范文一:文学英语赏析
《文学英语赏析》模拟题(3)
Information for the examinees:
? This examination consists of 3 parts. They are:
Part I: Literary Fundamentals (30 points)
Part II: Reading Comprehension (50 points)
Part III: Writing (20 points)
? The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 90 minutes.
? There will be no extra time to transfer answers to the Answer Sheet; therefore, you should write ALL your answers on the Answer Sheet as you do each task.
Part I Literary Fundamentals [30 points]
Section 1. Match the writers with their works (10 points).
Works Writers
1. The Pearl A. John Steinbeck
2. Lord of the Flies B. Robert Frost
3. The Dumb Waiter C. Harold Pinter
4. An Inspector Calls D. Walt Whitman
5. The Old Man and the Sea E. Ernest Hemingway
F . JB Priestley
G . Arthur Miller
H. William Golding
Section 2. Decide whether the following statements are True (T ) or False (F) (10 points).
6. Arthur Miller wrote his play The Crucible in 1950s. The play is aimed to exposing the hypocrisy of the property owning class of the United States.
7. Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's tragedies.
8. What has been termed confessional poetry in widely associated with American poets such as Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath.
9. "I have a dream" is a famous speech made by President Lincoln during the American Civil War.
10 . Wide Sargasso Sea, is based on the story of Jane Eyre.
Section 3. Choose the correct answers to complete the following sentences (10 points).
11. Usually( )works by starting a story at a point in the recent past, then switching the action back to an earlier time, farther back in the past. At the end it will then usually bring us back to the same time zone we started from.
A. climax
B. point of view
C. flashback
D. setting
12. A stanza is a grouping of the verse lines in a poem. There are various stanzas containing two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight lines, etc. A ( )is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length.
A. Couplet
B. ballad
C. sonnet
D. limerick
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13. ( ) novels reflect the complexity and the inhuman aspects of Victorian society. His well read
novels include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations and so on.
A. Charles Dickens' B. Charlotte Bronte's C. Joseph Conrad's D. Graham Greene's
14.Which figure of speech is used in the following lines by Martin Luther King?
"With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together,
to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day."
A. Metaphor B. Parallelism C. Simile D. Personification
15. In his essay "Of studies", Bacon classified books thus: "Some books are to be ( ), others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and ( ) ".
A. tasted, skimmed
B. skimmed, scanned
C. scanned, perfected
D. tasted, digested
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension [50 points]
Read the extracts and give brief answers to the questions below.
Text 1
Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks, `My dear Scrooge, how are you? When
will you come to see me?' No beggars implored him to bestow a trifle, no children asked him what it was
o'clock, no man or woman ever once in all his life inquired the way to such and such a place, of Scrooge.
Even the blind men's dogs appeared to know him; and when they saw him coming on, would tug their
owners into doorways and up courts; and then would wag their tails as though they said, `No eye at all is
better than an evil eye, dark master.'
(A Christmas Carol)
Questions (10 points)
16. Why wouldn't children like to ask Scrooge the time?
17. What is the reaction of the blind men's dogs when they encountered Scrooge?
Text 2
"Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone"
He was my North, my South, my East and West, My working week and my Sunday rest, My noon, my midnight, my talk, my song; I thought that love would last for ever: I was wrong. The stars are not wanted now: put out every one;
Pack up the moon and dismantle the sun;
Pour away the ocean and sweep up the wood.
For nothing now can ever come to any good.
Questions (10 points)
18. What does the poet mean by the line "He was my North, my South, my East and West, /My working
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week and my Sunday rest, / My moon, my midnight, my talk, my song"?
19. Identify the key verbs the poet uses to call for things to be got rid of.
Text 3
Lady Bracknell:... What is your income?
Jack: Between seven and eight thousand a year.
Lady Bracknell (makes a note in her book): In land, or in investments?
Jack: In investments, chiefly.
Lady Bracknell: That is satisfactory. What between the duties expected of one during one's lifetime, and the duties exacted from one after one's death, land has ceased to be either a profit or a pleasure. It gives one position, and prevents one from keeping it up. That's all that can be said about land.
Jack: I have a country house with some land, of course, attached to it, about fifteen hundred acres, I believe; but T don't depend on that for my real income. In fact, as far as I can make out, the poachers are the only people who make anything out of it.
Lady Bracknell: A country house! How many bedrooms? Well, that point can be cleared up afterwards. Y ou have a town house, 1 hope? A girl with a simple, unspoiled nature, like Gwendolen, could hardly be expected to reside in the country.
Jack: Well, I own a house in Belgrave Square, but it is let by the year to Lady Bloxham. Of course, I can get it back whenever I like, at six months' notice.
Lady Bracknell: Lady Bloxham? I don't know her.
Jack: Oh, she goes about very little. She is a lady considerably advanced in years.
Lady Bracknell: Ah, nowadays that is no guarantee of respectability of character. What number in Belgrave Square?
Jack: 149.
Lady Bracknell (shaking her head: The unfashionable side ....I thought there was something. However, that could easily be altered.
Jack: Do you mean the fashion, or the side?
Lady Bracknell (sternly) : Both, if necessary, I presume.
(The Importance of Being Earnest)
Questions (10 points)
20. What are Lady Bracknell's main criteria for choosing a husband for her daughter? Support your answer with a quotation from the text.
21. Which does Lady Bracknell prefer, investment or land? Support your answer with a quotation from the text.
Text 4
Please note: This reading task will be relevant to the writing task in Part III.
Mystery of the White Gardenia
By Marsha Arons
Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to my house in Bethesda, Md. No card or note came with it. Calls to the florist were always in vain it was a cash purchase. After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender's identity and just delighted in the beauty and heady perfume of that one magical, perfect flower nestled in soft pick tissue paper.
But I never stopped imagining who the anonymous giver might be. Some of the happiest moments were spent daydreaming about someone wonderful and exciting but too shy or eccentric to make known his or her identity.
My mother contributed to these imaginings. She'd ask me if there was someone for whom 1 had done a special kindness who might be showing appreciation. Perhaps the neighbor I'd helped when she was unloading a car full of groceries. Or maybe it was the old man across the street whose mail I retrieved during the winter so he wouldn't have to venture down his icy steps. As a teen ager, though, I had more fun speculating that it might be a boy I had a crush on or one who had noticed me even though I didn't know him.
When I was 17, a boy broke my heart. The night he called for the last time, I cried myself to sleep. When I awoke in the morning, there was a message scribbled on my mirror in red lipstick: Heartily know, when half gods go, the gods arrive. I thought about that quotation by Emerson for a long time, and until my heart healed, I left it where my mother had written it. When I finally went to get the glass. cleaner, my mother knew everything was all right again. I don't remember ever slamming my door in anger at her and shouting, "you just don't understand!" because she did understand.
One month before my high school graduation, my father died of a heart attack. My feelings ranged from grief to abandonment, fear and overwhelming anger that my dad was missing some of the most important events in my life. I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation, the senior class play and the prom. But my mother, in the midst of her own grief, would not hear of my skipping any of those things.
The day before my father died, my mother arid I hid gone shopping for a prom dress. We found a spectacular one, with yards and yards of doted swiss in red, white and blue, it made
me feel like Scarlet O'Hara, but it was the wrong size. When my father died I forgot about the dress.
My mother didn't. The day before the prom, I found that dress in the right size draped majestically over the living room sofa. It wasn't just delivered, still in the box. It was presented to me beautifully, artistically, lovingly. I didn't care if I had a new dress or no. But my mother did.
