范文一:法律专业翻译
10, to begin with,the legal system has structure. the structure of a legal system consists of this kind:the number and size of courts;their jurisdiction;and modes of appeal from one court to another.structure also means how the legislature is organized,what a president can(legally)do or not do,what procedures the police department follows,and so on. another aspect of the legal system is its substance. by this it meant the actual rules,norms,and behavior patterns of people inside the system.
首先,法律制度有结构。一个法律制度的结构由这类的数量和大小的法院;管辖;和诉求方式从一个法院another.structure 也意味着如何立法组织,什么总统(法律)做或不做,什么程序,警察部门如下,等等。法律制度的另一个方面是它的实质。这意味着系统中的人的实际规则、规范和行为模式。
11 , the law of contract is concerned with the enforcement of promissory obligations. contractuai liability is usually based on consent freely given in the form of an express promise or one implied in fact form the acts of the parties. in some circumstances,however,the courts will imply a promise(often called implied in law or quasi contract)in order to avoid unjust enrichment in spite of lack of consent by the party who is bound by.
合同法与履行义务有关。contractuai 责任通常是基于同意的情况下随
意的形式给出一个表示承诺或一个事实默示形式当事人的行为。然而,在某些情况下,法院将意味着一个承诺(通常被称为隐含在法律或准合同),以避免不公正的丰富,尽管缺乏同意由党谁被约束。
12 , paragraph 1 of article 153 of the criminal law is amended as:"whoever smuggles goods or articles not specified in article 151 ,article 152 and article 347 herein shall,depending on the severity of the circumstances,be punished in accordance with the following provisions respectively:
1、if he smuggles goods and articles to evade or dodge the payable duties to a larger amount or commits smuggling again after being given administrative penalties twice against smuggling within one year,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention, and be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.
2、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling goods and articles is huge or there are other serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years,and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged.
3、if the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged for smuggling
goods and articles is especially huge or there are other especially serious circumstances, he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall be concurrently subject to a fine of not less than one time but not more than five times the amount of payable duties evaded or dodged or confiscation of property. 刑法第153条1款修改为:走私本法第一百五十一条、第一百五十二条、第三百四十七条规定以外的货物、物品的, 根据情节轻重, 分别依照下列规定处罚:
1、他走私货物、物品逃避或回避应缴税额数额较大或构成走私再次被给予行政处罚后一年内两次打击走私,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金。 2、如果需要支付的偷逃走私货物、物品巨大或者有其他严重情节的,, 处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑, 并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金;
3、如果应付偷逃走私货物、物品数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的,应当处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑, 并处偷逃应缴税额一倍以上五倍以下罚金或者没收财产。
13、one article is added after article 276 of the criminal law as article 267 :
文章276条后增加了一条,作为刑法第267条: 以转移财产、逃匿等方法逃避支付劳动者的劳动报酬或者有能力支付而不支付劳动者的劳动报酬,数额较大,经政府有关部门责令支付仍不支付的,处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役,并处或者单处罚金;造成严重后果的,处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑,并处罚金。
单位犯前款罪的,对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依照前款的规定处罚。
有前两款行为,尚未造成严重后果,在提起公诉前支付劳动者的劳动报酬,并依法承担相应赔偿责任的,可以减轻或者免除处罚。
14、私法
private law involves the various relationship that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves. the area is concerned with rules and principes pertaining to private ownership and use of property,contracts between individuals,family relationships,and redress by way of compensation for harm inflicted on one personby another. historically, government involvement was usually minimal. private law has also operated to provide general guidelines and security in private arrangements and interactions in ways that are complementary to morality and custom but that are not necessarily enforceable in a court of law,such as non-contractual promises and agreements within an association of private individuals.
私法涉及到人与人之间的各种关系,以及确定自己的法律权利和义务的规则。该地区是有关规则和有关私有财产和使用原则,合同之间的个人,家庭,和补偿的补偿方式伤害造成一人以另一个。从历史上看,政府的参与通常是微乎其微的。私人法律也为私人安排和相互作用提供了一般的指导和保障,这些方法与道德和习俗是相辅相成的,但在法庭上不一定能强制执行,比如私人私人的合同承诺和协议。
the relative significance of purely private law has decreased in modern times. public law dominates in government-controlled societies; democratic societies increasingly have a mix of public and private law. the private sphere includes individuals and a vast array of
groups,associations,organizations,and special legal entities such as corporations. they compete with one another and with government for control of resources,wealth,power,and the communication of ideas and values. special fields of law,such as labor law,facilitate and control this competition. much of such law is in the commercial and corporate areas. the formerly purely private law of property and contracts,for example,is now overlaid with legislation,regulationg,and judicial dicisions reflecting the competition. the public law of taxation has significant impact on the whole private sphere. courts have increasingly regarded resolution of seemingly private disputes as vehicles for response to changing social conditions and values especially in the u.s. thus,manufacturers have experienced an expansion of liability for physical injuries caused by defects in their products. the mechanism of insurance allows manufacturers to spread such costs across the general consuming public. 纯粹私法的相对意义在近代有所下降。公共法律在政府控制的社会中占主导地位;民主社会日益具有公共性和私法性的混合性。私人领域包括个人和一个庞大的群体,协会,组织和特殊的法律实体,如企业。它们相互竞争,与政府控制资源、财富、权力、思想和价值观的交流。法的特殊领域,如劳动法,促进和控制这一竞争。这类法律中的大部分都是在商业和企业领域中的。以前纯粹的私有财产法和契约,例如,现在用立法,规定,和司法决定反映了竞争。税收的公法化对整个私人领域有着重要的影响。法院越来越多地将看似私人纠纷的解决视为
应对不断变化的社会环境和价值观的车辆,尤其是在美国,制造商们已经经历了一个扩展的责任,在他们的产品缺陷造成的身体伤害。保险机制使得生产商能够在普通消费大众中传播这种成本。
15、self-defense means that a person is justified in the use of force against an aggressor when and to the extent it appears to her and she reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend herself against such aggressor's imminent use of unlawful force. such justification requires both a belief on the part of defendant ang the existence of facts that would persuade a reasonable person to that belief.
