范文一:九年级语法知识点 动词
九年级语法知识点动词
动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。 (一) 实义动词
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法作用可分为及物动词和不及物动词。 1. 及物动词:及物动词本身意义不完整, 需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。 (1) 动词 + 宾语 我非常喜欢这本书。 (2) 动词 + 宾语 + 宾补如:我们叫那只鸟Polly 。
昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。
to 的不定式或现在分词做宾补的动词有: make,let,have,see,watch,notice,hear 等。
(3) 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语如请把盐递给我。
常见带双宾语的动词有:give ,bring , buy , get ,leave ,lend ,make ,offer ,pass ,teach ,tell ,write ,read ,return 等。
2. 不及物动词: 不及物动词自身意思完整, 马跑得快。 (1) 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
我们学习英语。(及物动词) 我们努力学习(不及物动词)Birds can fly. 鸟会飞。(不及物动词)
(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词, 它的作用等于一个及物动词, 要注意积累。
①动词 + 介词如: Listen to the teacher carefully. 仔细听老师讲。
※此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词,都只能放在介词后面,不能放在动词和介词之间。
②动词 + 副词如:He turned off the light when he left. 当他离开时,他把灯关了。
他把它捡起来,并给了我。
当宾语是名词时,放在副词的前后均可。③动词 + 副词 + 介词如:Let?s go on with our work. 让我们继续我们的工作吧!
他与同学们相处得很好! 注意:其后的宾语只能放在介词的后面。 ④动词 + 名词 + 介词
请注意文章中的短语。 我们可以充分利用空气。
⑤be + 形容词 + 介词如:We are good at swimming. 我们擅长游泳。
她对我所做的感到满意。
3. 延续性和非延续性动词
(1) 延续性动词表示动作是可以持续的, 可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:live, study, work, keep, teach 等。如自2001年以来,我们一直住在苏州。You can keep this book for two weeks. 这本书你可以借两周。
(2) 非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,动作一经发生立即结束,如:buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive,join, go, come, catch等,非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,就要用其他的词代替。
那个老人去世已经两年了。(不用has died) 电影已经开始十分钟了。(不用has begun)
(二) 系动词:系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份. 常见的系动词有:go, be, become(变得), get(变得), look(看上去), seem(似乎,好像), turn(变得), sound(听起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), feel (摸起来), keep (保持)等。这些词没有被动语态的形式,也不用于进行时态。
如:He is strong. / He is a strong man.
(似乎) (摸起来)
(闻起来) (实现了) 保持) 变得)/ (三) 助动词:助动词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全, 不能单独做谓语。它必须和别的动词连用, 帮助构成时态、语态否定和疑问等结构. 常用的助动词有be, have, has, do, does, did, will 和shall 等。
1. 助动词be(am, is, are, was, were)
(1) 助动词be + 现在分词, 构成进行时。如 (2) 助动词be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。
上星期天在公园种了很多树。 2. 助动词have (has, had) (1)助动词have(has, had)+动词-ed 形式,构成完成时。 (2)助动词have(has, had) + been + 动词ing 形式,构成完成进行时。
3. 助动词do 用于构成疑问句和否定式,用于倒装句,加强说话的语气及代替前面刚出现的动词等。
— Do you live in China? 你住在中国吗?— Yes, I do. 是的,我住在中国。
He didn?t play basketball yesterday. / 到那时我才意识到我错了。
4. 助动词will 和shall 用于构成将来时。(shall仅用于第一人称,will 可用于各种人称) I shall be sixteen years old next birthday. 到下个生日,我将16岁了。 He asked me when we would leave. 他问我我们何时动身。
(四) 情态动词:有一定的词义,本身并不表示动作或状态,而仅仅表达说话人的态度。它在句中需和主要动词一起构成谓语。 (五)易混动词
1. used to do sth和be used to doing sth
be used to doing sth表示习惯做某事,to 后的动词用-ing 形式;used to do sth表示过去常常做某事。
I?m used to getting up early.(习惯)/I used to get up at five in the morning. 我过去经常在早
上五点起床。
注意:be used to do sth指被用来做某事如:Pens are used to write.钢笔被用来写字。 2. arrive, get和reach 表示“到达”时的区别
arrive in + 大地方,arrive at + 小地方,get to +地点名词,reach 是及物动词后面可直接跟地点名词。 3. borrow, lend和keep
borrow“借”为短暂性动词,表示主语“借入”,常用短语borrow sth from sb.; lend“借”为短暂性动词,表示主语“借出”,常用短语lend sth to sb.;
keep“保存;借”,为延续性动词,表“长时间地借”这本书我能借多久?
I borrowed a book from the school library. / Could you lend your bike to me? 你能把自行车借给我吗?
4. dress, put on和wear: dress sb. 给某人穿衣服;dress sb. up打扮某人;put on 穿上,戴上,表示动作;wear 穿着,戴着,表示状态。The boy dressed himself quickly. 那个男孩快速地给自己穿上衣服。
Mother dresses her baby every day. 母亲每天给她的孩子穿衣服。/Tom put on his coat and went out.
The lady dressed herself up and went to a party.(穿上盛装)那位女士打扮一番,然后去参加聚会了。
Lily is wearing a red skirt today. 莉莉今天穿着一条红裙子。 5. bring, take, carry 和fetch
bring“带来,拿来”,表示“拿到靠近说话人的地方”;take“拿去,带走”表示“拿到远离说话人的地方”;carry “扛,搬”用力移动,没有方向;fetch“去取,去拿”,表示“往返拿物”。 6. die, dead, death, dying
die 意为“死”,是不及物动词,终止性动词;dead 意为“死的”,形容词,表示状态;death 意为“死”,名词;dying 意为“垂死的,要死的”,形容词。如:His grandfather died yesterday.
他的祖父昨天死了。
他的祖父已经死了十年了。
那个可怜的老人快死了。 7. spend, cost ,take 和pay: spend 花费时间或金钱,后接on sth.或 (in) doing; cost 物作主语,意义为“值多少钱,花费”;take 可用固定句型表示花费金钱、时间,其结构为:形式主语 It + takes +时间+ to do sth; pay人做主语,与介词for 连用。 8. wear, be in, put on, have on 和dress oneself
wear 强调穿着的状态,与“be in”同义;put on 强调穿的动作;have on 意为“穿着”,同样强调状态;dress oneself意为“某人自己穿衣服”。
9. look for 和find: 两者都有“找”的意思。look for 强调寻找的过程,而find 强调找的结果。
10. hung和hanged: 两个词同为hang 的过去分词,hung 意为“悬挂”,而hanged 意为“吊死、绞死”。
12. listen to和hear: listen to和hear 都有“听”的意思。listen 为不及物动词,与to 组成固定搭配,强调听的动作;hear 强调听的结果。
13. lose, forget和leave: lose 意为“丢失”,“失去”;forget 意为“忘记”,忘记去做某事为forget to do sth/ forget doing sth为忘记做过某事,; leavesth. + 地点,意为“把某事落在某处”。
14. turn, get, grow和become: turn 一般用于颜色的变化,如: turn red / turn yellow; 天变黑要用get 或 grow ;天气变暖或变冷,用become 或get ;天变长或变短一般用get 。 15. join, take part in 和attend: 三个词都有“参加”的意思。join 一般指加入“党派”或“组织”,如参军、入党等,join in 加入某项活动, join sb加入某人;take part in 指参加聚会或活动;attend 一般指出席会议
16. think of, think about, think over和 talk about
think of意为“想到……”;think about意为“考虑”,宾语it 或 them 置后;think over 意为“仔细考虑”,宾语it 或them 放在中间,一般指考虑问题;talk about意为“谈论”。
17. lose, fail, beat和win
lose 意为“输给某人”,固定搭配为lose to sb.; fail是“失败”或“未做成某事”;beat 意为“打败”,后接sb. 或某支队伍;win 意为“赢得”,如,赢得荣誉、地位、比赛等。
1. My brother ____ a teacher. He ____ his pupils very much. A. is, like B. is, likes C. are, likes D. are, like
2. A: How many days ____ there in a week?B: There ____ seven. A. is, is B. are, are C. is, are D. are, is 3. I ____ tired last night. A. became B. felt C. looked D. am
4. Her face ____ palewhen she heard the bad news. A. got B. is C. turned D. was
5. You ____ pale. What's wrong with you? A. turn B. seem C. look D. become 6. The boy ____ ill today. A. are B. is C. be D. am
7. Which ____ bigger, the sun or the moon? A. are B. is C. be
8. Neither she nor I ____ a doctor. A. am not B. am C. are D. is 9. I ____ a worker next year. A. am B. will be C. be D. will 10. Her voice ____ like my mother's. A. sounds B. sound C. looks D. look 11. It often rains and the crops ____ fast. A. get B. turn C. grow D. become
12. A: How are you ____ now?B: Much better, thank you. A. getting B. feeling C. making D. turning 13. The teacher's smile made me ____ better. A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt 14. My English teacher ____.
A. all look young B. looks young C. look young D. all looks young 15. I ____ busy now, but I ____ free next week. A. am, am B. am, will C. am, will be D. being, will be 16. I ____ at this school for about two months. A. am B. will be C. have been D. was
17. My brother ____ in the League for about five years. A. have been B. has been C. was D. is
18. Come to my office if you ____ free tomorrow. A. are B. will be C. was D. is
19. If water ____ heated, it will be ____ into vapour(蒸气). A. was, turned B. is, turned C. is. get D. was, got
20. If you don't take back what you just said, Mother ____ angry. A. is B. will be C. get D. feels
情态动词
一、用can, may, must, need, have to, had better的适当形式填空: 1. You __________ return the library book on time.
2. I ________ (not) find the way to the hospital. _________ you show me the way? 3. —__________ I finish the work right now? — No, you __________ (not). You ______ do it later. 4. He said he __________ (not) come tonight.
5. Her mother was ill. She __________ stay at home and look after her.
6. It?s time for class. You _________ stop playing football or you _______ be late for class. 7. We __________ start right now, or they would get there first. 8. The cloud is lifting, so it __________ (not) be a rainy day tomorrow. 二、选择填空:
1. —Excuse me. Will you please tell me the way to the railway station? — Oh, sorry, but I don?t know. You ____ go and ask that policeman. A. may B. must C. would D. should
2. John ______ come to see us tonight, but he isn?t very sure yet. A. may B. can C. has to D. must
3. This book ______ Lucy?s. Look! Her name is on the book?s cover. A. can?t be B. may be C. mustn?t be D. must be 4. —______ I finish the work today? — No, you ______. A. Must, can?t B. Must, needn?t C. May, needn?t D. Can, mustn?t 5. ___ we ask you some questions? — Sure, go ahead! A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. Need
6. —You must come back every month. — Yes, I ______. A. must B. should C. will D. can
7. — Where is Tom? — He hasn?t come to school today. I think he ______ be ill. A. has to B. had better C. can D. must
8. —What?s the time now? — It?s still early. You ______ worry about the time. A. may not B. don?t have to C. can?t D. don?t need
9. —______ I visit Lucy on Sunday, Mum? — Yes, you ______. A. Must, can B. May, may C. Need, need D. May, need 10. Computers ___ process difficult problems very quickly. A. can B. must C. should D. need
范文二:九年级上册语法知识点总结
九年级上册语法知识点 8 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格
be strict in( doing )sth 对做某事要求严格
Unit 1Topic1 9increase by 表示:增加了、、、
1 it’s + adj +to do sth. 做、、、是?样的 10increase to+具体的增长后的数字
2 come back from 从、、、回来 11 反义疑问句:前肯后否,前否后肯
3 take place 发生 12 carry out 实行,进行,执行
4 more and more 越来越多 13 What’s the population of...?
5 have been to 去过、、、 =What’ the number of the people in ...?