She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable, creative. and imaginative, imbued with a sense that there was magic in the world and beauty even in the face of adversity. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themseTves~inucli 1ike~tl7e gar"`Ic enia ,lovely, strong, and perfect with an aura of magic and perhaps a bit of mystery.
My mother died ten days after 1 was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenias stopped coming.
Questions (20 points)
22. Who sent the white gardenias? Why were the flowers sent ?
23. When and how did the father die? How did the narrator feel at her father's death?
24. What two traits of the mother's characters are highlighted in the story? Cite examples from the story to support your points.
25. Explain the role of the gardenia in the story.
dart IIL. Writing [20 Points]
Summarize the story "Mystery of the White Gardenia" in about 150 words.
参考答案
Part I Literary Fundamentals [30 points]
Section 1. Match the writers with their works (2 points each).
1. A. 2.H 3.C 4.F 5. E
Section 2. Decide whether the following statements are True (T ) or False (F) . (2 points each)
6.F 7.T 8.T 9.F IO.T
Section 3. Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentences (2 points each) .
11. C 12. A 13. A 143 1S. D
Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension [50 points]
5 points each.
1 Every 5 mistakes in grammar, spelling or of any other kind will lead to the reduction of one point.
16. Because Scrooge is a mean spirited miserly person. He won't help anybody.
17. The dogs would tug their owners into doorways and up courts; and then would wag their tails, indicating ~o their owners that this man is an evil person.
18. The poet is celebrating the importance of the loved / dead one to the poet/ or the dead is everything is to aim or any similar idea.
19. Award one point for one of the following expressions: 1) put out 2)pack up 3; dismantle
4) pour sway S) sweep up
?0. Clearly income, property and family connections. For example, she asks Jack directly questions such as `What's your income?" "You have a town house, I hope?"
21. She prefers investment to land. She feels land involves too many expenses during life, and is then taxed heavily after one's death. Quotation: What between the duties expected of one during one's lifetime, and the duties exacted from one after one's death, land has ceased to be either a profit or a pleasure.
22. The narrator's mother. The mother sent the flowers to remind her daughter that a person could become all that the gardenia symbolised loving, strong, and perfect. She kept it a secret so that the daughter could have the self knowledge of her own good deeds as she speculated about who the sender might be.
23. The father died of heart attack close to her graduation from high school. She felt sad, disappointed that her father would not experience the important events in her life. 5
24. a. The mother's _wisdom: She thought of a wise way to encourage kindness in her daughter: to send flowers secretly; or she wisely scribbled a quotation from Emerson on her daughter's mirror instead of directly talking her teenage daughter into accepting the loss of her boyfriend.
b. Her strength in the face of adversities: she stood strong when her husband died.
25. The gardenia is the essential symbol in the story, helping to bring about the theme of the story: mother's love. The gardenia symbolizes the qualities that the mother hoped for her daughter, qualities such as magical (aura of magic, a bit of mystery), loving, strong, perfect, etc. (Points should be given when ideas are similar or stand to reason.)
范文二:英语文学赏析论文
The Magic Barrel : A Journey in English Literature
魔桶 :一次英语文化之旅
Mao Xin 毛欣
Student Number:20106656
Course Paper
Submitted in partial fulfillment
Of the requirements for the Literature Course
College of Automation
Chongqing University
December 21, 2011
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Abstract
Magic barrel is a well-known representative Malamud's short story , and widely included in the literature, teaching materials . The story describes the Jewish old man Salzman, in order to help his beloved daughter find her husband, he thought hard , and even unscrupulous and cunning .But the performance of his good-hearted nature, also depicts the Slazman's daughter and his favorite the image of Leo, in the harmony and witty which gives a warm feeling.
The plot of the novel is clear and marvelous . To introduce Jewish marriage as a career , the old man Salzman for Jewish students introduce to marriage Jewish students Leo, he strongly recommended several nice girls with wealthy families to Leo , but unfortunately no one suit Leo appetite. Finally, in a bunch of pictures he found the girl who he likes when he learned that's Schatzman's daughter, he still loved her, but he had some doubts . And they eventually came together.
This thesisaims to analysis the short stories Main characters ,
Narrative point of view,Symbolism in the work,Cultural implications in the work
Images in the work ,Language characteristics 。Further understand the background of
story, writing emotional, writing themes and reflection of the social situation . And learn the text by using a series of rhetorical devices, such as symbolism .Develop our understanding and perception of English literature promote our learning ability, English language proficiency, and English-speaking countries’ cultural understanding.
Key words :Main characters ,narrative point of view,symbolism,cultural
implications ,language characteristics .
Introduction
About the author
Bernard Malamud (1914-1986) was a distinguishable American novelist and short-story writer。. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Malamud was educated at the City College of New York and Columbia University. Beginning in 1961 he taught at Bennington College. On March 18 ,1968 ,he died of heart attack in New York .
Malamud's first novel, The Natural (1952), reworks the legend of the Holy Grail as an allegorical fantasy about a star baseball player (see Allegory). His second novel, The
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Assistant (1957), is concerned with Jewish themes and reflects the sad, impoverished Brooklyn scenes of his childhood. The Fixer (1966), for which Malamud received the 1967 Pulitzer Prize for fiction, is a poignant novel (based on a true story) of the suffering of a Russian Jewish workman sentenced unjustly to prison; it demonstrates how human beings can come through suffering to an affirmative view of life. The Tenants (1971), about the relationship between a Jewish man and a black man, deals with inner-city tensions. Malamud's later novels include Dubin's Lives (1979), about a writer of biographies, and God's Grace (1982). Malamud also had great genius in short stories . His major short-story collections are The Magic Barrel(1958), Idiots First (1963) ,Picture of Fidelman (1969) , Rembrandt’s Hat(1973) , and The Stories of
Bernard Malamud ( 1983) .
About the story
Bernard Malamud's first book of short stories, The Magic Barrel, has been recognized as a classic from the time it was published in 1959. The stories are set in New York and in Italy (where Malamud's alter ego, the struggling New York Jewish Painter Arthur Fidelman, roams amid the ruins of old Europe in search of his artistic patrimony); they tell of egg handlers and shoemakers, matchmakers, and rabbis, in a voice that blends vigorous urban realism, Yiddish idiom, and a dash of artistic magic.
The Magic Barrel is a book about New York and about the immigrant experience, and it is high point in the modern American short story. Few books of any kind have managed to depict struggle and frustration and heartbreak with such delight, or such artistry.
I will focus on analyzing the characteristics of this character, narrative point of view, symbolism,cultural implications and language features.
Analysis
Main characters :
Leo is a young man , who is about to be pastor , his character is indecisive and lack of experience .
Salzman is a dedicated man matchmaker, and his has a lively personality, he put a gimmick, tantalize, resembled an old slick, but without losing the good mind. Stela is a beautiful and young girl , she has strong feeling of hatred and love , She is a girl separate from the secular tradition-bound, and has her
own independent thinking.
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Narrative point of view
This novel uses a third-person narrative perspective , and use
direct speech and free direct speech .
Direct Speech and free direct Speech analysis :
1. Adjusting point of view
2. Adjusting the narrative distance
3. Manipulating the linguistic feature and the authorial tone
The following are the advantages :
1. Speeding up the narration of the story
2. Enhancing the sense of sympathy or irony
3. Enhancing semantic density
Symbolism in the work
Magic barrel: a symbol of love
Color : symbolize that most of her is good, but there are less than a small part of the bad
Fish: rebirth
Season of conversion: the process of Leo's rebirth
Cultural implications in the work
? Jews unique atmosphere of loneliness and sadness.
