源:本站原创 作者:佚名
考博士难吗? 考博英语历年真题破译! 考博时间汇总 考博招生简章汇总 2013年上海交大考博英语试题及部分答案
第一篇
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the
shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
1.Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?
A) Their lives are brief.
B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.
C) Their eggs can survive years of dought.
D) They lay their eggs in the mud.
2.By saying "for the shrimps it is a race against time "(Para.3,Line 2)the author means_____.
A) they have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating lake
B) they have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they survive
C) they have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen days
D) they have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted by the environment '
3.The passage mainly deals with_____.
A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps
B) the survival of desert shrimps
C) the importance of water to life
D) life in the Mojave Desert
4.The word "dormant"(Para.4,Line 3)most probably means______.
A) inactive
B) strong
C) alert
D) soft
5.It may be inferred from the passage that______.
A) appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desert
B) a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to survive
C) for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert drought
D) some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in extremely harsh conditions
答案: 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.D
上海交大2013年考博英语试题及部分答案
发布日期:2013-04-01
上海交大2013年考博英语试题及部分答案
第一篇
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly
evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if
necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying,
and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
1.Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?
A) Their lives are brief.
B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.
C) Their eggs can survive years of dought.
D) They lay their eggs in the mud.
2.By saying "for the shrimps it is a race against time "(Para.3,Line 2)the author means_____.
A) they have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating lake
B) they have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they survive
C) they have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen days
D) they have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted by the environment '
3.The passage mainly deals with_____.
A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps
B) the survival of desert shrimps
C) the importance of water to life
D) life in the Mojave Desert
4.The word "dormant"(Para.4,Line 3)most probably means______.
A) inactive
B) strong
C) alert
D) soft
5.It may be inferred from the passage that______.
A) appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desert
B) a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to survive
C) for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert drought
D) some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in extremely harsh conditions
答案: 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.D
第二篇
The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.
The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.
The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a
parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws.
But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a
Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.
Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting
self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which
means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.
“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.
“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”
11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant to
A. maintain the present status among the nations.
B. reduce legislative powers of England.
C. create a better state of equality among the nations. √
D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.
2. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means 9BBz14E8L
A. separatist.√
B. conventional.
C. feudal.
D. political
3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPT
A. people’s desire for devolution.
B. locals’ turnout for the voting.
C. powers of the legislative body.
D. status of the national language.√
4. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identity
A. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.
B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.√
C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.
D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.
5. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed is
A. people’s mentality. √
B. pop culture.
C. town’s appearance.
D. possibilities for the people.
第三篇
Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer
had unrestricted use of the plans for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.
Before barbed wire camesintosgeneral use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.
Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel high-tensile steel, or aluminum. Mild steel and aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are galvanized - coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separatelysintosa
machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted-together and barbed. The wire to make the barbs is fedsintosthe machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire in length of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.
A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formedsintoslong conies or
entanglements called concertina wire.
1.What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) Cattle ranching in the United States.
(B) A type of fencing
(C) Industrial uses of wire
(D) A controversy over land use
2.What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?
(A) Improved rust-resistance
(B) Increased strength
(C) More rapid attachment of barbs
(D) Easier installation.
3.According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to
(A) protect them against rust
(B) make them more flexible
(C) prevent contraction in cold weather
(D) straighten them.
4.The word“fed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) put
(B) eaten
(C) bitten
(D) nourished
5.What is the author's purpose in the third paragraph?
(A) To explain the importance of the wire.
(B) To outline the difficulty of making the wire
(C) To describe how the wire is made
(D) To suggest several different uses of the wire.
第4篇
Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify moods and actions, our
inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual’s behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the body’s changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.
Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretion. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secret chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues. Bayliss and starling demonstrated that chemical integration could occur without participation of the nervous system.
The term “hormone” was first used with reference to secretion. Starling derived the term from the Greek hormone, meaning “to excite or set in motion. The term “endocrine” was introduced shortly thereafter “Endocrine” is used to refer to glands that secret products into the bloodstream. The term
“endocrine” contrasts with “exocrine”, which is applied to glands that secret their products though ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secrets pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless.