6 have gone to 去了、、、 14one child policy 独生子女政策
7 take photos 照相 15developing country发展中国家
8 take part in 参加 16 developed country 发达国家 9 have no time to do没时间做、、、
10 in detail 详细的 17数字的读法来试着总结一下:
11 in order to 为了 1)三个数字为一组
12 afford 负担得起support 支持 2) 百位和十位之间用and 连接(如果没有十位,
13 get a good education 受好教育 百位和各位之间也用and 连)
14 see ?oneself亲眼所见 2)thousand (三位数前)million (六位数前)
15 have a chance to do 16有机会做、、、 billion (九位数前)
16 Keep in touch with保持联系 18cause; 引起,导致=bring about
17 far away 远离 19分数:母序子基,
18 reform and opening-up改革开放 分子大于1,分母加s
19 not only ?but also 不但而且 四分之一亦作: a quarter
20 make rapid progress取得巨大进步 二分之一亦作: a half
21 prefer A to B更喜欢A 20be short of 缺乏
22 现在完成时结构: 21be short for 是、、、的缩写
肯:S+ have\has +动分 22be known as =be famous as作为、、、而闻名
否:S+ have\has + not +动分 23be famous for因为、、、而闻名
疑:Have\has+S+动分 be famous in在、、方面而闻名
答:Yes, S+ have\has 24work well in doing sth.做的好
No, S+ haven’t\hasn’t 25take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
Unit 1Topic2 26 offer to do sth. 主动提出要做某事
1 get lost;走失,迷路 offer sb sth 给某人提供某物
2 so do I .我也如此 27prefer: 更喜欢
否:neither +be\do\情态动词+主语 1)prefer A to B 和A 比较更喜欢B
so +主语+ be\助动词\情态动词 2) prefer doing sth. 更喜欢做某
(表达两者对同一事物的看法) A 3)prefer to do rather than do sth.宁愿而不
如此,A 的确如此 28 called =named= with the name of 叫做
3 it seems that+从句 29 unless 除非,如果不= if not
4 population 人口,居民 常用large 或small 30 a couple of 来修一对,一双,夫妇
饰 31 a place of interest一处名胜
5 happen 碰巧发生, 指偶 32现在完成时态二:
6 take the place of代替、、、的位置 1现在完成时不能和明确的表示过去的时间状语联用,7because 因为,连接从句 如:yesterday, last week, in 1999等,它们适用与
because of +n.\v-ing 短语 一般过去时。
2)常与不明确的过去时间状语联用:already, yet, 14 not all .部分否定“不是所有的、、
just, before, ever, lately, once等。 15 quite a few 许多大量
Unit 1Topic3 16 it is reported \it is said 据报道\据说
1how do you like...? 17 no better than 和、几乎一样坏
= what do you think of ...? 18 do (great) harm to 对、、、有害
2get used to (doing) sth. 19 have an (no) effect on sth.
习惯于做某事 对某事有(没)影响
3 used to do sth.过去总是做某事 20 many kinds of许多种
4 be used to do sth 被用作、、、 21 be bad for 对、、、有害
5 since and for 22 greener people 环保者
since:1)since+过去某一时间点或句子如具体的年、23 high blood pressure 高血压
月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past 24six) 直接引语变间接引语。
2) since +一段时间+ ago 1)若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句,那么改为
3) since +从句 间接时,要用连词 (that)
for+一段时间 2)一般疑问句要用连词 if/whether (不可以省
6 is called 被称为 略) 去掉引号加if (或whether ), 陈述语序要
7 success n. 记住。 时态、人称和状语, 小心变化别马虎。
successful adj. 3)特殊疑问句要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身
successfully adv. (不可省)直接去引号, 陈述莫忘掉。 助动do
succeed v. 成功 (does )、did , 一定要去掉。
succeed in doing sth.成功做事 时态:直接引语变间接引语时态对应转换表
直接引语时态 间接引语时态
一般现在时→ 一般过去时
一般将来时→ 过去将来时
现在进行时→ 过去进行时
Unit 2Topic1 一般过去时→ 过去完成时
1 be harmful to sb.\sth.对某人物有害 现在完成时→ 过去完成时
2 there be +sth\sb doing sth 有某人或某物正过去完成时→ 过去完成时
在做某事 Unit 2Topic2
3 pour...into ..把、、、倒入、、、 1 as a result 结果
4 a waste of time 浪费时间 2 something useful有用的东西
5 influence v. 对、、、有影响 3 none of 一个也没有
6 hold one’s breath. 摒住呼吸 4 here and there 到处
7 take a deep breath深呼吸 5 care for=take care of 照顾
8 in a bad mood坏心情 6 change into变成
9 in a good mood 好心情 7 stop\prevent?from doing阻止
10 can’t stand sth\doing sth. 8 cut down砍倒
不能容忍(做)某事 9 human beings人类
11 hope +从句 10 millions of数百万的
wish sb to do sth 11 take away拿走
hope to do sth 12 the level of 、、的水平
12take drugs 吸毒 13 refer to 涉及到
表示服药都用 take 或have ,不用eat. 14 take up占据
13so that 结果状语从句 15 deal with处理
16 不定代词: 15 be the same as 和、、、一样
some\any\no\every+ 16 It’s possible that+ 从句
thing\one\body\where 17 have (no) trouble \difficulty (in ) doing sth. (谓三,定后) 做某事(没)有麻烦
Unit 2Topic3 18 be in trouble 处于不幸苦恼
1 work for 为、、、工作 19 if necessary如果有必要
2 it’s \was +|adj+of\for sb to do sth. 20 translate...into...翻译
3 be supposed to do sth 应该 21 ask sb for help 向某人求助
4并列连词 22 study n.研究书房 v 学习 Unit3Topic1
and 表示并列or 表示选择,否则 23 show sb the way to指路 1 stick to 坚持坚守+名词
while 表示对比 but表示转折 24 show sb +疑问词+ to do 2 stick to+ving 坚持做某事
5 ought to 情态动词+动原 25a number of 许多+复数名词 3一般现在时被动语态:
6 on time 按时,准时 26 the number of?、、、的总数(谓三) S+is/am/are+及物动词过去分词
7 make sure of 弄清楚、、 27 regard ?as?把、、、看作、、、=consider?as? 4 one day 将来有一天、过去的一天
8 make sure +从句 28含有情态动词的被动语态, 5 some day 只表示将来有一天
9 in time ,及时 sth. 迫不及待7 have a (结构:情态动词can,may,should 等+be+及物动词的过去分词 6 can’t wait to do good ) chance to do
10 on time 按时否定:应在情态动词后面加not ; sth 有(好)机会做某事
11 nuclear energy 原子核能源 疑问:应将情态动词移到句首 8 have no chance to do sth.
12 one of + 名词复数(谓三) 29 in the nineteenth century. 表示世纪in the +序数词+c 没机会做某事
13 biogas technology 生物气技术30 take the leading position 9 throughout the world 全世界
14 rennewable energy可再生资源 处于领先地位 10 try\do one’s best to do竭尽所能做某事
15 1990s 20世纪90年代 Unit3Topic2 11 from now on 从现在开始
16 the best-known最著名的 1 follow the doctor’s advice 12 pleased with 对、、、满意
17 how often 多长时间一次(频率) 遵医嘱 13 on business 出差
18 how long 多长时间(回答时间短) 2 say hello to sb 向某人问好 14 be similar to 和、、、相似
19 how soon 多久(多用将来时回答) 3 different adj. difference n. differently adv. 20 how far 多远(距离) 4 be different from 5 English-speaking countries
讲英语的国家
6 spoken English 英语口语
7用现在进行时态表将来,有意图打 算安排的含义,比较生
常用的动词有:(come go start leave arrive ...)
8 depend on 视、、、而定,取决于、、、
9 make +宾语+过去分词:
make myself understood
使、、、怎么样 表示被动的含义
10人做主语 need to do
11物做主语need doing
=need to be done
12 What do you mean?
= what’s your meaning?
13see sb off =send sb off 送别
14the way to去、、的路
15with his thumb rais手指向上
16reach get to arrive at(小\in 大)到达 7 it seems that +从句 Unit4Topic1
17clam down 冷静 = sb \sth seems to do 似乎好像
18 send sb sth=send sth to sb 8 I don’t know what to do.
给某人寄,发送、、、 疑问词+动词不定式做宾语
19 in twenty minutes 20分钟后 in+时间段 用于将来时9 at times 有时
20 Are you kidding? 10 feel like+n.\pron.\ doing sth =would like +n\pron\to d 21 be worried about sth\sb 喜欢,想要
对、、、担心 11 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
22 generally speaking 一般来说, 12 keep a diary 记日记 (有习惯) write a diary 写一篇日23 as for sb\sth 至于某人某物 13 I beg your pardon. 对不起,请原谅
24 frist floor 一楼 14 give sb some advice(n.) on \about...给某人一些有关、second floor 二楼 (美式英语) 建议
ground floor 一楼 15 do lots of listening practice
first floor 二楼 做大量听力训练
second floor 三楼(英式英语) 16 breathe v. breath
25though =although=even though 17 wonder v.想知道=want to know
虽然,尽管 18 the best time to do sth.
26 be close to 靠近 做某事最好的时间
27 ask for a ride 搭乘 19 advise(v.) sb to do sth.
28 give sb a ride 捎某人一段路 建议某人做某事
29 come about 发生 20 hold (have )a class meeting
30 be forced to do sth 被迫做、、、 开班会
31 in the beginning 最初,起初 21 in one’s opinion 依某人的看法
32German 德语,德国人 22 It’s an honor to do sth.
Germany 德国 做某事感到荣幸
变复数:中日不变英法变, 23 Good job! = Well done!
其他S 在后面German--Germans 33 write to sb 24 remember to do \doing 给某人写信
34 in the past +时间段 ,在过去的、、、,通常用于现在完成时(forget to do\doing)
35 I’m going. 我要走了 25 as long as 只要=only if
(现在进行时除表现在外,还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常26 agree with sb同意某人的意见
有“意图”“安排”或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动,27 agree to do sth同意做某事
给人一种期待感) 28 agree on sth 同意某事
Unit3Topic3 29 belive in sb 信任某人
1 have long conversations with 与、、、常谈 belive sb 相信某人
2 work hard at...在、、、努力 30 not always 未必,不一定
3 oral English=spoken English 31 last but not least 最后但同样重要
口语 32 keep (on ) doing sth.
4 in public 一直不断地做某事
5 sleepy adj 困的,欲睡的; 33 keep sb doing th
asleep adj. 熟睡的,睡着的;sleepless adj让某人一直做某事失眠的
sleep v.n 睡; 34 :wh-+ to do
sleeper n.睡的很沉的人. wh-指when where what which who whom 及how ,他们和动词不6 be afraid of doing(自己也无法左右的突发事情)联用, 即为 wh-+to do 结构,在句中常用作主语表语或宾语 be afraid to do
1the legend about 有关、、、的传说 2 allow sb to do sth.
2 be known to 被、、、知道了 允许某人做某事
3 dream of doing sth 梦想做、、 3 too much 太多,即可修饰不可数名词也可修饰动词名前动后后也可直接+n.\pron. 梦见、、、 4 much too放在形容词和副词之前,太、、、 much too long4make great progress in (doing)sth 在某方面取得巨大进步much too fast太快
5 achieve one’s dream 实现,成就某人的梦想5 show sth to sb = show sb sth
6 speed n.速度 at a high speed 高速 7 at a speed of 把某物给某人看以、、、
的速度 6 show sb around 带领某人参观
8 in every direction 向四面八方 7 be made of 看得出原材料
9 introduction n. 介绍 8 be made from 看不出原材料
introduce v.介绍,引进 9 be made in 在、、、制造
10 introduce...to sb把、、、介绍给、、、、10 be made by sb 由某人制造
11 expect sb to do sth 11 be used for 被用来做
期望某人做某事 12 be used by 被谁所用
12 a kind of all kinds of 13 be used to do 被用来做、、、
many different kinds of 14 in people’s daily life
13 others 泛指其他的 the others 在人们的日常生活
特指其他的,后不接名词 15 it’s said that 据说,听说
other 泛指其他的 the other特指其他的 后可加名词16 during one’s life 某人的一生
other+名词=others 17 go this way 这边请
the other+名词=the others 18 was created 被创造
14究竟,到底 19 DNA脱氧核糖核酸
15 add ...to...加,增加 20 has been used
16 on earth 在地球上 现在完成时的被动语态
17 there is no doubt 毫无疑问 结构:have\has +been+动分
18 place and cancel orders 21 no one 用来指认其后不能接of ,用作主语时谓语动词用单下订单和取消订单 22 none不仅指认也可指物,其后常接of 短语
19 come into being 23 none用来回答how many no one 用来回答who 出现, 产生,开始存在 24 know\say for certain 确切的知道
20 instead of 代替,而不是 25 be surprised at \by +名词、代词 为、、、而感到惊讶 21 for instance =for example 例如 26 be surprised to do sth.
such as 常指列举同类事物 为、、、而感到惊讶
22 one’s own 某人自己的 27 think for oneself 独立思考
23 follow sb to do sth 28 think to oneself 自己心里想
跟着某人去做某事 29 warn sb to do sth 警告某人做某事
24 type (it ) in 把它输入 30 Warn sb about\of sth 警告某人某事
25 conect ...to \with 31Warn sb against doing sth
把、、、和、、、连接 =warn sb not to sth
26 turn on 打开 turn off 关闭 警告某人不做某事
turn up大声 turn down 小声 32 no longer 不再=not ?any longer
(各种开关) 33 treat sb\sth as\like sth.