Throughout this novel filled with unique Jewish atmosphere of loneliness and sadness, even Salzman's cunning, also appear to be so careful, full of love and pain. 2. The characters and plots are cleverly designed to combine perfectly. Because Leo is a young man with a bright future, matchmaker Salzman phased him, and because he is very simple, he was swayed by the magic barrel of love, because Salzman wily and loves her daughter like his own fate , he elaborate an layout to won his daughter the love and life.
Images in the work
Leo Finkle
Leo's life is very simple, very longings for love, but with no experience. He is willing to trust others, unwilling to let others embarrassed. He would rather endure the pain of the heart but not to hide his vanity, not like others to deify himself.
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Salzman
Love businessman Salzman has a shrewd and cunning businessman's side, he was good at the wind blows, good test. But as a father, he was very caring and compassion. On the one hand he faced his daughter's fall felt deeply painful, when referred to her daughter , he was moved to tears, but the other hand, he continued to look good man for their daughter .
Language characteristics
1. The author is good at describing a character's appearance , through the eyes of another character.
Salzman's gentle and sad eyes are seen through Leo' eyes , Leo's deep-knowledge eyes are secretly seen by Schatzman, Stella's very pure eyes are seen through Leo' eyes . The author not only describes the appearance, but also through the physical description of the character's ethos, more importantly, shows the characters and between characters even some subtle magic link.
2. Precise and accurate details of the description.
Fine details of the novel and accurate description, as if inadvertently revealed the character's true feelings , not only the characters become more vivid, and promote the development of the plot.
Conclusion
Unsophisticated Leo found himself inside a real need to become passionate dedication. Leo loved Stella, love as repented starting point and the starting point for a new life. Finally led to the combination of Leo and Stella, Salzman not ecstatic, but leaning against the corner of the wall, singing prayers for the dead, the end of such gentle and quiet ending , let's us imagine . He was bid farewell to the past for the Stella from a new life .
The magic barrel was not seen in the image of its barrel-shaped but hear its name, but the pure love of young that people pursuit in increases of the magic of the barrel , while the Jews Salzman do matchmaker as business to focus also increases the mystery of this barrel.
Due to limited time and resources , my analysis is far from being comprehensive . My future’s research will focus on the analysis of all aspects of language, thought , the understanding and application of a variety of English literature.
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References
[1] 杨娅珍 , 2007 ,《文教资料》, 南京师范大学《文教资料》编辑部 [2] 薛丽 , 2008 , 《魔桶》的人物话语分析 , 齐齐哈尔大学出版社
[3] Retrieved August 17, 2009, from http://www.doc88.com/p-345614036603.html
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范文三:英语文学赏析论文
Analysis on Koskoosh's
Psychological Changes in
the Law of Life
浅析《生命法则》中科斯库什
的心理变化
xingming 姓名
Student Number:
Course Paper
Submitted in partial fulfillment
Of the requirements for the Literature Course
xueyuan
Chongqing University
May 2012
Abstract
The law of life delivers Jack London's consideration of Darwin's theory of selection —survival of the fittest. Koskoosh is the major character of this novel, who is blind and old. His tribe was ready to go to another place to camp, with a decision to abandon him. Koskoosh sat with a pile of dry wood, knowing that when the fire died down, so would he. While waiting his death, he lost in imitation and collection, including his past desertion of his own father, his tribe's times of famine and plenty, his tracking of an old moose and its being killed by wolves. Then he felt many wolves coming to him. But he finally gave up resistance and dropped the blazing sticks in the snow.
This thesis intends to explore Koskoosh's psychological changes by analyzing his behaviour. Koskoosh's psychological changes can show his own comprehension of the law of life. It is these changes that leaded to his different behaviour. This article is composed based on the unrolling of the plot. In the beginning, the psychological changes occurred before the tribe's leaving. It can be divided into three periods. The first is in the period of Koskoosh's staying with Sit-cum-to-ha. Sit-cum-to-ha 's indifference made Koskoosh's from longing for living to feeling panicky. The second is the period of tribe's packing luggages. Koskoosh still want to survive, but he did not complain about the tribe's indifference. He felt the merciless of the law of life. The third is the period of Koskoosh's talking with his son. Koskoosh was a little moved by his son's care. After his son's leaving, he nearly could foresee his end, which made him feel disappointed. Then, Koskoosh's psychological changes occurred during his meditation and recollection. Koskoosh was calm without any complaints. In the end, Koskoosh's psychological changes occurred during his final moments. Koskoosh found that any resistance was meaningless, so he followed the law of life peacefully. The article tries to conclude that through the spiritual transformation of passive 、positive and automatic period, Koskoosh eventually faced death in a calm way . In the early stage, the old man was afraid of death, he felt lost. It is about the anxiety of self. In the second stage, the old man began to think about the rule in the nature, the law of life. He became calm. In the final stage, the old man got ultimate peace of mind. He followed the law of life peacefully.
Key words: analysis, psychological changes, Koskoosh, the law of life
1. Introduction
1.1 The author
Jack London (1876—1916) was a prolific American novelist and short story writer. He was born in San Francisco, and he was brought up in a working class family. For the poverty in the early years, Jack London received scanty education. He left school at 14 . But he eventually returned to high school and graduated. At age of 19, he was admitted to the University of California, Berkley, but he stayed there for only 6 months. Even so, he has never stopped reading since being encouraged by a librarian. Jack London married twice, and became father of two children. During his lifetime, he worked several different jobs including seaman, factory worker, railroad hobo, and even gold prospector in Klondike. Based on his rich life experience, he was able to reflect the original American dream of his own and others in his novels. During the gold rush in Klondike, London got plentiful materials for his later works. That is why his works mainly describe man and beat’s struggle against the force of nature and their adaption to it (Zhu, 2008). During his thirties, London developed kidney disease of unknown origin. He died of renal failure on November 22, 1916. London was among the most publicized figures of his day, and he used this fact to support his socialistic views. He was one of the first writers to work with the movie industry; some of his novels were made into films. London left more than fifty books of novels, stories, journalisms, and essays. Most of his works are enjoyed by readers around the world, including The Cruise of the Dazzler (1902), The Call of the Wild(1903), The Sea-Wolf(1904), The Game (1905), The Iron Heel (1908) and Martin Eden(1913).
1.2 Summary of the story
The Law of Life (1900) depicts the indifference of nature to the approaching death of an old man (Kamaong, 2008). Within a tribe’s culture, to save sources, it is a common tradition to leave behind the old and weak to death. Thus the old and blind man Koskoosh was abandoned in the snow by his tribe in one winter. His son, the tribe's chief only left a handful of twigs to keep him from freezing. Then, the tribe left him forever. He was clearly aware of his ending, but accepted the way of life that "all men must die"(London, 1900). In his mind, "nature did not care about the individual, the perpetuation of the species was all that mattered"(London, 1900). He reflected on the never ending cycle of life and death. He recalled how the famine ruined his tribe, which they had no way to deal with. He also remembered the times of plenty, in which they launched fights against the Pellys and the Tananas. In his final moments, the old man remembered that he had once tracked an old moose that fought off wolves until it was overpowered and fell on the bloody snow. "It is a law of life," he thought(London, 1900). Then, many wolfs were coming to him. But unlike the moose which fought to the very end, Koskoosh finally dropped the blazing sticks in the snow. He followed the law of life peacefully.