1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
A. To explain the specific functions of various hormones.
B. To provide general information about hormones.
C. To explain how the term “hormone” evolved.
D. To report on experiments in endocrinology.
2. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
A. The human body requires large amounts of most hormones.
B. Synthetic hormones can replace a person’s natural supply of hormones if necessary.
C. The quantity of hormones produced and their effects on the body are related to a person’s age.
D. The short child of tall parents very likely had a hormone deficiency early in life.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that before the Bayliss and Starling experiments, most people believed that chemical integration occurred only___.
A. during sleep.
B. in the endocrine glands.
C. under control of the nervous system.
D. during strenuous exercise.
4. The word “liberate” could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. Emancipate
B. Discharge
C. Surrender
D. Save
5. According to the passage another term for exocrine glands is___.
A. duct glands
B. endocrine glands
C. ductless glands
D. intestinal glands.
2014年上海交通大学考博英语新编考试参考书:http://www.wangwangw.com/product-92.html
范文四:上海交大医学院考博英语辅导班材料模拟卷
vocabulary
1.What surprised us most was the huge _______ of treasure stacked pile after pile in the underground cellar.
a. accumulation b. acceleration c. analysis d. ancestor
2. Mr. Smith was ____ to buy a cheaper car in order to save enough money to purchase an apartment suite.
a. obliged b. indulged c. pursued d. identified
3. Victoria is in a splitting ____ since she can’t decide who will be her Mr. Right.
a. stagnation b. resentment c. assets d. dilemma
4. Peking Opera is among the most valued cultural ____, though mostly liked by the old instead of the young.
a. array b. technicality c. competence d. legacies
5. The local government is planning a salary _____ on a big scale which will lead to a raise in purchasing power of common workers.
a. boost b. devotion c. temperament d. globalization
6. The thrilling news was totally beyond students’ expectation and it therefore _____ the whole
campus.
a. enlarged b. dedicated c. electrified d. declined
7. The railroad and the automobile have contributed much to the great ___ of population all over the world.
a. mobility b. pouring c. purifying d. morality
8. It is assumed that the number of people _-___ by the recent quake may continue to rise. a. displaced b. disguised c abused d. accounted
9. For the sake of safety, speeding is completely ____ in front of school areas. a. controlled b. compromised c. banned d. coerced
10. The tourists were extremely delighted to find that they would be _____ in a grand and luxurious hotel.
a. adapted b. accustomed c. accommodated d. adjusted
11. He well deserves the “Best Supporting Actor” prize on account of his incredible performance
which ____ the sweet memory in people of the “ good, old days”.
a. presumes b. erodes c. evokes d. assigns
12. Language is ______ to human life because it gives meaning to otherwise random experience. a. indisputable b. indescribable c. indispensable d. indiscernible 13. The IT industry was forced to make a(n) ______ reduction in employment due to years of sales drop.
a. drastic b. dominant c. optimistic d. optional
14. It serves you right: Your lack of motivation and vitality_____ your ultimate failure. a. attributes to b. contributes to c. results from d. involved in 15. An eye-witness, one of the few post-war survivors, firmly pointed out how the Jews were _____ by the Nazi during WWII.
a. replenished b. persecuted c. proclaimed d. purified
16. From the ______scene, the millionaire, who became wealthy overnight by lottery realized that his grand house must have been broken in.
a. chaotic b. fragile c. moral d. desirable
17. The attractive aspect of this robot lies in its ________; as its “feel” can move freely to meet
different needs.
a. flexibility b. esteem c. humanity d. identity
18. ______ all the circumstances, he thought it wise not to say anything further. a. Centering on b. Leaving off c. Taking into account d. Going back to 19. The local government plans to ______ the anti-pollution &pollution-prevention scheme in five years.
a. implement b. cripple c. detach d. perceive
20. The designers of TV commercials often rack their brains and try their best to produce a unique visual picture and convince ______ buyers that the products being advertised are the best. a. potent b. productive c. prospective d. private
21. The dean’s praise gave him such a strong motivation that he ______ the lab more frequently and worked twice as hard.
a. assessed b. haunted c. wrestled d. regressed
22. The medicine had a dramatic effect on the ______ disease.
a. chronic b. profound c. intensive d. scary
23. The R&D Department’s suggestion represents the ideas of the worse-off on the lower level of the _____ ladder.
a. corporate b. squad c. measure d. package
24. In late autumn the _____ transition from warm to cold temperatures causes much illness. a. stimulating b. authentic c. horrible d. overwhelming
25. The dancer supplemented her meager income by teaching Waltz twice a week at an evening school so that she would be generously ______ with a sum of money for her further study abroad. a. enjoined b. indulged c. accommodated d. raged
26. Word came that they had sent secret agents to many countries so that those potential riots could be ______ or at least frustrated whenever needed.
a. shattered b. amplified c. boosted d. implied
27. Two fierce tigers rushed out of their cage and disappeared ______.
a. in response to the kids’ screaming b. in the blinks of an e c. leaving little room for thinking d. in exchange for death.