Unit4Topic2 以、、、的方式对待
1 be allowed to do sth. 34 be meant to do sth.应该做某事特别是应某人的吩咐或根据被允许做某事 35 in the ?field 在、、、领域
36 make a contribution(s) to
sth.\doing sth.为、、、做贡献
37 in?direction 按、朝、、、的放心
38 work well 奏效,起作用
39:一般过去时的被动语态was\were +动词的过去分词
40 work as 从事某种职业
41 work on、upon 从事,忙于
42 the rest 剩余的部分+ of+名词
43 lose one’s way=get lost 迷路 44 work out 计算,算出 Unit4Topic3 1 be able to 的意义等同于can, 但是can 没有将来时和完成时 2 be able to 与can 不能重叠使用
3 What fun! 多么有趣啊! 4 not?until? 直到、、、才、、、
5 think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect 否定前移 6 with one’s own eyes 亲眼所见 7 on the radio 通过收音机 8 discover v.发现invent v.发明 9 find out 找出 1
0 base? on 以、、、为根据
11 decide to do sth. 决定做某事
decide on sth 决定某事
12 name?after? 以、的名字给、、、取名
13 be named after (被动语态)
14 at a distance of 相隔
15 at a distance 在远处
16 two-fifths as strong as
相当于、、、的五分之二强度 17 half as big as 像、、、一半那样大
18 twice as long as 像、、、两倍那样长
19 what’s worse 更糟的是、、、
20 What’s more 更有甚者,而且
21?there has been? 已经有、、、
22 there may be 可能有
23 there will be=there is going to be 将要有
24 alone 单独,独自一个人,不含感情色彩
25 lonely指内心的孤独,地方的荒无人烟,又浓重的感情色彩 26 :含有情态动词的被动语态
结构:情态动词+be+动分
否:在情态动词后直接+not
疑:把情态动词提前
范文三:人教版英语九年级语法知识点
1. by + doing 通过……方式 如:by studying with a group
by 还可以表示:" 在…旁"," 靠近"," 在…期间" 、" 用,"" 经过"," 乘车" 等
如:I live by the river. I have to go back by ten o'clock.
The thief entered the room by the window.
The student went to park by bus.
2. talk about 谈论,议论,讨论
如:The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。 talk to sb. === talk with sb. 与某人说话
3. 提建议的句子:
①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如:What/ How about going shopping?
②Why don't you + do sth.? 如:Why don't you go shopping?
③Why not + do sth. ? 如:Why not go shopping?
④Let's + do sth. 如: Let's go shopping
⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如:Shall we/ I go shopping?
4. a lot 许多 常用于句末 如:I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。
5. too…to 太…而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth.
如:I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了,什么都不想说。
6. aloud, loud与loudly 的用法 三个词都与" 大声" 或" 响亮" 有关。
①aloud 是副词, 重点在出声能让人听见, 但声音不一定很大,
常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud 没有比较级
形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。
②loud 可作形容词或副词。用作副词时, 常与speak, talk,
laugh 等动词连用, 多用于比较级, 须放在动词之后。如:
She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。
③loudly 是副词, 与loud 同义, 有时两者可替换使用, 但往往
含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思, 可位于动词之前或之后。
如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。
7. not …at all 一点也不 根本不 如:
I like milk very much. I don't like coffee at all.
我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。
not 经常可以和助动词结合在一起,at all 则放在句尾
8. be / get excited about sth.=== be / get excited about doing sth.
=== be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋 如:
I am / get excited about going to Beijing.===
I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。
9. ① end up doing sth 终止做某事,结束做某事 如:
The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。
② end up with sth. 以…结束 如:
The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。
10. first of all 首先. to begin with 一开始 later on 后来、随
11. also 也、而且(用于肯定句)常在句子的中间
either 也(用于否定句)常在句末
too 也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末
12. make mistakes 犯错 如:I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。
make a mistake 犯一个错误 如:I have made a mistake. 我已经犯了一个错误。
13. laugh at sb. 笑话;取笑(某人) 如:Don't laugh at me!不要取笑我!
14. take notes 做笔记,做记录
15. enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做… She enjoys playing football.她喜欢踢足球。 enjoy oneself 过得愉快 如:He enjoyed himself. 他过得愉快。
16. native speaker 说本族语的人
17. make up 组成、构成
18. one of +(the+ 形容词比较级)+名词复数形式 …其中之一
如: She is one of the most popular teachers. 她是最受欢迎的教师之一。
19. It's +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说) 做某事…
如:It's difficult (for me ) to study English. 对于我来说学习英语太难了。
句中的it 是形式主语,真正的主语是to study English
20. practice doing 练习做某事 如:
She often practice speaking English. 她经常练习说英语。
21. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 如:
LiLei has decided to go to BeiJing . 李雷已经决定去北京。
22. unless 假如不,除非 引导条件状语从句
如:You will fail unless you work hard..假如你不努力你会失败。
I won't write unless he writes first. 除非他先写要不我不写
23. deal with 处理 如:I dealt with a lot of problem.
24. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/ 某事
如:Mother worried about his son just now. 妈妈刚才担心他的儿子。
25. be angry with sb. 对某人生气 如:I was angry with her. 我对她生气。
26. perhaps === maybe 也许
27. go by (时间) 过去 如: Two years went by. 两年过去了。
28. see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人正在做某事 强调正在发生
see sb. / sth. do 看见某人在做某事 如:
如: She saw him drawing a picture in the classroom.她看见他正在教室里画画。
29. each other 彼此
30. regard… as … 把…看作为…. 如:
The boys regarded Anna as a fool. 这些男孩把安娜看成傻瓜。
31. too many 许多 修饰可数名词 如:too many girls
too much 许多 修饰不可数名词 如:too much milk
much too 太 修饰形容词 如:much too beautiful
32. change… into… 将…变为…
如:The magician changed the pen into a book. 这个魔术师将这本书变为一本书。
33. with the help of sb. == with one's help 在某人的帮助下
如:with the help of LiLei == with LiLei's help 在李雷的帮助下
34. compare … to … 把…与…相比
如:Compare you to Anna, you are lucky.你和安娜相比,你是幸运的。
35. instead 代替 用在句末,副词(字面上常不译出来)
instead of sth. / doing sth. 代替,而不是 用在句中,动词
如:Last summer I went to Beijing. This year I'm going to Shanghai instead.
去年夏天我去北京, 今年我将要去上海。
I will go instead of you. 我将代替你去。
He stayed at home instead of going swimming. 他呆在家里而不是去游泳。
新目标九年级英语语法总结 Unit2
1. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事
否定形式: didn't use to do sth. / used not to do sth.
如:He used to play football after school. 放学后他过去常常踢足球。
Did he use to play football? Yes, I did. No, I didn't.
He didn't use to smoke. 他过去不吸烟。
2. 反意疑问句
①肯定陈述句+否定提问 如:Lily is a student, isn't she?
Lily will go to China, won't she?
②否定陈述句+肯定提问 如:She doesn't come from China, does she?
You haven't finished homework, have you?
③提问部分用代词而不用名词 Lily is a student, isn't she?
④陈述句中含有否定意义的词,如:little, few, never, nothing, hardly等。其反意疑问句用肯定式。 如:
He knows little English, does he? 他一点也不懂英语,不是吗?
They hardly understood it, did they?他们几乎不明白,不是吗?
3. play the piano 弹钢琴
4. ①be interested in sth. 对…感兴趣
②be interested in doing sth. 对做…感兴趣
如:He is interested in math, but he isn't interested in speaking English. 他对数学感兴趣,但是他对说英语不感兴趣。
5. interested adj. 感兴趣的,指人对某事物感兴趣,往往主语是人
interesting adj.有趣的,指某事物/某人具有趣味,主语往往是物
6. still 仍然,还 用在be 动词的后面 如:I'm still a student.
用在行为动词的前面 如:I still love him.
7. the dark 天黑,晚上,黑暗
8. 害怕… be terrified of sth. 如:I am terrified of the dog.
be terrified of doing sth. 如:I am terrified of speaking.
9. on 副词,表示(电灯、电视、机械等)在运转中/打开,
其反义词off. with the light on 灯开着
10. walk to somewhere 步行到某处 walk to school 步行到学校
11. spend 动词,表示" 花费金钱、时间"
①spend…on sth. 在某事上花费(金钱、时间)
②spend…doing sth. 花费(金钱、时间)去做某事 如:
He spends too much time on clothes. 他花费太多的时间在衣着
He spend 3 months building the bridge.他花费了三个月去建这座桥。
Pay for 花费 如:I pay 10 yuan for the book. 我花了10元买这本书。
12. take 动词 有" 花费" 的意思 常用的结构有:
take sb. … to do sth. 如:It takes me a day to read the book.
t ake … to do sth.
13. chat with sb. 与某人闲聊 如:I like to chat with him. 我喜欢和他聊天。
14. worry about sb./ sth. 担心某人/某事 worry 是动词
be worried about sb./sth. 担心某人/某事 worried 是形容词
如:Don't worry about him. 不用担心他。
Mother is worried about her son. 妈妈担心他的儿子。
15. all the time 一直、始终
16. take sb. to + 地方 送/带某人去某个地方 如:
A person took him to the hospital. 一个人把他送到了医院。
Lui took me home. 刘把我送回了家。(home 的前面不能用to)
17. hardly adv. 几乎不、没有 hardly ever 很少
hardly 修饰动词时,通常放在助动词、情态动词之后,实义
动词之前 助动词/情态动词+hardly
hardly + 实义动词 如:
I can hardly understand them. 我几乎不能够明白他们。
I hardly have time to do it. 我几乎没有时间去做了。
18. miss v. 思念、想念、 错过
19. in the last few years. 在过去的几年内 常与完成时连用 如:
I have lived in China in the last few years. 在过去的几年内我在中国住。
20. be different from 与…不同
21. how to swim 怎样游泳
不定式与疑问词连用:动词不定式可以和what, which, how, where, when 等引导的疑问句连用,构成不定工短语。如:
The question is when to start. 问题是什么时候开始。
I don't know where to go. 我不知道去哪。
22. make sb./ sth. + 形容词 make you happy
make sb./ sth. + 动词原形 make him laugh
23. move to +地方 搬到某地 如:I moved to Beijing last year.
24. it seems that +从句 看起来好像…… 如:
It seems that he has changed a lot. 看起来他好像变了许多。
25. help sb. with sth. 帮某人某事
help sb. (to ) do sth. 帮某人做某事
She helped me with English. 她帮助我学英语。
She helped me (to) study English。 她帮助我学习英语。
26. fifteen-year-old 作形容词 15岁的
fifteen-year-olds 作名词指15岁的人
fifteen years old 指年龄 15岁 如:
a fifteen-year-old boy 一个15岁的男孩
Fifteen-year-olds like to sing. 15岁的人喜欢唱歌。
I am fifteen years old . 我是15岁。
27. 支付不起… can't /couldn't afford to do sth.
can't / couldn't afford sth.
如:I can't/couldn't afford to buy the car.