This story delivers Jack London's consideration of Darwin's theory of selection —survival of the fittest. When one is no longer strong enough to protect themselves or others, death will be their only choice that nature provides. The law of life is death. In this story, Jack London defined naturalism that many scholars has applied to some of his fiction(Zhu, 2008).
2. Literature Review
2.1 Koskoosh's psychological changes before the tribe's leaving 2.1.1 The period of Koskoosh's staying with Sit-cum-to-ha
In the beginning, the novel describes the old man meticulously. "Old Koskoosh listened greedily. Though his sight had long since faded, his hearing was still acute,"(London, 1900) . It can be seen that Koskoosh longed for living at first. Although Koskoosh is a blind old man, he tried his best to be assimilated to the world, only with the help of acute hearing.
However his granddaughter Sit-cum-to-ha made him feel panicky. The girl was so cold-hearted that she thought it was a waste to look after her grandfather. In addition, life and duties called the young girl, while only death called the old man after finishing his duties. In such a sharp contrast, Koskoosh was caught by helpless and felt exhausted. After all "he was very close to death now." ,thus there was a conflict between his inner thoughts and realistic conditions. No one payed attention to the old man, after choosing to abandon him. The old man chose to accept all the things including his own tragic situation, silently , passively, because he knew that this was his destination, especially after finishing his duties(Mao, 2010). Now, he knew that he could not depend on his granddaughter to save his life.
2.1.2 The period of tribe's packing luggages
All the people in the tribe had their own duties to finish. They were preparing for going to a new camp in full play , which seemed to have nothing to do with the pathetic old Koskoosh. No one walked up to him, and no one came to say a word to this former chief. It meant that they abandoned him completely and he could not expect anyone in the tribe to help him. It meant that he possibly had to struggle with the nature on his own. So, Koskoosh felt anxious,"he stretched forth a palsied hand which wandered tremblingly over the small heap of dry wood beside him. Reassured that it was indeed there, his hand returned to the shelter of his mangy furs, and he again fell to listening.". He made his efforts to touch the dry wood which symbolized the hope of life. He still wanted to survive but possibly by himself this time.
It was Koskoosh's deep desire for living, fear of failure and compulsive wish of facing death all by himself that leaded to his psychological anxiety , tension and block(Mao,2010). It can be seen that faced with death and harsh environment, Koskoosh still insisted on his desire for living.
The tribe were still packing luggages. Koskoosh had restored calm, after reassuring the dry wood, the only tools he can rely on to protect himself. He did not complain about anything. He was reluctant to be abandoned by the tribe. He wanted to remember all the things about the tribe. But still all the people were too busy to waste a thought upon the old man. All the people followed the law of life silently and indifferently.
The little Koo-tee, who is a fretful child, was too week. It would die soon, Koskoosh thought that. He felt the merciless of the law of life again.
2.1.3 The period of Koskoosh's talking with his son
Koskoosh's son showed the last solicitude to his beloved father. Koskoosh was a little moved. He felt the warmth of care, for only his son had waited after the tribe.
The young chief's stay did help nothing to the harsh survival. Koskoosh could do nothing even begging his son, but for "It is well.". He said to his son "I am as a last year's leaf, clinging lightly to the stem", he compared himself to the last year's leaf. It was a vivid metaphor, which represented the old man's deep understanding of life(Mao,2010). It revealed that there was still creation and effort in the old man who was lost in the world of himself.
Koskoosh showed his helpless down and out to his son, " My voice is become like an old woman's. My eyes no longer show me the way of my feet, and my feet are heavy and I am tired. It is well.". Koskoosh clearly understood that he was too old to follow the tribe, and that his son had no choice. He said "It is well" to comfort his son. He nearly gave up the hope of relying on the others once and for all. Though he was in desperate need of someone to point out a way for him except waiting for death passively, in result no one could or wanted to play the role(Mao,2010). He could only depend on himself. In such a terrible environment, he almost could foresee his imminent unavoidable end—freezing to death in the snow.
2.2 Koskoosh's psychological changes during meditation and recollection
During the meditation, Koskoosh was calm without any complaints. He could calmly accept the fact that he was totally abandoned by his tribe. He understood their decision as he knew that the law of life could not be resisted. It was the selection of the nature, not theirs'. The never ending cycle of life and death gave the answer to his inevitable death. But the problem lied in that how he should face the coming death, struggling like the moose or doing nothing.
During the collection, Koskoosh thought of the fierce fight between an old moose and a pack of wolves. In the reality, the lonely old man put the firewood symbolizing the hope of life to a fire. " The picture, like all of youth's impressions, was still strong with him, and his dim eyes watched the end played out as vividly as in that far-off time. Koskoosh marveled at this, for in the days which followed, when he was a leader of men and a head of councilors, he had done great deeds and made his name a curse in the mouths of the Pellys, to say naught of the strange white man he
had killed, knife to knife, in open fight." He gave high praise and recognition to the old moose's resistance and its fight to the end(Mao ,2010). He learned well about the moose which was aware of all the thing it wanted. The old man's collection reflected his resistance to the fate. The old moose's indomitable spirit of struggle against the death encouraged the lonely old man. His passion that he had once showed when he still was a leader and made his name a curse in the mouths of the Pellys was totally aroused. He came to understand the meaning of positive spirit. He decided to fight for himself all by himself. At this time, the old man was no longer the one who had fear or anxiety.
2.3 Koskoosh's psychological changes during his final moments
That recollection is a foreshadowing of Koskoosh's own death: wolves were closing in on him as his small fire was almost extinguished. At this time, he still "gauged his grip on life by what remained". "Perhaps the heart of his son might soften, and he would come back with the dogs to take his old father on with the tribe to where the caribou ran thick and the fat hung heavy upon them." Koskoosh still had the hope of surviving, even though he knew that such thing won't happen. He just gave himself a hope, a reason to keep going.
When the pack of wolves came and circled close, "His hand shot into the fire and dragged out a burning faggot.""He waved his brand wildly, ". Koskoosh spared no efforts like the moose to struggle for the puny hope of life. Stuck in great danger, Koskoosh still did not give up the will to survive.
But soon, with the wood becoming more and more fewer, the circle becoming more and more small, he realized that the struggle was meaningless. After all, the moose died finally. He asked himself "Why should he cling to life? ". Finally, Koskoosh "dropped the blazing stick into the snow." "Koskoosh dropped his head wearily upon his knees. What did it matter after all? Was it not the law of life? " This scene was solemn and stirring, Koskoosh faced the death in a calm but brave way . What he was worried about now was no longer the physical home but spirit's. It is the unique ability Jack London thinks human beings have compared to other animals (Mao ,2010). Finally, Koskoosh's spirit was promoted again. 3. Conclusions
Through the spiritual transformation of passive、positive and automatic period, the old man eventually faced death in a calm way. In the early stage, the old man was afraid of death, he felt lost. It is about the anxiety of self. In the second stage, the old man began to think about the rule in the nature, the law of life. He became calm. In the final stage, the old man got the ultimate peace of mind. He followed the law of life peacefully.
Due to the limited resources and time, this article only briefly explore the main psychological changes of Koskoosh. The exploration is not very deep-going. In addition, the link between the exploration and the themes is loose. So the future research can be made from this angle.
References
[1] London, J. (2008). The law of life. In Zhu Kunling(Ed.), A Journey in English
Literature (pp.94-102). Chongqing, NY: Chongqing University Press.
[2] Kamaong, B. (2008,January 09). The Law of Life Book Review. Slate.