自卫权意味着一个人是有道理的武力侵略时使用,似乎她的程度和她有理由认为,这种行为保护自己反对这样的侵略即将使用非法暴力是必要的。这样的理由要求对被告的一部分的信念,以及是否存在的事实,将说服一个合理的人,相信。
where self-defense is asserted,expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome may be offered to prove the reasonableness of defendant's belie that she was in imminent danger.
在自卫是断言,在受虐妇女综合症的专家证言可以提供证明被告的合理性,相信她在迫在眉睫的危险。
the interests in human dignity and privacy which the fourth amendment protects forbid any such intrusions on the mere chance that the fruit or evidence of crime might be obtained. in the absence of a clear
indich.ation that in fact such evidence will be found,these fundamental human interests require law officers to suffer the risk that such evidence may disappear unless there is an immediate searc
第四修正案保护的人的尊严和隐私的利益,不允许任何此类侵犯,只要有可能获得的水果或犯罪证据的机会。在一个明确的indich.ation 缺位,事实上这样的证据会被发现,这些人的基本利益要求执法人员遭受这样的证据可能会消失,除非有一个即时搜索的风险
before a person can avail himself of the plea of self-defense against the charge of homicide,he must do everything in his power,consistent with his safety,to avoid the danger and avoid the necessity of taking life.
在一个人可以利用自己的抗辩,对杀人的指控,他必须尽一切力量,符合他的安全,以避免危险,避免采取生活的必要性。
范文二:英语专业翻译
1. “ I wanted to go off to another town, but then everyone got busy matchmaking and they were after me so they nearly tore my coat tail off. They talked at me and talked until I got water on the ear. She was no chaste maiden, but they told me she was a virgin pure.‖
鄙人意欲远走他乡。然而,此时人人皆忙于为在下做媒,在下所到之处,红娘紧随其后,形影不离,几乎 将在下之燕尾扯下。他们滔滔不绝,口若悬河,致使在下双耳嗡鸣。此女即非大家闺秀,亦非小家碧玉,本 无贞操可言。然而,他们却称此女乃圣洁之贞女也。
2. My old friend Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for years before he returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down to the country. He had no sooner returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer it rained continuously and it was often bitterly cold.
哈里逊是我的旧友,侨居地中海多年,近返英国。他早已梦想在英国本土退休,迁往乡间定居。归国 伊始 , 便买下一栋 清雅 的别墅。可是刚一住下,就抱怨起英国的天气来;原来虽说当时 炎暑未尽 ,但阴雨连绵,寒 冷彻骨。
3. “ he has been in his room all day,‖ the landlady said downstairs. ―I guess he don’t feel well. I said to him ?Mr Anderson, you ought to go out and take a walk on nice fall like this,‘ but he didn‘t feel like it.‖
“ 他 整日 在房间里, ” 房东太太在楼下说。 “ 我估计他感到 不适 。我对他说:? 安德森先生,你 理应 出去散步,这 样的 大好秋光 是很 宜于 散步的,可他就是不想出去。 ”
4. Some public officials make nice to politicians they cannot stand because they need their good will. 有些当官的对那些他们 吃不消 的政客不得不 哄着、拍着 ,因为这些人 得罪不得。
5. Studies serve for delight, for ornament , and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse ; and for ability, is in judgment and disposition of business.(Bacon )
读书足以怡情,足以博采,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博采业,最见于高谈阔论之中; 其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。
求知可以作为消遣,可以作为装饰,也可以增长才干。当你孤独寂寞时,阅读可以消遣。当你高谈阔 论时,知识可供装饰。当你处世行事时,正确运用知识意味着力量。
6. “ there was a rare-to-do all over the town when they found out the Driffields had shot the moon. It made me laugh. Lord George say’e never knew they was broke , and’e makes out’e was as surprised as anybody.‖ “ 德烈菲尔德夫妇半夜出逃后,城里顿时出现了少有的热闹。我只觉得 ? 奥 ? (好)笑。乔治勋爵说,他一点 也不知道他们是穷光蛋。他装的 ?? 鹅 ? (和)别人一样吃惊。
7. and the sea the sea crimson sometimes like fire and the glorious sunsets and the fightrees in the Alameda gardens yes and all the queer little streets and pink and blue and yellow houses and the rose gardens and jessamine and geraniums and cactuses.(
“ 还有海洋深红的海洋有时候真像火一样的红嘿夕阳西下太壮观了还有阿拉梅达那些花园里的无花果树真的 那些别致的小街还有一幢幢桃红的蓝的黄的房子还有一座座玫瑰花园还有茉莉花天竺葵仙人掌。
8. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. 有这样一条举世公认的真理,这就是,有钱的单身汉总要娶位太太。
9. On the morning of a fine June day, my first bonny little nursling and the last of the ancient Earnshaw stock, was born.