I can't/couldn't afford the car. 我买不起这个辆小车。
28. as + 形容词./副词+as sb. could/can 尽某人的…能力 如:
Zhou run as fast as her could/can. 她尽她最快的能力去跑。
29. get into trouble with 遇到麻烦
30. in the end 最后
31. make a decision 下决定 下决心
32. to one's surprise 令某人惊讶 如:
to their surprise 令他们惊讶 to LiLei's surprise令李雷惊讶
33. take pride in sth. 以…而自豪 如:
His father always take pride in him. 他的爸爸总是以他而自豪
34. pay attention to sth. 对…注意,留心 如:
You must pay attention to your friend. 你应该多注意你的朋友。
35. be able to do sth. 能做某事 如:She is able to do it. 她能够做到。
36. give up doing sth. 放弃做某事 如:
My father has given up smoking. 我爸爸已经放弃吸烟了。
37. 不再 ①no more == no longer 如: I play tennis no more/ longer.我不再打网球。 ②not …any more == not …any longer 如:
I don't play tennis any more/longer. 我不再打网球。
38. go to sleep 入睡
新目标九年级英语语法总结 Unit3
1. 语态:
①英语有两种语态:主动语态和补动语态
主动语态表示是动作的执行者
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者
②被动语态的构成
由" 助动词be +及物动词的过去分词" 构成
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者,或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者,或者只需强调动作
的承受者时,要用被动语态。
2. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事(主动语态)如:
Mother allows me to watch TV every night. 妈妈允许我每晚看电视。
be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事(被动语态)如:
LiLy is allowed to go to Qinzhou. 莉莉被允许去钦州。
3. get their ears pierced 穿耳洞
让/使(别人)做某事 get sth. done(过去分词)
have sth. done 如:I get my car made. == I have my car made. 我让别人修好我的车
4. enough 足够
形容词+enough 如:beautiful enough 足够漂亮
enough +名词 如:enough food 足够食物
enough to 足够…去做… 如:
I have enough money to go to Beijing. 我有足够的钱去北京。
She is old enough to go to school.她够大去读书了。
5. stop doing sth. 停止做某事 Please stop speaking.请停止说话。
stop to do sth. 停止下来去做某事 Please stop to speak.请停下来说话。
6. 看起来好像…sb. seem to do sth. He seems to feel very sad.
it seems that +从句It seems that he feels very sad. 他看起来好像很伤心。
7. 系动词不能独立作谓语,要和表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有:look, feel, be, become, get, turn, smell, taste, stay(保持), kept等。连系动词除be 和become 等少数词可接名词作表语外,一般都是接形容词。 如:
They are very happy. He became a doctor two years ago.
She felt very tired.
8. 倒装句:
由so +助动词(be/do/will/have)/情态动词+主语 意为:…也是一样
She is a student. So am I. 她是一个学生,我也是。
She went to school just now. So did I . 她刚才去学校了,我也是
She has finished the work. So have I . 她已经完成了工作, 我也完成了。
She will go to school. So will he. 她将去学校,他也是。
9. yet 仍然,还 常用在否定句或疑问句当中
10. stay up 熬夜如:I often stay up until 12:00pm.我经常熬夜到12点。
11. clean up 打扫 整理 如:
I have cleaned up the bedroom. 我已经打扫完了卧室。
12. 程度副词:
always 总是 usually 经常 sometimes 有时 never 从不
如:I am always/usually/sometimes/never late for school.
我总是/经常/有时/从不上学迟到。
13. 曾经做某事:
Do you ever get to school late? Yes, I do. No, I don't.
Have you ever got to school late? Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
14. go shopping(去购物), go fishing(去钓鱼), go swimming(去游泳), go boating(去划船), go hiking(去登山), go trekking(去徒步)
15. be strict with sb. 对某人严厉 如:
Mother is strict with her son. 妈妈对她的儿子很严厉。
16. take the test 参加考试 pass the test 通过考试 fail a test 考试失败
17. the other day 前几天
18. agree 同意 反义词 disagree 不同意 动词
agreement 同意 反义词 disagreement 不同意 名词
18. keep sb/ sth. +形容词 使某人/某物保持…. 如:
We should keep our city clean.我们应该保持我们的城市干净。
19. both…and… +动词复数形式
如: Both Jim and Li Ming play bastketball.
20. learn (sth.) from sb. 向谁学习(什么) 如:
Jim learnt English from his English teacher. 吉姆向他的英语老师学习英语
21. have an opportunity to do sth. 有机会做某事
have a chance of doing sth. 有机会做某事
如:I have an opportunity to go to Beijing. I have a chance of going to Beijing.
22. at present 目前
23. at least 最少 at most 最多
24. 花费 take ,cost, spend , pay
sth. take (sb.) time to do sth. It took (me) 10days to read the book.
sth. cost (sb.) …… The book cost (me) 100yuan.
sb. spend … on sth. She spent 10days on this book.
sb. spend …doing sth. She spent 10days reading this book.
sb. pay … for sth. She paid 10yuan for this book.
25. have +时间段+off 放假,休息 如:have 2 days off
26. reply to 答复某人 如:She replayed to MrGreen.
27. agree with sth. 同意某事 如:I agree with that idea.
agree to sb. 同意某人的意见 如:I agree to LiLei.
28. get in the way of 碍事,妨碍 如:
Her social life got in the way of her studies. 她的社会生活妨碍了她的学习。
29. success n. succeed v. successful adj. successfully adv.
30. think about 与think of 的区别
①当两者译为: 认为、想起、记着时,两者可互用
I often think about/ of that day. 我经常想起那天。
②think about 还有" 考虑" 之意 ,think of 想到、想出时两者不能互用
At last, he thought of a good idea. 最后他想出了一个好主意。
We are thinking about going Qinzhou. 我们正在考虑去钦州。
31. 对… 热衷, 对…兴趣
be serious about doing 如:She is serious about dancing. 她对跳舞热衷。
be serious about sth. 如:She is serious about him. 她对他感兴趣。
32. practice doing 练习做某事
She often practice speaking English.
33. care about sb. 关心某人 如:Mother often care about her son.
34. also 也 用于句中
either 也 用于否定句且用于句末
too 也 用于肯定句且用于句末
I am also a student. 我也是一个学生
I am a student too. 我也是一个学生。
I am not a student either. 我也不是一个学生。
新目标九年级英语语法总结 Unit4
1. if 引导的非真实性条件状语从句 即 虚拟语气通过动词形式的变化来表示说话人对发生的动作或存在的状态所持的态度或看法的动词形式称为语气,虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实,而是一种祝愿,建议或是与事实相反的假设等。
If 引导的条件状语从句分为真实和非真实条件句,非真实条件句应用虚拟语气。如果要表示与现在或将来事实相反时,其虚拟语气结构为:
句 型 条件从句 主 句
谓语动词形式 动词过去式(be动词用were) would+动词原形
即:(从句)if +主语+动词过去式(be 动词用were), 一般过去时
(主句) 主语+would+动词原形 过去将来时
如:If I had time, I would go for a walk.
如果我有时间,我就会去散步。(事实上我现在没有时间)
If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
假如我是你的话,我会带上雨伞。(事实上我不是你)
I would say no if someone asked me to be in a movie. 假如有人请我当电影演员,我会表示拒绝。(事实上瑞没有人请我当电影演员)
2. pretend to do sth. 假装做某事 I pretended to sleep just now.
pretend +从句 假装… I pretended that I fell asleep.
3. be late for 迟到 如:
I am late for work/ school/ class/ party.
4. a few 与 a little 的区别,few 与 little 的区别
⑴ a few 一些 修饰可数名词
a little 一些 修饰不可数名词 两者表肯定意义
如:He has a few friends. 他有一些朋友。
There is a little sugar in the bottle. 在瓶子里有一些糖。
⑵ few 少数的 修饰可数名词
little 少数的 修饰不可数名词 但两者表否定意义
如:He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。
There is little sugar in the bottle.在瓶子里没有多少糖。
5. still 仍然, 还 用在be 动词之后,行为动词之前 如:
I am still a student.我仍然是个学生 I still love him.我仍然爱他。
6. hundred, thousand , million, billion (十亿) 词前面有数词或several
一词时要不能加s ,反之,则要加s 并与of 连用, 表示数量很
多 如:several hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion people
几百/千/百万/十亿人 hundreds of trees 上百棵树
7. what if + 从句 如果…怎么办 , 要是… 又怎么样 如:
What if she doesn't come? 要是她不来怎么办?
What if LiLei knows? 如果李雷知道了怎么办?
8. add sth. to sth. 添加…到… 如:
I added some sugar to water. 我把糖添加到水里。
9. 系动词与形容词连用 get nervous 变得紧张
feel shy 觉得害羞 look friendly 看起来友好
10. too +形/副+to do sth. 太…而不能 如:
I'm too tired to stand. 我太累了而不能站。
11. help with sth. 如:They help with this problem.
help sb. do. 如:They help you relax. 他们帮助你放松
12. in public 在公共场所 如:
Don't smoke in public. 请不要在公共场所吸烟。
13. energetic adj. 活力的
如:She is a energetic girl. 她是一个活力的女孩。
energy n. 活力 如:She has lots of energies. 她有活力。
14. ask sb. to do 叫…做某事
ask sb. not to do sth.叫…不要做某事
tell sb. to do 告诉…做某事
tell sb. not to do sth. 告诉…不要做某事
如:Teacher asked me to clean the classroom.
Teacher asked me not to clean the classroom.
15. start doing == start to do. 开始做某事 如:
He started speaking/ to speak. 他开始说话。
16. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人那里借来某物 如:
I borrowed a book from Lily. 我从莉莉那里借来一本书。
17.wait for sb.等某人 如:I am wait for him. 我正在等他。
18. introduce sb. to sb. 把某人介绍给某人 如:
I introduced Lily to Anna. 我把莉莉介绍给安娜。
19. invite sb. to do 邀请某人做某事 如:
Lily invited me to go to her home for supper. 莉莉邀请我去她家吃晚饭。
20. have dinner/ supper 吃晚饭
have lunch/ breakfast 吃午餐、吃早餐
21. plenty of 修饰不可数名词,也可以修饰可数名词 许多 如:
They have plenty of food/ apples. 他们有许多的食物/苹果。
22. 给某人某物 give sth. to sb. 如: give an apple to me
give sb. sth. give me an apple 给我一个苹果
23. get along with sb. 与…相处 如:
Do you get along well with your friends? 你和你的朋友相处得好吗?
24. would rather do sth. than do sth. 表示愿做某事而不愿做某事 如:
I would rather walk than run.
25. whole 整个 26. in fact 事实上
27. let sb. down 让某人失望 如:
Don't let your mother down. 不要让你的妈妈失望。
28. come up with sth. 提出 想出 如:
He came up with a good idea. 他提出了一个好主意。
catch up with sb. 追上 赶上 如:
Lily caught up with Anna. 莉莉赶上了安娜。
29. have experience doing 在做某事有经验 如:
I have experience teaching Chinese. 我在教英语方面有经验。
30. come out 出版,出来 如:
The magazine comes out once a week. 这种杂志每周出版一次。
31. by accident 偶然地,无意之中 如:Last week I cut my finger by accident. 上个星期我不小心割到自己的手指。
32. hurry to do 匆忙… I hurry to call the police.
33. more than 超过
34. offer sb. sth. 给某人提供某物
宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。
①由连接词+ 主语+ 谓语 构成
常由下面的一些词引导:
②由that 引导 表示陈述意义 that 可省略
He says (that) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
③由if , whether 引导 表示 一般疑问意义(带有是否、已否、对否等)
I don't know if / whether Wei Hua likes fish.
我不知道韦华是否喜欢鱼。
④由 连接代词、连接副词(疑问词) 引导 表示特殊疑问意义
Do you know what he wants to buy? 你知道他想要买什么吗?
⑤从句时态要与主句一致
当主句是一般现在时,从句根据情况使用任何时态
He says (that ) he is at home. 他说他在家里。
I don't know (that) she is singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。
She wants to know if I have finished my homework.
她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Do you know when he will be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来?
当主句是一般过去时,从句应使用过去某时态(一般过去时,
过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时)
He said (that) he was at home. 他说他在家里。
I didn't know that she was singing now. 我不知道她正在唱歌。
She wanted to know if I had finished m homework.
她想要知道我是否已经完成了我的作业。
Did you know when he would be back? 你知道他将会什么时候回来?
新目标九年级英语语法总结 Unit5
现在完成时态
⑴由have/ has + 过去分词
⑵表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果
常与already, just , yet , ever, never 连用
Have you finished your work yet?你完成了你的工作了吗?