Retrieved May 28, 2012,from
http://www.shvoong.com/books/1741784-law-life/#ixzz1wB8F0A91
[3] 毛延生,2010,精神隐喻背后的“失认”与“失神”——论《生命法则》中
的适应性悖论,《中国大学学报》第16卷第3期。
(All the quotations from the short story come from A Journey in English Literature edited by Zhu Kunling)
范文四:文学阅读与欣赏(文学英语赏析)
试卷代号:1062
中央广播电视大学2006—2007学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试
英语专业 文学阅读与欣赏(文学英语赏析) 试题
Part I: Literary Fundamentals ['30 points] Section 1. Match the works with their writers (10 points).
Works
1. Hills like White Elephants
2. I Have a Dream
3. An Inspector Calls
4. The Importance of Being Earnest
5. The Pearl
Writers
A. John Steinbeck
B. Robert Frost
C. Oscar Wilde
D. Walt Whitman
E. Ernest Hemingway
F. JB Priestley
G. Arthur Miller
H. Martin Luther King
Section 2. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) ( 10 points).
6. Robert Frost is a well-known Scottish poet.
7. Hamlet, Othello and King Lear are well-known tragedies by William Shakespeare, together with Macbeth.
8. Arthur Miller's play The Crucible is aimed at exposing the hypocrisy of the property- owning class of the United States.
9. Scrooge is a character created by Charles Dickens in his novel Great Expectations.
10. Lord of the Flies is a thought-provoking novel authored by William Golding. Section 3. Choose the correct answers to complete the following sentences ( 10 points}.
11. __ can be established by describing the place where the action takes place, or the situation at the start of the story.
A. Climax B. Point of view
C. Flashback D. Setting
12. A __ is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in length. A ____ is a
{ourteen-line lyric poem which rhymes in a highly controlled way.
A. Couplet, ballad B. Sonnet, limerick
C. Couplet, sonnet D. Ballad, haiku
13. Which figure of speech is used in the following lines?
"h was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness'". '
A. Metaphor B. Parallelism
C. Simile D. Personification
14. was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2005.
A. Harold Pinter B. John Steinbeck
C. James Joyce D. Walt Whitman
15. In his essay "Of studies", Bacon classified books thus: "Some books are to be tasted, others to be , and some few to be chewed and '.
A. swallowed, skimmed
B. swallowed, digested
C. scanned, perfected
D. skimmed, scanned
Part U: Reading Comprehension [50 points] Read the extracts and give brief answers to the questions below.
Text 1
1 tried to sleep; but my heart beat anxiously, my inward tranquillity was broken. The clock, far down in the hall, struck two. Just then it seemed my chamber-door was touched, as if fingers had swept the panels in groping a way along the dark gallery outside. I said, 'Who is there?' Nothing answered. I was chilled with fear.
All at once 1 remembered that it might be Pilot, who, when the kitchen door chanced to be left open, not infrequently found his way up to the threshold of Mr Rochester's chamber: I had seen him lying there myself in the mornings. The idea calmed me somewhat: I lay down. Silence composes the nerves; and as an unbroken hush now reigned again through the whole house, I began to feel the return of slumber. But it was not fated that I should sleep that night. A dream had scarcely approached my ear, when it fled affrighted, scared by a marrow-freezing incident enough.
This was a demoniac laugh--low, suppressed, and deep--uttered, as it seemed, at the very keyhole of my chamber door. The head of my bed was near the door, and I thought at first the goblin-laugher stood at my bedside --or rather, crouched by my pillow. But 1 rose, looked round, and could see nothing; while, as I still gazed, the unnatural sound was reiterated, and I knew it came from behind the panels. My first impulse was to rise and fasten the bolt; my next, again to cry out, 'Who is there?'
Questions (12 points)
16. From which novel is the extract taken from? (Write the letter representing your choice on the answer sheet. )
A. Heart of Darkness B. Jane Eyre
C. The Old Man and the Sea
17. What time of the day did the marrow-freezing incident happen?
18. What words did the author use to describe the laugh she heard?
19. What did the narrator" I ' observe after she rose from her bed?
Text 2
I think I could turn and live with animals, they are so placid and self-contain'd, ! stand and look at them long and long.
They do not sweat and whine about their condition,
They do not lie awake in the dark and ,eep for their sins,
They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God,
Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with the mania of owning things,
Not one kneels to another, nor to his kind that lived thousands of years ago,
Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.
So they show their relations to me and I accept them,
They bring me tokens of myself, they evince them plainly in their possession.
( Song of Myself)
Questions (9 points}
20. Which of the following is the message Whitman is conveying to average man and woman? (Write the letter representing your choice on the answer sheet. )
A. People should love the earth and the sun and the animals.
B. People should love themselves for what they are and bc themselves.
C. People should despise riches and give their wealth away to those in need.
21. Does Whitman use traditional device like regular meter and rhyme in this poem? What's the form of the poem (sonnet or free verse or visual poetry)?
22. Identify the literary devices you find in this poem. Name the device, and note down one example.
Text 3
Macbeth: My dearest love,
Duncan comes here tonight.
Lady Macbeth: And when goes hence?
Macbeth: Tomorrow, as he purposes.
Lady Macbeth: O, never
Shall sun that morrow see.
Your face, my thane, is as a book where men
May read strange matters. To beguile the time,
Look like the time; bear welcome in your eye,
Your hand, your tongue; look like the innocent flower,
But be the serpent under't. He that's coming
Must be provided for; and you shall put
This night's business into my dispatch,
Which shall to all our nights and days to come
Give solely sovereign sway and masterdom.
Macbeth: We will speak further.
(Macbeth)
Questions ( 9 points)
23. Which of the [ollowing is the proper paraphrase for the line "'Fo beguile the time, look like the time"? (Write the letter representing your choice on the answer sheet. )
A. Seize the hour. Seize the day.
B. Make your appearance fit the occasion.
C. Enjoy as you may, for tomorrow you may die.
24. In her speech, Lady Macbeth. (Write the letter representing your choice on the answer sheet. )
A. tells Macbeth to behave normally as a hospitable host and leave the mt rdering part to her to arrange
B. persuades Macbeth to act as a serpent and carry out the murder in person
C. asks Macbeth for suggestions as how to entertain Duncan
25. What does Lady Macbeth mean by "Your face'"is as a book where ...men may read
strange matters"?
Text 4
Please note: This reading task will be relevant to the writing task in Part m.
The Man Who Talked to Trees
1. They were twins; boys born five minutes apart in the dark days of the Civil War fifty days earlier. The elder was named Torbash, which means 'hero' in our language. The younger one*s name was Milmaq, 'bringer of peace. ' Torbash had struggled like a hero to escape from his mother's womb, almost tearing her apart. Milmaq had slid out with merciful swiftness.
2. They were identical twins. When they were children strangers could not tell them apart. They both had dark black hair and piercing green eyes. They were strong, tall and erect. Until they reached their early teens, they were always together. They slept together, ate together, played together, went to school together, got into trouble together--they even fell iii together. And they looked after each other. Anyone who tried to bully one of them would face the anger of the other. And of course they used their physical likeness to play tricks on people, especially at school.
3. By the time they were fourteen the family had returned to its lands in the Nirmat valley. Their father had rebuilt the old farmhouse, destroyed by the retreating rebel army at the end of the war. He farmed the bottom of the valley, growing wheat and tending the rich almond orchards for which the valley was then famous. On the lower slopes he had vineyards from which he produced the strong Nirmat Kashin (Lion of Nirmat) wine. The higher land was forested. The chestnut trees gave nuts in the autumn. The oaks and beeches, as well as the chestnut trees, were carefully tended. Their valuable timber was sold to furniture makers and builders in Jalseen, the town lower down the valley. The trees were cut according to a strict rotation. For every tree they cut down, another was planted. These were what we, the ones who remember, still call 'The Days of Contentment'.