28. Frank surf on the internet mainly for the purpose of _____ currents events globally. a. appealing to b. keeping up with c. checking out d. getting along with 29. Seldom does one change his career after 50. But he was an exception: at 51, he decided to give up chemistry and _____ fine arts.
a. take up b. come across c. account for d. team up with
30. The greedy businessman was so grasping for money that he even take _____ measures to gain a fortune.
a. marketable b. redundant c. rampant d. rigorous
31. It was very ______ of you not to turn on the TV while I was taking a nap after lunch. a. considerable b. considerate c. speculative d. bizarre
32. The Information Age brought about fundamental _______ to the whole structure of the development of the society.
a. deception b. transition c. evidences d. modifications
33. The newspaper report makes it known to the public that the ______ price of housing is already
partially stumped.
a. stumbling b. stimulating c. fatalistic d. soaring
34. ________ its low price and program diversity, television has displaced movies as one of the most popular form of entertainment.
a. Giving away b. Thanks to c. Regardless of d. Fitting into
35. The roads are extremely bad and the old car _____ along at an incredibly slow speed. a. dwindles b. bounces c. denigrates d. dwells
36. You must keep in mind that the last paragraph which extracts the ______ of the whole article. a. norm b. essence c. notion d. option
37. Cancer at its ____ stage often takes no obvious symptoms, which makes early diagnosis rather difficult.
a. responsive b. authentic c. initial d. laden
38. Contact between different peoples and countries facilitate the cultural ______. a. expectations b. surplus c. rally d. interchanges
39. Government will have to take steps to tackle the crisis in the face of drastic labor and material _______.
a. shortage b. compensation c. distinction d. clarification
40. The two teams got prepared to debate the _____ which, as a matter of fact, had been stated so clearly that it needed no further explanation.
a. habitat b. proposition c. integrity d. ward
Comprehension
passage 1
1. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would
most probably_______.
a. stand still b. jump aside c. step forward d. draw back 2. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their _______. a. cultural self-centeredness
b. casual manners
c. indifference towards foreign visitors
d. arrogance towards other cultures
3. in countries other than their own most Americans_______. a. are isolated by the local people
b. are not well informed due to the language barrier
c. tend to get along well with the natives
d. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants
4. According to the author, Americans’ cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will _____. a. affect their image in the new era
b. cut themselves off from the outside world
c. limit their role in world affairs
d. weaken the position of the US dollar
5. The author’s intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ______.
a. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign for friends
b. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs c. it is necessary to use several languages in public places d. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures
6. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past
was ______.
a. to display their country’s military might
b. to accomplish some significant science
c. to find new areas for colonization
d. to pursue commercial and state interests
7. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is ______.
a. International cooperation b. scientific research
c. nationalistic reasons d. long-term profits
8. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?
a. To find out if life ever existed there.
b. To see if humans could survive there.
c. To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.
d. To show the leading role of science in space exploration
9. By saying “with Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have every been” , the
author means that______.
a. with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures b. in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very high c. in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before. d. with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue 10. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would _____.
a. make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life
b. confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite c. reveal the kind of conditions under which life originates
d. provide an explanation why life is common in the universe
passage 3
11. Compared with other TV talk shows, both the jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are _____ a. more family-oriented b. unusually popular
c. more profound d. relatively formal
12. Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience_____. a. remain fascinated by them
b. are ready to face up to them
c. remain indifferent to them
d. are willing to get involved in them
13. Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show? a. A new type of robot b. Racist hatred
c. Family budget planning d. Street violence
14. Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both _______. a. ironical b. sensitive c. instructive d. cynical 15. We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows________. a. have monopolized the talk show circuit
b. exploit the weaknesses in human nature
c. appear at different times of the day
d. are targeted at different audiences
passage 4
16. What does the author think of the Americans’ view of their food?
a. They overstate the government’s interference with the food industry.
b. They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.
c. They overestimate the hazards of their food.
d. They overlook the risks of the food they eat.
17. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because_______. a. no food is free from pollution in the environment
b. pesticides are widely used in agriculture
c. many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicals
d. almost all foods have additives
18. By saying “they employ chemical warfare”, Bruce Ames means”______”
a. plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseases b. plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growth
c. farmers use man-make chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants d. farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases 19. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on ______. a. the government b. the consumer c. the processor d. the grower 20. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage? a. Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before. b. Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing. c. Health food is not a dream in modern society.
d. There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.
passage 5
21. From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of _____.
a. the rich countries b. scientific development c. the elite d. the world economy 22. It can be inferred from the passage that_____.
a. international trade should be expanded
b. the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough consideration c. the exports of the poor countries should be increased
d. communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized 23. Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact on developing countries?
a. Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market. b. Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.
c. Because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.
d. Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.
24. The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may _____. a. hinder their industrial production
b. cause them to lose control of their trade
c. force them to reduce their share of exports
d. cost them their economic independence
25. The author’s attitude towards the communications revolution is _____.
a. positive b. critical c. indifferent d. tolerant
passage 6
26. Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? a. By the middle of the next century, texts will not exist at all.
b. Commercial versions of electronic books are being expected by today’s elite.
c. In spite of some disadvantages now, great changes in eBooks are expected to come soon. d. In the next century, text will be available to only the technological illiterates. 27. The author’s purpose of mentioning the “World Wide Web” is to ______.
a. illustrate the accelerating rate of change
b. explain the great importance of text in daily information transmission c. inform readers what eBooks are
d. show how expensive eBooks can be
28. Which of the following is the quality that will make the elderly be most attracted by eBooks?
a. The book pad is cheap and can be easily carried about.
b. The type size is adjustable
c. It’s more illegible than the text.
d. It can store various information is bulk.
29. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
a. Today’s libraries will be pulled down as they will be useless b. The author, though curious, is uncertain about the development of technology. c. Amazon.com gained successful use eBooks for information transmission d. In the future, people will mainly use eBooks for information transmission 30. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? a. The Oncoming Decline of Text
b. Advantages and Disadvantages of eBooks
c. Inconceivable Development of RAM and CD-ROM
d. Text: an Instructional Tool for Elites
cloze 1
1. a. confronted b. commanded c. confined d. committed
2. a. supports b. argues c. opposes d. despises
3. a. combination b. cooperativeness c. coherence d. correlation
4. a. willingness b. loyalty c. sensitivity d. virtue
5. a. by b. in c. at d. with
6. a. disclosed b. watched c. revised d. seen
7. a. therefore b. whereas c. because d. nonetheless
8. a. help b. enable c. support d. direct
9. a. evidently b. precisely c. aggressively d. effectively
10. a. developed b. invented c. discovered d. located
11. a. derives b. differs c. descends d. detaches
12. a. inherently b. traditionally c. conditionally d. occasionally 13. a. encourage b. dismiss c. disapprove d. engage
14. a. enhance b. enlarge c. ignore d. degrade
15. a. themes b. subjects c. researches d. things
16. a. managers b. women c. employees d. males
17. a. faithful b. powerful c. skillful d. thoughtful
18. a. situation b. status c. circumstance d. position
19. a. predicted b. proclaimed c. defied d. diagnosed
20. a. into b. from c. as d. for
cloze 2
suggest suppose realize undecided exist of with worse harm boost adapt adopt solution endanger effort impact effect turning point critical moment preserve
In the united States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highly controversial and sharply political issue since the pass of the Endangered Species Act in 1973. The act, designed to protect species’ living areas, and policies that ________ land and forests compete with economic interest. In the 1990’s for example, the woodcutters in the Western United States
were challenged legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the Cascade mountains. The challenge was mounted to protect the ________ spotted owl, whose remaining population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for survival. The problematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and of individuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and legal battles, the fate of the woodcutters-and the owls-was still ______ in mid-1992.
Similar tensions ______ between the developed and the developing nations. Many people in industrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in tropical regions should do more to protect their rain forests and other natural area. But the developing countries may be impoverished, ______ population growing so rapidly that using the land is a means to temporarily
avoid _____ poverty and starvation.
Another issue worth mentioning is that many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the planet _____ its biological richness. The destruction of Earth’s ozone layer,
for example, could contribute to the general process of impoverishment by allowing ultra-violet rays to _____ plants and animals. And global warming could wipe out species unable to quickly _______ to changing climates. Clearly, protecting Earth’s biological diversity is a complex
problem. But ______ to humanity’s current problems will come only through coordinated
international ________ to control human population, stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth’s complex web of life.