Yes, I have. I have just finished it. 是的。我刚刚完成了。
I have already finished it . 我已经完成了。
Have you ever been to China? 你曾经去过中国吗?
No, I have never been there. 没有,我从来也没有去过。
⑶①表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作 或状态和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状态连用如:(for + 时间段,since + 时间点,或过去某一动作, 以
及how long )
②注: 非延续性动词在现在完成 时态中不能和for, since 引导的表示一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。
应转为相应的延续性动词 如:
buy---- have die---- be dead join ---- be in
borrow----- keep leave---- be away
I have bought a pen.------ I have had a pen for 2 weeks.
The dog has died.------- The dog has been dead since last week.
⑷①have (has) been to + 地点 去过某地 已经回来
②have (has) gone to + 地点 去了某地 没有回来
③have been in + 地点 一直呆在某地 没有离开过 如:
She has been to Shanghai. 她去过上海。(已经回来)
She has gone to Shanghai. 她去了上海。(没有回来)
She has been in Shanghai for 2 days.她呆上海两天了。(没有离开过上海)
1. 情态动词must, may , might, could, may , can't表示推测含义与用法后面都接动词原形,都可以表示对现在情况的揣测和推断但他们
含义有所不同
must 一定 肯定 (100%的可能性)
may, might, could有可能,也许 (20%-80%的可能性)
can't 不可能,不会 (可能性几乎为零)
The dictionary must be mine. It has my name on it.
The CD might/could/may belong to Tony because he likes listening to pop music.
The hair band can't be Bob's. After all, he is boy!
2. whose 谁的 疑问词 作定语 后面接名词
如:Whose book is this? This is Lily's.
3. belong to 属于 如:
That English book belongs to me.
4. 当play 指弹奏乐器时,常在乐器前用定冠词 如:
play the guitar play the piano play the violin
当play 指进行球类运动时,则不用定冠词 如:
play football play basketball play baseball
5. if引导的条件状语从句,主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时代替将来时 如: If you don't hurry up, you'll be late.如果你不快点,你将会迟到
6. if you have any idea== if you know 如果你知道
7. on 关于(学术,科目)
8. try to do sth. 尝试做某事 如:I try to climb the tree. 我尝试爬树。
9. because of , because
because of + 名词/代词/名词性短语
because + 从句 如:
I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
I had to move because of my job. 因为工作的原因我得搬家。
10. own v.-owner n. listen v.-listener n. learn v.-learner n.
11. catch a bus 赶公车
12. neighbor 邻居 指人
neighborhood 邻居 指地区也可指附近地区的人
13. local 当地的 如:local teacher 当地的教师
14. noise n. 噪音 是个可数名词 noises
15. call the police 报警 如:Quick! Call the police! 快!叫警察!
16. anything strange 一些奇怪的东西
当形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,放在这些词的后面
17. there be sb./ sth. doing 如:There is a cat eating fish.
There must be something visiting our home.
18. escape from …从哪里逃跑出来 如:
He escaped from the burning building. 他从燃烧的大概中逃出来。
19. an ocean of + 名词 极多的,用不尽的 如:an ocean of energy.
20. unhappy 不高兴的 反义词 happy 高兴的
21. final adj. 最后的 finally adv. 最后地
22. dishonest 不诚实的 反义词 honest 诚实的。
23. get on 上车 get off 下车
24. use up 用光、用完如:They have used up all the money.他们已经用完了所有的钱。
25. attempt to do 试图
如:The boys attempted to leave for Beijing. 男孩子们试图想去北京。
26. wake 动词 唤醒 常用的词组:wake up 意为醒来 如:
Please wake me up at 8 o'clock. 请在8点钟叫醒我。
27. look for 寻找 指过程
find 找 指结果 如:
I am looking for a pen. 我正在找一支笔。(指找的过程)
I found my pen just now. 我刚刚找到了我的笔。(指找的结果)
28. hear 听 指听的结果
listen 听 指听的过程 如:
Did you hear ? 你听到了吗?(指听的结果,听或没听到)
I often listen to the music. 我经常听音乐。(指听的过程)
29. try one's best to do sth. 尽某人的最大努力去做某事 如:
He tried his best to run. 他尽他的最大努力去跑。
30. 名词所有格
名词所有格的构成有两种形式
①是在名词后面加 's 或是以s 结尾 的名词,只在名词的后面加 '
如:Ann's book 安的书, our teachers' office我们老师们的办公室
注:双方共有的所有格,只在后面一个名词加's, 如:
Lily and Lucy's father 莉莉和露西的爸爸(她们的爸爸是同一个人)
②有…of …介词短语表示无生命东西的所有格 如:
a picture of my family 我家人的相片
有时也有's 表示无生命的东西的所有格 如:
today's newspaper, the city's name
范文四:九年级上册语法知识点总结
九年级上册语法知识点总结
Unit 1Topic1
1 it’s + adj +to do sth. 做、、、是?样的
2 come back from 从、、、回来
3 take place 发生
4 more and more 越来越多
5 have been to 去过、、、
6 have gone to 去了、、、
7 take photos 照相
8 take part in 参加
9 have no time to do没时间做、、、
10 in detail 详细的
11 in order to 为了
12 afford 负担得起support 支持
13 get a good education 受好教育
14 see ?oneself 亲眼所见
15 have a chance to do 16有机会做、、、
16 Keep in touch with保持联系
17 far away 远离
18 reform and opening-up改革开放
19 not only ?but also 不但而且
20 make rapid progress取得巨大进步
21 prefer A to B更喜欢A
22 现在完成时结构:
肯:S+ have\has +动分
否:S+ have\has + not +动分
疑:Have\has+S+动分
答:Yes, S+ have\has
No, S+ haven’t\hasn’t
Unit 1Topic2
1 get lost;走失,迷路
2 so do I .我也如此
否:neither +be\do\情态动词+主语
so +主语+ be\助动词\情态动词
(表达两者对同一事物的看法) A 如此,A 的确如此
3 it seems that+从句
4 population 人口,居民常用large 或small 来修饰
5 happen 碰巧发生, 指偶
6 take the place of代替??的位置
7because 因为,连接从句
because of +n.\v-ing 短语
8 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格
be strict in( doing )sth 对做某事要求严格
9 increase by 表示:增加了、、、
10 increase to+具体的增长后的数字
11 反义疑问句:前肯后否,前否后肯
12 carry out 实行,进行,执行
13 What’s the population of...?
=What’ the number of the people in ...?
14 one child policy 独生子女政策
15 developing country发展中国家
16 developed country 发达国家
17数字的读法来试着总结一下:
1)三个数字为一组
2) 百位和十位之间用and 连接(如果没有十位,百位和各位之间也用and 连)
2)thousand (三位数前)million (六位数前)billion (九位数前)
18cause; 引起,导致=bring about
19分数:母序子基,
分子大于1,分母加s
四分之一亦作: a quarter
二分之一亦作: a half
20 be short of 缺乏
21 be short for 是??的缩写
22 be known as =be famous as作为??而闻名
23 be famous for因为??而闻名
be famous in在??方面而闻名
24work well in doing sth.做的好
25take measures to do sth. 采取措施做某事
26 offer to do sth. 主动提出要做某事
offer sb sth 给某人提供某物
27 prefer: 更喜欢
1) prefer A to B 和A 比较更喜欢B
2) prefer doing sth. 更喜欢做某
3) prefer to do rather than do sth.宁愿而不
28 called =named= with the name of 叫做
29 unless 除非,如果不= if not
30 a couple of 一对,一双,夫妇
31 a place of interest一处名胜
32现在完成时态二:
1现在完成时不能和明确的表示过去的时间状语联用,如:yesterday, last week, in 1999等,它们适用与一般过去时。
2)常与不明确的过去时间状语联用:already, yet, just, before, ever, lately, once等。 Unit 1Topic3
1how do you like...?
= what do you think of ...?
2 get used to (doing) sth.
习惯于做某事
3 used to do sth.过去总是做某事
4 be used to do sth 被用作、、、
5 since and for
since:1)since+过去某一时间点或句子如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six) 。
2) since +一段时间+ ago
3) since +从句
for+一段时间
6 is called 被称为
7 success n.
successful adj.
successfully adv.
succeed v. 成功
succeed in doing sth.成功做事
Unit 2Topic1
1 be harmful to sb.\sth.对某人物有害
2 there be +sth\sb doing sth 有某人或某物正在做某事
3 pour...into ..把??倒入??
4 a waste of time 浪费时间
5 influence v. 对??有影响
6 hold one’s breath. 摒住呼吸
7 take a deep breath深呼吸
8 in a bad mood坏心情
9 in a good mood 好心情
10 can’t stand sth\doing sth. 不能容忍(做)某事
11 hope +从句
wish sb to do sth
hope to do sth
12 take drugs 吸毒
表示服药都用 take 或have ,不用eat.
13 so that 结果状语从句
14 not all .部分否定“不是所有的、、
15 quite a few 许多大量
16 it is reported \it is said 据报道\据说
17 no better than 和、几乎一样坏
18 do (great) harm to 对、、、有害
19 have an (no) effect on sth. 对某事有(没)影响
20 many kinds of许多种
21 be bad for 对、、、有害
22 greener people 环保者
23 high blood pressure 高血压
24直接引语变间接引语
1)若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句,那么改为间接时,要用连词 (that)
2)一般疑问句要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略) 去掉引号加if (或whether ),陈述语序要记住。时态、人称和状语,小心变化别马虎。
3)特殊疑问句要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身(不可省)直接去引号,陈述莫忘掉。助动do (does )、did ,一定要去掉。
时态:直接引语变间接引语时态对应转换表
直接引语时态间接引语时态
一般现在时→一般过去时
一般将来时→过去将来时
现在进行时→过去进行时
一般过去时→过去完成时
现在完成时→过去完成时
过去完成时→过去完成时
Unit 2Topic2
1 as a result 结果
2 something useful有用的东西
3 none of 一个也没有
4 here and there 到处
5 care for=take care of 照顾
6 change into变成
7 stop\prevent?from doing阻止
8 cut down砍倒
9 human beings人类
10 millions of数百万的
11 take away拿走
12 the level of 、、的水平
13 refer to 涉及到
14 take up占据
15 deal with处理
16 不定代词:
some\any\no\every+
thing\one\body\where
(谓三,定后)
Unit 2Topic3
1 work for 为、、、工作
2 it’s \was +|adj+of\for sb to do sth.
3 be supposed to do sth 应该
4并列连词
and 表示并列or 表示选择,否则
while 表示对比 but 表示转折
5 ought to 情态动词+动原
6 on time 按时,准时
7 make sure of 弄清楚、、
8 make sure +从句
9 in time ,及时
10 on time 按时
11 nuclear energy 原子核能源
12 one of + 名词复数(谓三)
13 biogas technology 生物气技术
14 rennewable energy可再生资源
15 1990s 20世纪90年代
16 the best-known最著名的
17 how often 多长时间一次(频率)
18 how long 多长时间(回答时间短)
19 how soon 多久(多用将来时回答)
20 how far 多远(距离)
Unit3Topic1
1 stick to 坚持坚守+名词
2 stick to+ving 坚持做某事
3一般现在时被动语态:
S+is/am/are+及物动词过去分词
4 one day 将来有一天、过去的一天
5 some day 只表示将来有一天
6 can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待7 have a (good ) chance to do sth 有(好)机会做某事 8 have no chance to do sth. 没机会做某事
9 throughout the world 全世界
10 try\do one’s best to do竭尽所能做某事
11 from now on 从现在开始
12 pleased with 对、、、满意
13 on business 出差
14 be similar to 和、、、相似
15 be the same as 和、、、一样
16 It’s possible that+ 从句
17 have (no) trouble \difficulty (in ) doing sth. 做某事(没)有麻烦
18 be in trouble 处于不幸苦恼
19 if necessary如果有必要
20 translate...into...翻译
21 ask sb for help 向某人求助
22 study n.研究书房 v 学习
23 show sb the way to指路
24 show sb +疑问词+ to do
25a number of 许多+复数名词
26 the number of??的总数(谓三)
27 regard ?as ?把??看作?? =consider?as ?