4. It was about this time that the two boys began to grow apart. There was nothing sudden about this. They did not argue about a girl, or fight over an imagined insult as so many young people do. It was simply that they gradually began to do things by themselves which, before that, they would have done together. So each began to develop different interests.
5. Torbash spent his spare time hunting in the forests. He had been given a shotgun for his fifteenth birthday. He would proudly return after a day's hunting with wild pigeons, with rabbits, their eyes glazed in death, and sometimes with a deer. His greatest ambition was to bring back a wild boar. His other main occupation was to visit Jalseen, where there were girls with 'modern' ways. It was there that he got to know the 'contacts' who were to help him later.
6. Milmaq was a solitary person. He would spend hours in the forests, not hunting, simply sitti~ng still, watching, waiting for something to happen. A spider would swing its thread across the canyon between two branches. A woodpecker would drum at the trunk of a chestnut tree, its neck a blur of speed. Above all, the trees themselves would speak to him. He would be aware of them creaking and swaying in the wind. He could sense the sap rising in them in the springtime~ feel their sorrow at the approach of winter. If he put his ear to the trunk of a tree, he could hear it growing, very slowly; feel it moving towards its final
magnificent shape.
7. Sometimes he would speak aloud to a tree. More often he would communicate with it silently. Sometimes he would lose all sense of himself. It was as if he had become part of the tree. This may sound like nonsense to you. Things are different now. But we still have an expression for this in the old language: 'Ahashinat ain kashul '. It means, 'Finding the centre~.
8. Please do not think that the brothers lost touch with each other, in that special way that twins have. There was the time, one winter's evening, when Milmaq suddenly got up from the table, pulling his father with him, and set off for the upper slopes of the valley. Snow had fallen, and they soon found the tracks of boots and, soon after that, boar tracks. They found Torbash crouching in the branches of an oak tree. Beneath the tree there was a full-grown wild boar, grunting angrily.
9. It had a wound in its side. Their father killed it with the two barrels of his own
hunting gun. And no one, least of all Torbash, ever asked how Milmaq had known he was in danger.
10. Just as Milmaq himself did not ask when Torbash arrived, as if by magic, to fight off the gang of thugs who had attacked Milmaq in the street on one of his rare visits to Jalseen. They were twins--'majeen taq asnaan' ('a plum with a double stone'). It was natural. No one thought it in the least bit strange.
I1. It was not long after the incident with the boar that their father died. It was the time of the grape harvest. He had gone out after supper to check on the fermentation of the grapes in the vat. They found him floating in the vat, face downwards, tie must either have had a heart attack or been overcome with the powerful fumes. Whichever, he was well and truly dead, and there was nothing anyone could do about it. As we say, 'Fashan kat maan nat, maan q'a nat. ' (When the time comes, the time has come. ) He was a brave man, respected by all, and regretted by all.
12. He and his wife had survived many hardships together. But she could not bear to live alone. Within three months, she had followed her husband to the place where all sufferings cease. The two boys were left alone.
13. It was not long before Torbash left home. He had never enjoyed the hard work of the farm. He needed to see things happen fast. He took a room in Jalseen and was soon working in one of the newer places there. It was a sort of restaurant, but nothing like anything we had seen before. It sold flat cakes of minced beef mixed with the sawdust (or that's what it tasted like to us), grilled and served between two pieces of bread. The prices were high but young people loved it. Torbash began by washing up the dirty dishes. Within weeks he was 'supervising'. Soon afterwards, one of his 'contacts' offered him a better job with a company selling a new type of drink. It was brown and had a sweet, perfumed taste. And instead of quenching your thirst, it made you want to drink more. Give me a bottle of Nirmat Kashin any day! The drink was made in a factory in the capital and, before long, Torbash was promoted and went to work there in the head office. We did not see him for several years.
14. Meantime Milmaq continued to farm the family land. He did not marry, and seldom le(t the farm. When he was not on the land he would be in the woods. There were rumours that he was becoming more and more strange. Hunters had found him deep in conversation
with an oak tree. He would walk through the woods greeting individual trees like old
friends. And he completely stopped the cutting of timber for sale. The only trees he cut were dead or diseased. After several years, he closed up the old farmhouse and moved to an old forester's hut up on the edge of the woods. He only took a few essential belongings with him--a bed, a table, a chair, an old cooking stove and such like. Here he was closer to his beloved trees. He had become a sort of hermit, what we ,',sed to call ' Horat vannah ' (holy man). We respected him and left him alone, though occasionally one of us would pass by just to ask if he needed anything.
15. One day Torbash arrived unexpectedly. He was dressed in one of those modern suits, a shirt with red stripes and a bright red tie to match. He was driving a big red car
which made a lot of dust when it roared into the village. He told us he was now a big man in another company. What sort of company? It made 'paper products', things like toilet paper and paper handkerchiefs. (We didn't know what these were but we didn't show it. ) They also made paper for printing books and newspapers. And a special part of the cmnpany made furniture.
16. He had come to see his brother about selling the woods. We directed him to the forester's hut. He left his car and went on foot up the steep path. Now I should explain that, under our laws of inheritance, everything is left to the eldest son, 'Zirmat akal' (first born). So the farm and the woods belonged to Torbash, even though it was Milmaq who worked them.
17. I don't know what happened when they met but, when Torbash came back down, his face was black with anger. He drove off without greeting us. A week later great machines began to arrive, ploughing up the tracks as they went up the hillsides. The trees began to be torn savagely, not in the old way. ()n the hillside away fr0m the forester's hut there were no trees left, only a tangle of fallen trunks and smashed branches waiting to be sawn up and dragged away.
18. When I called to see Milmaq I found him in his bed. He was terribly thin and had a high fever. I kept watch over him for the next three days. During this time, the machines were moving closer and closer to the hut. Soon there Were only a few trees standing. Until, through the window, I could see just one tree left. It was a magnificent oak, the one which Milmaq had often spoken to. The men moved in wixh their evil-sounding saws and began work. I watched, hypnotized by the enormity of tiffs massacre of trees. Behimt me I heard Milmaq stir. He staggered to his feet and leaned on tile window sill. The oak shuddered, swayed and, with a gut-wrenching groan, crashed in a pile of splintered hram'hes. As it hit the ground, Milmaq himself collapsed. He was dead. I looked at the clock, h was three in the afternoon. In the distance I heard the rumble of thunder from the next valley.
19. We only heard about Torbash later. He had apparently left a meeting in his office and driven off at high speed. All he had said was, 'My brother. My brother.' In his
desperate haste, he had taken a short cut along a forest track leading from the next valley to our own. A violent thunderstorm had blown up--the one I had heard from Milmaq's hut. An enormous oak tree had been struck by lightning. It had fallen across the track, crushing tile car and Torbash with it. The crash had stopped the car clock. Its hands pointed to three.
20. 1 have finished. My story is told. 'Fashankat maan nat, inaanq~a nat '. (When the time comes, the time has come. )
Questions (20 points)
26. In what aspects are the twins --Milmaq and Torbash similar?
27. In what aspects are the twins different'?
28. What role do you think the oak trees (forest) play in the short story?
29. Reread paragraphs 15 and 16 again. What do you think had happened when the twin brothers met?
Part]II: Writing [20 points'] Summarize the story "The Man who Talked to Trees" in about 120 words.