Now scientists are beginning to ______ that the climatic changes have had a major ____ on the evolution of the human species. New research now _________ that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant ______ in human evolution: from the dawn of primates( some 65 million years ago) to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture.
Writing (300 words)
Topic: How to eliminate false “famous”-brand products
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preserve endangered undecided exist with worsening of harm adapt solutions efforts realize impact suggests turning point
范文五:上海交大考博英语辅导班材料写作套路(学生用)
五种写作套路
1. My View on… 题型
Sample
My View on Donating Blood
People’s views on donating blood vary from person to person. Some people think that it
is glorious to donate blood. They hold this view because those who are in urgent need of blood
can be saved. But others argue that it is foolish for people to donate blood. In their opinion,
blood is very precious and loosing 200ml or more may do harm to their health.
As to me, I agree with the first opinion. The reasons of my choice are as follows.
First, while it is true that loss of too much blood is dangerous to one’s health, it doesn’t
mean that donating a little blood is also harmful. On the contrary, doctors say that donating a
little blood can promote metabolism. Second, there are many people who need our help. If my little blood can pull back somebody on the way to death, will there be anything that can make me even happier?
Therefore, donating blood is glorious.
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of…题型
Sample
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Fridge
Nowadays, the fridge is popular around us. Like everything else, it has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.
First, it is hygienic. Vegetables can be kept fresh in the fridge . Besides, with the fridge
people can make ice, ice cream, etc. in summer. Most important of all, meat, chicken, fish, etc.
can be stored in the freezer for a long time without deteriorating because the growth of bacteria can be checked at a low temperature.
But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, the
food which has kept in the fridge will not be so tasty as the fresh food. To make matters worse,
the fridge produces a little noise and so people can not sleep soundly at night. Worst of all, many
fridges still use Freon, which is harmful to the environment, though the substitute of Freon has been invented and is being popularized.
Through above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects. Therefore, in the city, almost every family has a fridge and it has become people’s life necessity.
3. How to …题型
Sample
How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic
With the booming of the motor industry, there are an increasing number of vehicles on the roads. As a result, traffic jams often occur.
Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective.
First of all, roads should be broadened to lower the degree of congestion and to speed up the flow of heavy traffic. Another way to solve the problem of heavy traffic is to open up more bus
routes to reduce bicycles and automobiles. Finally, more underground passages should be
developed so that people can commute by metro.
These are not the best and the only three ways we can take. But it should be noted that
if the government takes some actions to alleviate the traffic problem, all of us can enjoy more free traffic.
4. A or B 题型
Sample
Traveling by Train or by Plane
When we go on a business trip, we will be faced with the choice between traveling by train
or by plane. Before making the right choice, we had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.
First of all, a train will take us to our target railway station. Also, a plane will take us to the
target airport. Second, in a train we can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the countryside. Likewise,
in a plane we can command a good view of fields, buildings, mountains, and even clouds below. Despite their similarities, traveling by train and by plane are also different in the following
aspects. First, a train ticket is cheap. Most of us can afford it. However, a plane ticket is about
twice as expensive as a train ticket. Most of us grudge paying for it. Besides, it is safer to travel by
train. If the train gets into some trouble, we may survive by jumping out of it. On the contrary, if
we travel by plane, we have to ask God to bless us. Finally, it takes us longer time to travel by plane.
Therefore, it depends which transportation tool we should choose. If we just want to save
money, we will travel by train; but if we want to save time, we will turn to plane.
5. Why…题型
Sample
Why Are There So Many Rural Laborers in Shanghai?
Nowadays, rural laborers flood in Shanghai. Men usually make a living by decorating houses in city-dwellers. Women usually work in the restaurant, washing bowls and plates. Some of them also work in state-run factories, undertaking the work city-dwellers are unwilling to do. There are
many reasons for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones.
For one thing, perhaps they are short of money and want to earn some money in Shanghai to cope with their difficulties. For another, they find it easier to make a living in Shanghai than in the countryside. Perhaps the prime reason is that they admire the urban life and want to live in
Shanghai permanently.
From the foregoing, the rural population is getting bigger and bigger in Shanghai and it has caused serious social problems. Therefore, the government should take effective measures to restrict the rural population in Shanghai.
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