28含有情态动词的被动语态,
结构:情态动词can,may,should 等+be+及物动词的过去分词
否定:应在情态动词后面加not ;
疑问:应将情态动词移到句首
29 in the nineteenth century. 表示世纪in the +序数词+century
30 take the leading position 处于领先地位
Unit3Topic2
1 follow the doctor’s advice 遵医嘱
2 say hello to sb 向某人问好
3 different adj. difference n. differently adv.
4 be different from
5 English-speaking countries 讲英语的国家
6 spoken English 英语口语
7用现在进行时态表将来,有意图打算安排的含义,比较生动,所常用的动词有:(come go start leave arrive ...)
8 depend on 视??而定,取决于??
9 make +宾语+过去分词:
make myself understood
使??怎么样表示被动的含义
10人做主语 need to do
11物做主语need doing =need to be done
12 What do you mean? = what’s your meaning?
13 see sb off =send sb off 送别
14 the way to去、、的路
15 with his thumb rais手指向上
16 reach get to arrive at(小\in 大)到达
17 clam down 冷静
18 send sb sth=send sth to sb 给某人寄,发送、、、
19 in twenty minutes 20分钟后 in+时间段用于将来时
20 Are you kidding?
21 be worried about sth\sb 对??担心
22 generally speaking 一般来说,
23 as for sb\sth 至于某人某物
24 frist floor 一楼
second floor 二楼(美式英语)
ground floor 一楼
first floor 二楼
second floor 三楼(英式英语)
25 though =although=even though虽然,尽管
26 be close to 靠近
27 ask for a ride 搭乘
28 give sb a ride 捎某人一段路
29 come about 发生
30 be forced to do sth 被迫做、、、
31 in the beginning 最初,起初
32German 德语,德国人
Germany 德国
变复数:中日不变英法变,
其他S 在后面German--Germans 33 write to sb 给某人写信
34 in the past +时间段,在过去的、、、,通常用于现在完成时
35 I’m going. 我要走了
(现在进行时除表现在外,还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“意图”“安排”或“打算”的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动,给人一种期待感)
Unit3Topic3
1 have long conversations with 与、、、常谈
2 work hard at...在、、、努力
3 oral English=spoken English 口语
4 in public
5 sleepy adj 困的,欲睡的;
asleep adj. 熟睡的,睡着的;sleepless adj失眠的
sleep v.n 睡;
sleeper n.睡的很沉的人.
6 be afraid of doing(自己也无法左右的突发事情)be afraid to do
7 it seems that +从句= sb \sth seems to do 似乎好像
8 I don’t know what to do.疑问词+动词不定式做宾语
9 at times 有时
10 feel like+n.\pron.\ doing sth =would like +n\pron\to do sth. 喜欢,想要
11 give up doing sth. 放弃做某事
12 keep a diary 记日记(有习惯) write a diary 写一篇日记
13 I beg your pardon. 对不起,请原谅
14 give sb some advice(n.) on \about...给某人一些有关、、、的建议
15 do lots of listening practice 做大量听力训练
16 breathe v. breath
17 wonder v.想知道=want to know
18 the best time to do sth. 做某事最好的时间
19 advise(v.) sb to do sth. 建议某人做某事
20 hold (have )a class meeting 开班会
21 in one’s opinion 依某人的看法
22 It’s an honor to do sth.做某事感到荣幸
23 Good job! = Well done!
24 remember to do \doing(forget to do\doing)
25 as long as 只要=only if
26 agree with sb同意某人的意见
27 agree to do sth同意做某事
28 agree on sth 同意某事
29 belive in sb 信任某人 belive sb 相信某人
30 not always 未必,不一定
31 last but not least 最后但同样重要
32 keep (on ) doing sth.一直不断地做某事
33 keep sb doing th 让某人一直做某事
34 总结:wh-+ to do
wh-指when where what which who whom 及how ,他们和动词不定式联用, 即为wh-+to do 结构,在句中常用作主语表语或宾语
Unit4Topic1
1 the legend about 有关??的传说
2 be known to 被??知道了
3 dream of doing sth 梦想做??
后也可直接+n.\pron. 梦见??
4 make great progress in (doing)sth 在某方面取得巨大进步 5 achieve one’s dream 实现,成就某人的梦想
6 speed n.速度 at a high speed 高速
7 at a speed of 以、、、的速度
8 in every direction 向四面八方
9 introduction n. 介绍 introduce v.介绍,引进
10 introduce...to sb把??介绍给??
11 expect sb to do sth期望某人做某事
12 a kind of all kinds of
many different kinds of
13 others 泛指其他的 the others特指其他的,后不接名词 other 泛指其他的 the other特指其他的后可加名词
other+名词=others
the other+名词=the others
14究竟,到底
15 add ?to ?加,增加
16 on earth 在地球上
17 there is no doubt 毫无疑问
18 place and cancel orders下订单和取消订单
19 come into being出现,产生,开始存在
20 instead of 代替,而不是
21 for instance =for example 例如such as 常指列举同类事物 22 one’s own 某人自己的
23 follow sb to do sth 跟着某人去做某事
24 type (it ) in 把它输入
25 conect ...to \with把??和??连接
26 turn on 打开 turn off 关闭
turn up大声 turn down 小声
(各种开关)
Unit4Topic2
1 be allowed to do sth. 被允许做某事
2 allow sb to do sth. 允许某人做某事
3 too much 太多,即可修饰不可数名词也可修饰动词名前动后 4 much too放在形容词和副词之前,太?? much too long 太长 much too fast太快
5 show sth to sb = show sb sth 把某物给某人看
6 show sb around 带领某人参观
7 be made of 看得出原材料
8 be made from 看不出原材料
9 be made in 在??制造
10 be made by sb 由某人制造
11 be used for 被用来做
12 be used by 被谁所用
13 be used to do 被用来做??
14 in people’s daily life在人们的日常生活
15 it’s said that 据说,听说
16 during one’s life 某人的一生
17 go this way 这边请
18 was created 被创造
19 DNA脱氧核糖核酸
20 has been used 现在完成时的被动语态结构:have\has +been+动分 21 no one 用来指认其后不能接of ,用作主语时谓语动词用单三 22 none不仅指认也可指物,其后常接of 短语
23 none用来回答how many no one 用来回答who
24 know\say for certain 确切的知道
25 be surprised at \by +名词、代词为??而感到惊讶
26 be surprised to do sth. 为??而感到惊讶
27 think for oneself 独立思考
28 think to oneself 自己心里想
29 warn sb to do sth 警告某人做某事
30 Warn sb about\of sth 警告某人某事
31Warn sb against doing sth=warn sb not to sth 警告某人不做某事 32 no longer 不再=not ??any longer
33 treat sb\sth as\like sth. 以??的方式对待
34 be meant to do sth.应该做某事特别是应某人的吩咐或根据职责 35 in the ?field 在??领域
36 make a contribution(s) to sth.\doing sth.为??做贡献
37 in?direction 按??朝??的放心
38 work well 奏效,起作用
39总结:一般过去时的被动语态was\were +动词的过去分词 40 work as 从事某种职业
41 work on、upon 从事,忙于
42 the rest 剩余的部分+ of+名词
43 lose one’s way=get lost 迷路
44 work out 计算,算出
Unit4Topic3
1 be able to 的意义等同于can, 但是can 没有将来时和完成时 2 be able to 与can 不能重叠使用
3 What fun! 多么有趣啊!
4 not?until ?直到??才??
5 think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect 否定前移
6 with one’s own eyes 亲眼所见
7 on the radio 通过收音机
8 discover v.发现invent v.发明
9 find out 找出
10 base? on 以??为根据
11 decide to do sth. 决定做某事 decide on sth 决定某事 12 name?after ?以、的名字给??取名
13 be named after (被动语态)
14 at a distance of 相隔
15 at a distance 在远处
16 two-fifths as strong as相当于??的五分之二强度 17 half as big as 像??一半那样大
18 twice as long as 像??两倍那样长
19 what’s worse 更糟的是、、、
20 What’s more 更有甚者,而且
21?there has been?已经有??
22 there may be 可能有
23 there will be=there is going to be 将要有
24 alone 单独,独自一个人,不含感情色彩
25 lonely指内心的孤独,地方的荒无人烟,又浓重的感情色彩 26 总结:含有情态动词的被动语态
结构:情态动词+be+动分
否:在情态动词后直接+not
范文五:九年级英语语法必记知识点
九年级英语语法必记知识点(精挑细讲)
初中语法复习-精挑细讲
Ⅰ 词类。
词类 英语名称 意 义 例 词
名词 The Noun (缩写为n) 表示人或事物的名称 Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train 冠词 The Article (art) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 a, an, the
代词 The Pronoun (pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词 They, his, him, mine, which, all 形容词 The Adjective (adj) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征 Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry
数词 The Numeral (num) 表示数量或顺序 Three, thirteen, twenty, second 动词 The Verb (v) 表示动作或状态 Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing
副词 The Adverb (adv) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes
介词 The Preposition (prep) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系 From, with, at, into, behind, between, for
连词 The Conjunction (conj) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句 And, or, but, so, because
感叹词 The Interjection (interj) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感 Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear
(一) 名词:
专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .
1.名词 个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 可数名词 集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police . 普通名词
物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可数名词
2.名词的数。可数名词有单复数,不可数名词没有单复数。
3.名词的格:名词有三个格:主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。
(二)冠词
1.定冠词-the .
○1 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。The students are very good.
○2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ?
○3 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .
○4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .
○5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .
○6 洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the 。I like playing the piano / violin .
○7 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人。We should help the poor . 但play Erhu.
○8 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week . the People’s Republic of China .
○9 放在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV . ○10 固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .
2.不定冠词-a / an .
○1 指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.
○2 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen. ○3 指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.
○4 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”,如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.
3.零冠词。
○1 泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature .
○2 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时,通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice . ○3 有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义,其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once.
○4 在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.
○5 在三餐饭、球棋类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.
○6 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。September 10th is Teachers’ Day. ○7 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.
○8 在语言名词前,名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时,不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English .
○9 不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。
(三)形容词
1.形容词的构成。
○1 简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .
○2 复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.
2.形容词的用法。
○1 修饰名词作定语。She is a beautiful girl .
○2 作表语。He is very strong.
○3 作宾语补足语。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean .
○4 “定冠词+形容词”表示一类人或物,在句子中可作主语或宾语。We should speak to the old politely.
○5 大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语,但少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语。如:asleep, ill, awake 等。
○6 有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如:many, little, wooden, golden 等。
3.形容词的位置。
○1 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box.
○2 与表示度量的词连用,形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metres long. 12 kilometers away .
○3 与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时,可以放在这些词之后。 Something important . nothing serious .
○4 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时,一般按下面的词序排列: 冠词(包括物主代词、序数词、基数词)-描述形容词(brave, beautiful)-表示形状(大小、长短、高矮)的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables .
4.形容词的比较级和最高级。(一般加 er / est ,不规则见表)
○1 原级的用法:“……和……相同”
A. 肯定句:A + 动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B . He is as tall as me .
B. 否定句:A… + not as +形容词原级 + as + B (即A 不如 B 那么…) A… + not so +形容词原级 + as + B = A…+ less + 形容词原级+than + B . ○2 比较级的用法:
A. A + 动词 + 形容词的比较级 + than + B . (A 比B 更… ,在这种句型中,比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰,表示“…得多”,“甚至…”,“更…”,“…一点儿”。
B. “比较级 + and + 比较级”、 “more and more + 部分双音节或多音节的原级” 译为“越来越…”。
○3 最高级的用法:(个体用-of ,范围用-in,最高级前面要用定冠词-the)
A. 三种最高级表示法。
最高级:Shanghai is the largest city in China .
比较级:Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .
原级: No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .
(四) 副词
1.副词的种类:
○1 时间副词:often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now …
○2 地点副词:here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere …
○3 方式副词:hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …
○4 程度副词:very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …
○5 疑问副词:how, when, where, why …
○6 关系副词:when, where, why … (引导定语从句)
○7 连接副词:how, when, where, why, whether …
○8 频率副词:often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly … ○9 其他副词:really, certainly, surely, maybe …
2.副词的用法:
○1 作状语 : He can finish the work easily .
○2 作定语(要后置) : The students here are from Harbin .
○3 作表语 : I must be off now .
○4 作宾补,构成复合宾语 : Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .
3.副词的比较级和最高级。(一般加 er / est ,不规则见表)
○1 副词的原级:
A. as + 副词的原级 + as “与…一样”
B. not as(so) + 副词的原级 + as “与…不一样”
C. too + 副词的原级 + to do sth . “太…而不能”
D. so + 副词的原级 + that 从句 “如此…以致于…”
E. 副词的原级 + enough to do sth . “足够…能做…”
○2 副词的比较级:
A.A + 动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B
B.副词比较级前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修饰。
C.比较级 + and + 比较级,表示“越来越…”,the more … the more … 表示“越…就越…”
D.副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the .
(五)数词
1.基数词:
1-12 13-19 20-90 100-
1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred
2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred
3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand
4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand
5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty 1,000,000 a million
6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billion
7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty
8 eight 70 seventy
9 nine 80 eighty
10 ten 90 ninety
11 eleven
12 twelve
2.序数词:
1-10 11-19 20-90 100-
1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th
2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103rd 3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th 4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th
5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th
6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th 7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th
8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th
9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th
10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th
○1作主语:The first is better than the second .
○2 作宾语:He was among the first to arrive .
○3 作表语:He is the first to come to school .
○4 作定语:The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .
(六)代词
类 别 作 用 例 词 例 句
人称代词 代替人或事物,主格作主语,宾客作宾语 数
格 人称 单 数 复 数 I am a teacher .
They are students .
We all like him .
He gave the book to me .
一 二 三 一 二 三
主 格 I you he She it we you they
宾 格 me you him Her it us you them
物主代词 形容词性只作定语,名词性可以作主、宾、表语等,表示所属关系 词义 类型 我的 你
的 他的 她
的 它
的 我们的 你们的 他们
的 My book is there.
Her father is a worker.
This bike is yours, ours is broken .
形容词性 my your his her its our your their
名词词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词 起强调作用,只作同位语和宾语 数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 We ourselves did the work.
He did the work by himself.
单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself
复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves
相互代词 表示相互关系,作宾语 宾 格 所 有 格 We should help each other. Please correct each other’s mistakes .
each other(两者相互) each other’s(相互的)
one another(三者或三者以上) one another’s(相互的)
5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th
6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th 7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth
1,000,000,000th
8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th
9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th
10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th
○1作主语:The first is better than the second .
○2 作宾语:He was among the first to arrive .
○3 作表语:He is the first to come to school .
○4 作定语:The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .
(六)代词
类 别 作 用 例 词 例 句
人称代词 代替人或事物,主格作主语,宾客作宾语 数
格 人称 单 数 复 数 I am a teacher .
They are students .
We all like him .
He gave the book to me .
一 二 三 一 二 三
主 格 I you he She it we you they
宾 格 me you him Her it us you them
物主代词 形容词性只作定语,名词性可以作主、宾、表语等,表示所属关系 词义 类型 我的 你
的 他的 她
的 它
的 我们的 你们的 他们
的 My book is there.
Her father is a worker.
This bike is yours, ours is broken .
形容词性 my your his her its our your their
名词词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
反身代词 起强调作用,只作同位语和宾语 数 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 We ourselves did the work.
He did the work by himself.
单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself
复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves
相互代词 表示相互关系,作宾语 宾 格 所 有 格 We should help each other. Please correct each other’s mistakes .
each other(两者相互) each other’s(相互的)
one another(三者或三者以上) one another’s(相互的)
指示代词 起指示作用,作定语、主语、宾语、表语等 This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.
My point is this .
不定代词 代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.
Neither answer is right.
疑问代词 表示疑问,构成特殊问句 who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ? 关系代词 引导定语从句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new. 连接代词 引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句) what, who, that I know what you are doing .
at’s what I hope .
(七)动词
类 别 意 义 例 子 例 句
行为动词 含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。 及物动词 后面一定接宾语 Open, visit, hear … He visited Gaozhou yesterday.
不及物动词 后面可以不接宾语 Laugh, cry, live … He lives in Beijing .
连系动词(link v) 本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。 Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem … The meat smells bad . He is a student .
助动词(v.aux.) 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would … He doesn’t speak English .
We are playing football .
He had gone to Beijing .
情态动词(Modal Verbs) 本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to … She can speak English .
May I speak to Ann, please、
We must go now .
注:动词(除情态动词,只有原形和过去式)有原形、第三人称单数、动词-ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。
(八)介词
1.介词的种类:
○1 简单介词:in, at, of, from, since, around, to …
○2 合成介词:onto, into, without, upon, within …
○3 短语介词:because of, in front of, according to …
○4 分词介词:regarding, following, concerning …
2.介词短语在句子中的作用:
○1 作定语。I know the answer to the question .
○2 作状语。The children are playing basketball in the playground .
○3 作表语。Mike is in the classroom .
○4 作宾语补足语。He found himself in the middle of the river .
○5 作主语补足语。Tom was seen inside the cinema .
3.常用介词的基本用法:
○1 表示时间的介词(at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within …)
○2 表示位置,方位的介词(in, at, on, to …)
○3 表示交通方式的常用介词(by, on, in …)
○4 其他一些词组搭配介词(be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth …)
(九)连词
1.并列连词:
○1 表联合关系连词。(and, or, but, for, not only…but also, as well as, both…and…, neither…nor .)
○2 转折连词。(but, while, yet, however .)
○3 选择连词。(or, or else, either…or…, otherwise .)
2.从属连词:
○1 引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用,主要有三个:that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student .
○2 引导状语从句的从属连词:
A. 连接时间状语从句:when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since …
B. 连接让步状语从句:although, though, even if, however …
C. 连接原因状语从句:as, because, since, now that, for …
D. 连接目的状语从句:that, so that, in order that …
E. 连接条件状语从句:if, unless, once, in case …
F. 连接结果状语从句:so…that, such…that …
G. 连接方式状语从句:as, as if, as though …
H. 连接地点状语从句:where .
I. 连接比较状语从句:as, as…as, not as/so …as, than …
(十)非谓语动词
1.定义:动词除在句子中作谓语以外,还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等,这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种:动词不定式、分词和动名词。
2.动词不定式:to + 动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to )。(没有人称和数的变化,可以有自己的宾语和状语,可以有时态和语态的变化)
○1 一般式:主动语态:to do , 被动语态:to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2 进行式:主动语态:to be doing , 被动语态:无 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○3 完成式:主动语态:to have +动词过去分词,被动语态:to have been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)
○4 用法:
A. 作主语:To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language .
B. 作表语:The most important thing is to finish the work on time .
C. 作宾语:
a. 动词+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)
b. 动词+疑问词+to do I don’t know where to put the bike .
c. 动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .
D. 作补语:
a. 动词+宾语+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)
b. 动词+宾语+不带to的动词 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)
E. 作状语:
a. 表示目的:He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .
b. 表示结果:He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren’t old enough to go to school . c. 表示原因:He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .
F.作定语: I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .
○5 动词不定式to 的省略:
A. 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to,但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。
I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
○6 动词不定式的否定形式:not + to do ,有时也可以用-never + to do 结构。
3.动名词:动词原形+ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。
○1 一般式:主动语态:doing ,被动语态:being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2 完成式:主动语态:having +动词过去分词,被动语态:having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don’t remember having ever seen the film .
○3 动名词的否定形式:not + 动名词(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you . ○4 用法:
A. 作主语:
a. 动名词作主语如果太长,可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It’s very important to learn English .
b. No + 动名词表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking .
B. 作宾语:He finished doing his homework .
C. 作表语:His favourite sport is playing basketball .
D. 作定语:shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名词的用途、功能等)
E. 动名词的复合结构:名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang’s opening the window ?
4.分词:动词原形+ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词)
现在分词
○1 一般式:主动语态:doing ,被动语态:being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○2 完成式:主动语态:having +动词过去分词,被动语态:having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状
态之前就发生)
○3 动名词的否定形式:not + 动名词(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn’t explain the sentence .
○4 用法:
A. 作表语。The result is surprising .
B. 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)
C. 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .
D. 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.
过去分词
○1 形式:规则动词+ed,和不规则动词的过去分词。
○2 过去分词的否定形式:not + 动词过去分词。
○3 用法:
A. 作表语:My bike is broken . He is very worried .
B. 作定语:developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .
C. 作状语:Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .
D. 作宾补:You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
(十一)动词的语态
1. 语态定义:英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .(被动)
2. 被动语态:助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词(be +p.p.),be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表:
时 态 谓语动词的形式 例 子
一般现在时 Am / is / are + 动词过去分词 Colour TVs are made in the factory . 一般过去时 Was / were +动词过去分词 My hometown was liberated in 1949 . 一般将来时 Shall / will + be +动词过去分词 The film will be shown again .
现在进行时 Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词 The walls are being painted .
过去进行时 Was / were +being动词过去分词 The tickets were being well sold then .
现在完成时 Has / have + been + 动词过去分词 A new road has been built here . 时 态 谓语动词的形式 例 子
过去完成时 Had + been +动词过去分词 Much had been done before mother came back .
含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+动词过去分词 The composition must be handed in today .
3. 被动语态中值得注意的问题:
○1 带有双宾语的动词,可以把任何一个宾语变被动,一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .
○2 英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .
○3 在英语中有时“be + V-ed”结构并不是被动语态,而是系表结构。The mountains were covered with snow .
○4 在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中,要补留宾语补足语。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.
○5 宾语补足语为省to的不定式,变为被动语态后,要还原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .
○6 如果短语动词是及物动词时,可以用被动语态,但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .
○7 下列情况不能用被动语态:
A. 不及物动词: The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .
B. 连系动词: The girl looks like her sister .
C. 宾语为反身代词:He always dresses himself neatly .
D. 宾语为相互代词:The students often help each other .
E. 同源宾语:At that time, they lived a happy life .
F. 表示状态的及物动词:I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .
(十二)动词的时态:
时态 表示内容 谓语动词的构成 常用的时间状语 例句
一般现在时 现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态 动词原形(包括第三人称单数形式+s / es) often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon …)等 He is often late for school.
She usually goes to work on foot.
一般将来时 将要发生的动作或存在的状态 shall / will + 动词原形
am / is / are going to + 动词原形
am / is / are to + 动词原形
am / is / are about to + 动词原形
am / is / are + 动词-ing tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等 He will go to Shanghai next week.
I am going to buy a book tomorrow.
They are to see a film in a hour.
She is about to mend the bike later.
I am flying to Guangzhou next week.
一般过去时 过去发生的动作或存在的状态 动词过去式 (一般+ed , 特殊见课本不规则表) yesterday、last week、three days ago、before、 the day before yesterday 等 I finished my homework yesterday.
He went to Gaozhou three days ago.
现在进行时 现在正在进行的动作 am / is / are + 动词现在分词 now、It’s six o’clock.也可用look、listen 等词提示 They are doing their homework now.
Look! The boy is playing basketball.
过去进行时 过去某个时刻正在进行的动作 was / were + 动词现在分词 at six yesterday morning、this time yesterday、也可用when等引导的从句 I was sleeping at 11 last night . They were cooking when the bell rang .
现在完成时 动作发生在过去,已结束,对现在有影响;或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。 have / has + 动词过去分词 (一般+ed , 特殊见课本不规则表) already、ever、never、just for three days、since 1998 、by the end of this term、yet 等 I have already finished my work .
He hasn’t found out who broke the door .
过去完成时 过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作 had + 动词过去分词 By the end of last month、when、before等引导的从句 I had seen the film when I was in college. The meeting had begun before we arrived .
过去将来时 从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作 should / would + 动词原形
was / were going to +动词原形
was / were to + 动词原形
was / were about to + 动词原形
was / were + 动词-ing 通常在宾语从句中出现,主句为 共有4条文章 页次:2/4 分页: 过去时 He said (that) he would go to Maoming the next day .
She told me (that) she was moving to France in two days .
Ⅱ 句子
句子的成分
1.定义:组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。
句子成分 意 义 例 句
主 语 表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。 Lucy is an American girl .
We study in No.1 Middle School .
谓 语 说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致 We love China . / She is singing .
Mike hopes to be a doctor . / His parents are farmers .
表 语 说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。 Her aunt is a driver . / Are you ready ?
We were at home last night .
句子成分 意 义 例 句
宾 语 表示动词、行为的对象,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。 He often helps me . / We study English at school.
Did you see him yesterday ?