试卷代号:1062
中央广播电视大学2006—2007学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试
英语专业 文学阅读与欣赏(文学英语赏析)
试题答案及评分标准
Part I: Literary Fundamentals [30 points']
Section 1. Match the writers with their works (2 points each}.
1. E. 2. H 3. F 4. C 5. A
Section 2. Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (2 points each}
6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T
Section 3. Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentences. (2 points each)
11. D 12. C 13. B 14. A 15. B Part lI: Reading Comprehension [-50 points-]
~ 3 points each for questions 16--25, 5 points each for questions 26--29.
~ Every 5 mistakes in grammar, spelling or of any other kind will lead to the reduction of one point.
Text 1
16. B.
17. It was around two in the morning / It was after midnight.
18. It was a demoniac laugh--low, suppressed/ deep or unnatural/ goblinlaughter, etc.
19. The narrator looked around but she could see nothing.
Text 2
20. B.
21. No. It is a free verse.
22. Any ONE of the devices anti the illustrative examples..
Repetition:
They do not sweat and whine about their condition,
They do not lie awake in the dark and weep for their sins,
They do not make me sick discussing their duty to God"'
Parellelism and repetition:
Not one is dissatisfied, not one is demented with ".
Not one kneels to another, nor to his kind that lived thousands of years ago,
Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.
Text 3
23. B.
24. A.
25. Your face is giving you away or your looks betray your feelings. (Points should be given when ideas are similar. )
Text 4
26. They are similar in many ways: the time of birth, the family background, the appearance, the common memory of their upbringing.
27. Award 5 points for any 2 of the following:
a. differences in their characters;
b. their ways of thinking and living;
c. their attitudes toward nalure and society;
d. their treatment of nature etc.
28. Any ideas similar to the following.
The oak tree/ forest is an important symbol in the story, helping to bring about the theme of the story: the power of nature. When man live in harmony with nature, mother nature is protective, h is a bringer of peace, happiness, contentment. When man acts against the power of nature, disaster will fall.
29. Answers should be focused on the quarrel between the two brothers.
范文五:文学英语赏析复习重点
文学英语赏析复习重点
1. Figures of Speech 修辞格 P15-19
Simile 明喻:one thing is compared with another, usually using the word like, as.
Metaphor 暗喻 : when we make a direct comparison between one idea and another unrelated
idea.
Alliteration 头韵 : when the same consonant sound (辅音) is repeated in words either next to or
close to each other.
Assonance 半韵 : Assonance refers to the repetition of similar vowel sounds(元音) close to each
other.
Personification 拟人 :when a non-animate (无生命) object is given animate (有生命)
characteristics.
Parallelism 排比 : when we have an identical structure repeated one or more times.
Irony(and Sarcasm) 讽刺 : On one level, a person ’s words do not match their intention; on
another level, irony refers to the total situation.
Puns and wordplay 双关 : 有发音双关和词义双关。
2. 句子或单词的正式程度:degrees of formality: very informal – informal —neutral(中性) —formal
--- very formal
单词: general(普通) --- specific (特殊)
3. the Short Story 六要素 P29
Plot 情节 :opening – development --- climax/ crisis (高潮) – anticlimax—coda (结尾)
The Sniper (阻击手) : 小说故事发生地点:on a rooftop near O ’Connell Bridge P32
Setting 地点 : refers to the physical location and the background information about the reason
for telling the story and information we may need about the main character or characters P36
Characterization 人物刻画 : appearance ( 外貌) , dialogue (对话) , behavior(行为) P39
Point of View 角度,视角 :
1)
2)
3)
4) P41-42 first person narrative 第一人称。代表作:T he Paring knife ― I am a camera‖ third person narrative 照相机式第三人称。代表作: The Sniper third person narrative seen from only one of the characters’ point of view, 代表作:Night third person narrative seen from two or more different characters’ point of view ,代表作:
Rosary
5)
third person omniscient(无所不知的) narrative, 代表作:Y ours
4. Time Structure 时间结构 P44-45
1) the linear (顺叙) :the action proceeds as in real time, one event follows another
代表作:T he Sniper , 和 Room for one more
2) the flashback (倒叙),usually works by starting a story at a point in the recent past, then
switching the action back to an earlier time, farther back in the past. At the end it will usually
bring us back to the same time zone we started from.
代表作:The Paring knife, 和 Bluebells and Autumn Leaves 和W ords Long Unspoken
3) the moving point (移动点) :when the writer shifts abruptly back and forth between different
time zones.
代表作:Mother
5. Short Story短篇小说:
5.1) Hills Like White Elephant 《白象似的群山》: P51
作者:Ernest Hemingway: American novelist and short story writer. Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文
学奖(1954)获得者.
文体风格:prose style--- economical, direct and immediate.
故事地点:a train station in Spain
故事内容:一对情侣在火车站等车时,两人在小店喝一种licorice(苦艾酒) 饮料,双方为了
abortion (堕胎)不愉快经历。
5.2) The Man Who Talked to Trees 《和树交谈的人》: P54
作者:Alan Maley 他的作品还有: Words Long Unspoken 《好久没有说的话》
5.3) Eveline 《伊芙林》: P57
作者:James Joyce : Irish novelist, poet, one of the innovative writers of the 20th century. Master
of stream of consciousness (意识流大师)
代表作:Dubliners 《都柏林人》,Ulysses 《尤利西斯》, In Finnegan ’s Wake 《为芬尼根
守灵》
故事内容:It presents us with the dilemma(进退两难)of a young girl, Eveline, living as a domestic
slave to her violent father and younger siblings(兄弟) , who has the chance to escape to a new life
with her lover.
5.4) Thief 《小偷》 作者:Robley Welson P59
5.5) Paper Pills 《纸丸》 P62
作者:Sherwood Anderson: writer between two wars
代表作:Winesburg, Ohio 《俄亥俄州温斯堡》
6. Novels 长篇小说:
6.1) A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》: P66
作者: Charles Dickens 主人翁: a old miser (吝啬鬼) , Scrooge
6.2) Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》: P68
作者: Joseph Conrad
故事内容: The adventurer , Marlow 在Thames 河口向一群水手介绍去Congo River 探险寻
找一位神秘人Kurtz
6.3) Lord of the Flies《苍蝇王》: P72
作者:Golding: Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖(1983)获得者.
故事内容: a group of schoolboys survive an air-crash(空难),后来分裂成两派,正方代表有
Ralph, Piggy, Simon, 反方代表以Jack 为首,最后正方失败。故事结尾出现cruiser(巡洋舰) ,
暗示着人类好战破坏的价值观the warlike, destructive values of adult。
Lord of the Flies is a dystopla(反面乌托邦) 。Golding makes and intertextual reference(映射) to
the 19th century novel for boys—Coral Island (珊瑚岛)by R.M. Ballantine, which presents an
optimistic, romanticized, idealistic story of some boys shipwrecked (船只失事) on a coral island.
6.4) Jane Eyre《简爱》: P74
作者: Charlotte Bronte 主人翁:Jane Eyre 和Mr. Rochester
她小说主题 themes--- passionate love, love for a married man, woman as an independent agent in
a male-dominated world.