定 语 用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外,还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。 The black bike is mine. / What’s your name, please ? We have four lessons in the morning ?
状 语 用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。 People are all working hard. / It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon .
宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有:make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let等。 He made me very angry.
I find him a good boy .
句子的种类
1.英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。
A.陈述句。
○1 陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。 a.陈述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night.
b.陈述句的否定形式。
(1)谓语动词是系动词be, 助动词have, will, shall, be或情态动词,只须在其后面加not构成否定句。
She isn’t a student . / He hasn’t been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren’t sleeping .
(2)若谓语动词是实义动词,在实义动词前加上do not,第三人称单数现在时用does not,过去时用did not。
He didn’t send me an invitation .
(3)由具有否定含义的词never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等构成的否定句。
Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
B. 疑问句。
○1 疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
a.一般疑问句:以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始,语调为升调,通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。
(1)一般疑问句的基本结构:
Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+主语+表语…?
Have动词(表示“有”:have, has, had)+主语+宾语…?
情态动词(can, may, must等)+主语+行为动词或be…?
助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动词…?
助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+行为动词…?
(2)否定形式的疑问句,通常把助动词与not缩写,放在句首。构成回答:
Aren’t you a student? Yes, I am .(不,我是) No, I am not .(对,我不是)
b.特殊疑问句:以疑问代词who, what, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how开头。
(1)如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时,其语序如陈述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .
(2)如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语,用“疑问词+一般疑问句”形式。Where have you been ?
c.选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,供回答者选择,并由or连用,但不能用Yes或no 来回答。
(1)疑问句+选择成分1+or+选择成分2?Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ?
(2)特殊问句+选择答案1+or+选择答案2?who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei . d.反意疑问句:陈述部分+提问部分。
(1)◎前肯后否,前否后肯。 ◎前后人称、数和时态要一致,疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes, 非事实回答用No . ◎前陈述句用降调,后问句用升调;如对前陈述句内容有把握,后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词:hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等,后面疑问句应该用肯定式。
(2)陈述句中有:have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody /
someone, everybody / everyone时,附加疑问句需分别用:don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t / didn’t, will, they等。
My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ?
(3)陈述句部分是复合句时,提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ?
(4)在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句”中,当主语是第一人称时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致;但若主语不是第一人称时,则附加问句与前面主句一致。
I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ?
(5)在含有情态动词must 的句子中,若must 表示推测,提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时,用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时,提问用must。
He must be tired, isn’t he ? You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t ? You mustn’t smoke here, must you ?
(6)陈述句部分为祈使句,疑问部分常用will you(表请求)。注:let’s 用shall we(包括说话人),let us 用will you(不包括说话人)。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let’s go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?
e.祈使句:可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。(省主语,动词用原形)
(1)let + 第一人称,第三人称+(not)动词原形。Let me try again .
(2)动词原形+其他成分。Listen to me carefully .
(3)Don’t (never)+动词原形+其他成分。Don’t look out of the window .
(4)Do+动词原形+其他成分。Do give him another chance .
f.感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情,句尾用“!”。What 修饰名词,how 修饰形容词、副词。
(1) How + 形容词 / 副词。
◎ How + 形容词 + 主 + 谓 + ??? ! How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is ! ◎ How + 副词 + 主 + 谓 + ??? ! How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !
◎ How + 形容词 + a / an + 名词 + 主 + 谓 + ??? !How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
(2)What + 名词。
◎ What + a / an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数+ 主 + 谓 + ??? ! What a fine day it is today !
What an honest man his father is !
◎ What + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 + 主 + 谓 +???!What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are !
◎ What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主 + 谓 + ??? !What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !
句子类型
1.从结构上看,英语的句子可分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。
2.简单句:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型:
型号 句型 例 子
1 主语+不及物动词(+状语) The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley .
2 主语+连系动词+表语 That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails .
3 主语+及物动词+宾语 You’re doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself .
4 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 Can you tell me the way to the Summer Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work.
5 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting room .
6 There +be+主语+状语 There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk . / There are 365 days in a year .
3.并列句:由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither…nor, either…or, still, however, not only…but also等。并
列句的结构:简单句+并列词+简单。
Hurry up, or you’ll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today .
She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didn’t go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed .
4.复合句:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语(主语从句)、表语(表语从句)、宾语(宾语从句)、定语(定语从句)、状语(状语从句)。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。
A.状语从句:在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类。
○1 时间状语从句:由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等连词引导。
主 句 从 句 例 子
一般将来时 一般现在时 I will go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain tomorrow .
带有情态动词 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .
祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .
过去时的某种时态 过去时的某种时态 I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .
I was reading a book while he was singing a song .
○2 条件状语从句:由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引导。(注:在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时,表示相应的将来时)。 I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .
○3 原因状语从句:由because(因为), as(由于), since(既然), for(因为)等引导。 He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .
○4 目的状语从句:由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引导。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。
He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed .
○5 结果状语从句:由so…that, so, so that, such…that等。
The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead .
○6 比较状语从句:由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the(+比较级)…the(+比较级)等引导。
Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I . ○7 地点状语从句:由where 和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时,常用逗号与主句隔开;位于句末时则不用逗号。
He follows her wherever she goes .
○8 方式状语从句:由as, just as…so, as if 等。As if 引导的从句的时态要用过去时(虚语
语气)。
Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything .
○9 让步状语从句:由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who等引导。
Although he has failed many times, he doesn’t give up trying .
B.宾语从句:由一个句子充当宾语,我们称之为宾语从句。(宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序)
○1 宾语从句的连词。
a. 如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的,要用连词that来引导,that可以省略。 b. 如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的,要用连词if或whether .
c. 如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的,连词就应该用特殊疑问词(what, when, where…)。
○2 宾语从句的时态:
主 句 从 句 例 子
任何一种时态 一般现在时(表示真理、科学原理、自然现象) The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun.
一般现在时 任何一种时态 I hear that he will come back next week.
一般将来时 I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back . 一般过去时 过去时的某种时态 I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework .
○3 宾语从句的人称:人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。
She said, “I am much better than before.”--------She said that she was much better than before .
○4 when 和if 在引导宾语从句和状语从句中,后面的时态有差别。
I don’t know when (何时)she will be back(宾语从句), but when(当…时候) she comes back, I’ll let you know(状语从句) .
I don’t know if(是否) she will come back(宾语从句), but if (如果)s 共有4条文章 页次:3/4 分页: 9 7 1 2 3 4 8 :
he comes back, I’ll let you know (状语从句) .
C.定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有:who(人,主格), whom(人,宾客), whose(人,所有格), which(物), that(人,物)。引导从句的关系副词有:where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。
The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou .
主句/先行词 从 句 主 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句
○1 从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。
a. 主谓关系:He asked the man(作从句主语) who/that was smoking .
b. 动宾关系:The noodles(作从句宾语) that/which I cooked were delicious .
○2 只能用that 的情况:
a. 先行词为all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修饰。 I have done all the work that he
told us to do .
b. 先行词被序数词修饰。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer . c. 先行词同时有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember . d. 先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .
e. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰。 That is the best book that I have read .
f. 先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰。 It is the very book that I am looking for . g. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。 China is no longer the country that it used to be .
h. 先行词是指示代词that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?
i. 主句以who / which开头,定语从句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made in China ?
○3 只能用which的情况:
a. 关系代词前有介词。 This is the house in which we lived last year .
b. 先行词本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday .
c. 非限制性定语从句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent . ○4 定语从句在句中作定语,所以在使用时,相当于现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式短语,介词短语作后置定语的句子。
a.I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun . b.Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that .
c.The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 .
d.We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear .
e.The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive . ○5 引导词when, where和why可用相应的表示时间(in, on, at, during等)、地点(in, on, at等)和原因(for)的介词+which 表达为介宾结构。
a.I still remember the day when I met her for the first time . ---- I still remember the day on which I met her for the first time .
b.That is the place where I went when I was a child . ----- That is the place to which I went when I was a child .
c.May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ?
○6 在定语从句中,不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。
I just can’t find the book which/that she lent it to me .(×)---- I just can’t find the book which/that she lent to me .(√)
○7 注意下面的变化:
a. This is the house(不作lived的宾语) where we lived last year .
This is the house(作lived in的宾语) which/that we lived in last year .
b. This is the day (不作left的宾语)when we left for Shenzhen .
This is the day (作spent的宾语)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .
○8 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:
a. 限制性定语从句:是句中不可缺少的组成部分,没有从句,先行词意思不明确,主句也不完整,从句主句不用逗号分开。
b. 非限制性定语从句:是主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整,这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开,在非限制性定语从句中,一般不用that。 ◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held .
◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .
Ⅲ There be 句型
1. 英语“There + be + (not)”结构表示“有(没有)某人或某物”时,there 是无词义的引导词,be是谓语动词,它后面的名词是主语,两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。
2. 肯定句:There +(助动词或情态动词)+be 主语+地点(时间)状语。
There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow .
3. 否定句:There + be(助动词或情态动词)+not(any)(或+no)+ 主语…。
There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn’t a underground in Shanghai before ./ There won’t be a football match tomorrow .
4. 一般疑问句:Be + there +(any) +主语… ? / 助动词或情态动词 + there +be +(any) + 主语… ?
Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ?
5. 特殊疑问句:疑问词(+名词)+be +there + 状语 ?
How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ?
6. 如果there +be 之后是并列主语,应根据离be 最近的名词来选择be的形式。 There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table .
7. 含有引导词there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作谓语的结构。
There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here .
Ⅳ 主谓一致
1. 主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面:形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。
2. 单数名词、不可数名词作主语,谓语用单数;复数名词作主语,谓语用复数;若主语表示单数或整体概念时,谓语应用单数。
Time is money . / My book is new . / Our books are there . / His family isn’t very large . / His family are all music lovers .
3. 有些名词以“s”结尾,但谓用单数。(news, physics, maths, politics等) Maths is very important to us .
4. People, police, youth, cattle等常作复数处理。 The youth are full of living .
5. 既作单数又是复数的名词,可作单、复数。(sheep, fish, deer, Chinese, Japanese…) There is one deer / are some deer in the zoo. / I met a Japanese in the street . / The Japanese I met in the street were friendly .
6. 当主语是两个名词由and 连接时,若表示一种事物或一种概念时,谓语用单数。 The teacher and writer is coming(同一个人) . / The teacher and the writer are coming .(不同人)
7. 有every 或each 修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数,第二个every或each 可省略。Every boy and (every)girl has a new book.
8. 表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词,一般视为一个整体,谓语用单数。A hundred miles is a long distance .
9. 有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词,常用复数处理。The rich are getting richer. / The blind are sitting on the road .
10. Number, population 等词可作单数或复数,主要从意思决定。A number of books are new. / The number of books is 3,000.
The population of China is very large . / One third of the population here are workers.
11. 当名词后有with, together, like, but, except等介词短语时,谓语随名词的数而变。 Tom with his parents has been to Beijing twice .
12. Each和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待。Each of us has an apple. / Somebody is using the photo.
13. What, who, which, any, more, most, all等代词可以是单、复数,主要靠意思决定。Which is your room ? / Which are your rooms ?
14. “None 或none of+名词(代词)复数”可作单、复数,若名词为不可数,则谓语只用单数。
None of the books are easy enough for us . / None of us has got a camera. / None of milk is good.
15.“Either, neither (+of +名(代)词复数”作主语时,通常看作单数。Neither of us has been to HongKong . / Either answer is wrong .
16.“many a +单数名词”或“more than one +单数名词”作主语时,谓语多用单数形式。More than one person has that kind of experience.
17.All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +不可数名词,谓语用单数。 All of meat is bad .
18.All/most/half/part/some/the rest of +可数名词复数,谓语用复数。 Some of students are absent .
19.“one of +名(代)词复数”为主时,谓语通常用单数。One of the girls is from America .
20.“a pair of +名词复数”作主语时,谓语常用单数,若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。
21.“(a)part of +名词”作主语时,若名词是单数,谓语用单数;若名词是复数,谓语用复数。
22.“a group of +名词”作主语时,强调整体,谓语用单数;若强调group 中的各成员,谓语用复数。
23.“a lot of /lots of +名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。
24.“most of +名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。
25.“plenty of +名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。
27.由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, or或there be + 名词+and + 名词等
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