Jane Eyre 曾经当过governess (家庭教师)
6.5) The Pearl 《珍珠》: P77
作者: Steinbeck: Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖(1974)获得者
故事内容:Kino, a poor fisherman, 因为得到一个硕大珍珠,最后家破人亡。
6.6)T he Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 《杰克医生和海德先生的奇案》: P81
故事内容:杰克白天是一名受人尊敬的医生,晚上服用一种药物,就变成无恶不作的坏人海
德先生,最后药物失控,事情败露,自杀。
6.7)A Burnt-Out Case《病毒发尽的病例》: 作者:Graham Greene P87
6.8) Wide Sargasso Sea《茫茫沧海》:作者:Jean Rhys P90
Wide Sargasso Sea takes the story of Jane Eyre and re-tells it from the point of view of the first Mrs.
Rochester. 《茫茫沧海》是从《简爱》中Rochester 第一任妻子角度改写的故事。
6.9)T he Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》:作者: Thomas Hardy P93
Hardy sets most of his novels in ―Wessex ‖— a region of England
6.10) The Picture of Dorian Gray 《道林-格雷的肖像》:作者:Oscar Wilde P94
6.11) The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》:作者:Ernest Hemingway P96
小说主题:It is a novel about the strength, endurance and cunning intelligence of one man pitted
(反抗) against the forces of nature.
6.12) Great Expectations《远大前程》:作者:Charles Dickens P98
小说主人翁:Pip, a poor orphan (孤儿) ,和 Magwitch, a convict(罪犯)
7. Non- Fiction 演说,散文
7.1)T he Gettysburg Address 《葛底斯堡演说》: P104
演说者:Abraham Lincoln(林肯), 演说时间: Nov. 19, 1863
演说目的:to reinforce(加强)the principles of freedom for all for which the war is being fought. He
urges his listeners to make sure that those who died in this great battle should not have died for nothing.
演说开头:Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers ….
7.2) I Have a Dream 《我有一个梦想》: P109
演说者:Martin Luther King Jr(马丁. 路德. 金) 演说时间: Aug. 28, 1963
演说地点:at the Lincoln Memorial (林肯纪念堂)in Washing D.C.
演说开头:Five score years ago, a great American, ….
7.3) Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence《庆祝印度独立演说》P112
演说者:Jawaharlal Nehru (尼赫鲁) 演说时间: August 14, 1947
7.4 Of Studies《论学习》:作者;Francis Bacon (培根) P114
《论学习》中一些名句:
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing and exact man.
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.
8. Poetry 诗歌 P118
T ypes of Poetry 诗歌种类:
8.1)Lyrical Peoms:抒情诗:to express strong emotional feelings
代表作:Rain 《雨》 P119
8.2)Narrative Poems:叙事诗:to tell a story
代表作:T he Rime of the Ancient Mariner《一个老水手的故事》P119
作者:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
8.3) Elegies:挽诗:to commemorate (悼念)someone who has died
代表作:Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone《钟停下来,电话线切断》
作者:W. H. Auden P120
8.4)Confessional poetry: (自白诗) :to explore the poet ’s inner world and feelings.
代表作:T he Dead Heart 《一颗死心》: 作者:Anne Sexton
代表作家:Robert Lowell, Allen Ginsberg, Sylvia Plath, John Berryman, Anne Sexton.
自白诗主题:revelations about sex, madness, hallucinations(幻想) , drugs, suicide, outrageous feelings —and partly by the raw, direct way.
影响最大的两人:D. H. Lawrence 和 Walt Whitman (惠特曼) 的代表作Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》
8.5)Poetry of Observation:观察诗:to describe in perceptive ways an object or person
代表作:Finding a Sheep’s Skull《找到一个山羊头骨》 作者:Frances Horovitz P123
8.6)Protest Poetry:抗议诗:to criticize or protest against something or someone代表作:Love Y our Enemy 《爱你的敌人》 Relative Sadness《相对悲伤》 P124
8.7)Satirical Poetry:讽刺/挖苦诗:to mock people or manners
代表作:How to Deal with the Press 《怎样应对媒体》 作者:Wendy Cope P124
8.8) Comic Poetry:喜剧诗:to amuse people and make them laugh.
代表作家:Edward Lear 和 Ogden Nash
代表作:T here was an old man of Calcuttla《加尔格达有一位老人》
A word to husbands 《对丈夫说的话》 P125
8.9) T he Ballad 民谣: P126
格律:a b c b
代表作: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《一个老水手的故事》
The streets of Laredo 《Laredo 大街》
8.10)T he Sonnet 十四行诗 P127
Shakespearean 莎士比亚十四行诗格律:abab cdcd efef gg
8.11)Quatrain 四行诗 P127
Haiku 绯句: 3 lines, 三行分别有5,7,5个syllables (音节)
8.12)Cinquain : 五行诗 P128
代表作:《Dancer 》, 《He is old 》, 《Parting 》.
五行诗五行分别有2,4,6,8,2个syllables (音节)
8.13) The Limerick 五行打油诗: 格律:aabba P130
8.14) V isual Poetry 视觉诗 P130
代表作: 《40-love 》(作者:George Herbert ) 和 《The Wall 》
8.15) Free Verse 自由诗 P131
定义:It is not constrained by any of the usual formal discipline . It does not have to rhyme or obey rules of metre or line length.
代表诗人:D. H. Lawrence
8.16) 补充诗歌
《The Charge of the Light Brigade》 P138
作者: T ennyson Poet Laureate (桂冠诗人)
《Ballad of Reading Gaol 》 作者:Oscar Wilde P140
《Wild Nights! Wild Nights! 》 作者:Emily Dickinson P141
《W ords 》 作者:Anne Sexton P141
《Be Glad Your Nose is on Y our Face》作者:Jack Prelutsky P142
《The War Process 》作者: Benjamin Zephaniah P143
《Interruption to a Journey》作者:Norman MacCaig P143
《The Owl》 作者: Edward Thomas P144
《T oo Soon》作者: Mary Yarnall P144
《Coat 》作者:V icki Feaver P145
《Leisure 》作者: W.H. Davies P146
《The Wall》视觉诗 作者:Abdul Ghafar Ibrahim P146
9. Drama 戏剧
9.1) Comedy 喜剧 P149-152
代表作:T he Importance of Being Earnest 《诚实的重要性》
作者: Oscar Wilde 主人翁:Lady Bracknell Jack Worthing
故事内容:It is about two young men getting engaged(订婚) to two young women.
9.2) Tragedy 悲剧
代表作:Macbeth 《麦克白》 P152
作者:William Shakespeare 主人翁: Macbeth, Lady Macbeth,
莎士比亚四大悲剧:Hamlet, King lear, Macbeth, Othello.
9.3) Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞剧 P154
代表作:T he Dumb Waiter 《升降机》
作者:Harold Pinter 诺贝尔文学奖(2005)获得者
主人翁:Ben 和 Gus
故事内容:T wo men are in the basement(地下室)of a house or restaurant.
戏剧语言:The language is very spare and brief, but it seems to have hidden meanings.
9.4) Theatre of Social Commentary 社会评论剧 P157
代表作:An Inspector Calls 《巡官登门》
作者:J.B. Priestley : a committed socialist (社会主义者)
戏剧主题:to show how hypocritical (虚伪) and uncaring (漠不关心) of the property-owning classes(资产阶级) 。
9.5) Historical Drama 历史剧 P159
代表作: The Crucible 《炼狱》
作者:Arthur Miller
主人翁:Abigail, John Proctor, Elizabeth
戏剧主题:The play is set in New England at the end of 17th century. It concerns a real historical incident, involving withcraft(魔法) and an attack of mass hysteria(歇斯底里) 。
9.6)补充戏剧 P164-173
《In the Native State》 作者:T om Stoppard
《The Birthday Party 》作者:Harold Pinter
《The Merchant》作者:Arnold Wesker