6月份一个阳光明媚的早晨,厄恩肖这个古老世家的最后一代继承人出生了,这是第一个我亲自喂养 的孩子。
10. An elegant handwriting, like the elegant hand that wrote it. I pushed it to one side and had another drink. I began to feel a little less savage. I pushed things around the desk. My hands felt thick and hot and awkward. I ran a finger across the corner of the desk and looked at the streak made by the wiping off of the dust. I looked at the dust on my finger and wiped that off. I looked at my watch. I looked at the wall. I looked at nothing. I put the liquor bottle away and went over the washbowl to rinse the glass out. When I had done that I washed my hands and bathed my face in cold water and looked at it .
优美字迹,就像那只写字的优美的手。我把它推在一旁,又喝了一杯酒。我感到平静一点了,摆弄着 写字台上的东西。我的双手感到有点麻木、发热、发僵。我用一个手指在写字台的一角划了一道,望着划去 灰尘的那一道斜线。我看了看手指,掸去手指尖上的灰尘。 看了看表,望着墙,望着茫然的空间。
我将酒瓶放到了另一个地方,在洗碗槽里洗了一下酒杯。后来,我又洗了洗双手,把脸浸在冷水 里,我注视着盆里的水 …..
11. It was a splendid population – for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home.
出来的这批移民各个出类拔萃,因为凡是呆板呆滞呆头呆脑的呆子都呆在家乡。
12. After a few preliminary tries, the whole farm burst into ―Beasts of England‖ in tremendous unison. The cows lowed it, the dogs whined it, the sheep bleated it, the horses whinnied it, the ducks quacked it. They were so delighted with the song that they say it right through five times.
……. 牛儿哞,狗儿嗷,羊儿咩,马儿嘶鸣,鸭儿嘎嘎,个个眉飞色舞,一连唱了五遍方才尽兴。
13. A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin , emotionless eyes.
一个骨瘦如柴、衣服单薄、双目失神的男子注视着他们。灵活利用汉语中的成语或四字格结构!
1 4. And now, you who have so long been bound to the most narrow and material views, you who have denied the virtue of transcendental medicine, you who have always derived your superiors---behold!
喏,你这个一向目光短浅见解卑俗的人,你这个失口否认超常医学功能的人,你这个一贯嘲笑前辈的 人,睁开眼睛瞧瞧吧!
15. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going direct to heaven, we were all going direct the other way.(A Tale of Two Cities)
这是一个最好的历史时期,这又是一个最坏的历史时期;这是一个充满智慧的年代,这又是一个不乏愚蠢的 年代;这是一个富有信仰的时代,这又是一个轻易怀疑的时代;这是一个光明普照的季节,这又是一个黑暗 笼罩的季节;这是一个昭示希望的春天,这又是一个导致绝望的冬天;我们的面前无所不有,我们的面前又 一无所有;我们都将直上天堂,我们又都将直下地狱。
16.As she pointed out the terrible deficiencies in education for women at all levels, she finally made the significant request to her husband, that the new constitution be distinguished for learning and virtue.
当她指出为女性所开设的各种层次的教育都极端缺乏时, 她最终向她的丈夫提出这个重要的要求 —— 新组织 应在学识和品德方面著称。
17.If we wish to find out the truth of a matter, we must approach the question with as nearly open a mind as we can and with a deep awareness of our own limitations and predispositions.
如果我们希望查明一件事情的真相, 我们就必须尽可能地以开放的心态看待问题, 并且要充分意识到我们自 己的局限性和倾向性。
18.Intelligent test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic
abilities. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
智力测试不比较个性、社会适应性、人体耐力、手工技能,也不比较艺术才干。因为这样的缺陷而指责智 力测试,就如同因为不能测量风速而指责温度计一样。
19.There is no question that reading is a desirable and often enjoyable skill to possess. In 2025, tens of millions of Americans continue to enjoy books and magazines as recreational pursuits, and this happy habit will undoubtedly remain part of the landscape for generations to come. But just as every citizen is not forcibly trained to enjoy classical music, neither should they be coerced into believing that reading is necessarily pleasurable. For the majority of students, reading and writing are difficult enterprises with limited payoffs in the modern world.
毫无疑问,人们都想拥有阅读能力,这常常使人感到愉悦。到 2025年,上千万的美国人仍将阅读书籍和杂 志作为娱乐追求,而这种令人开心的习惯将毋庸置疑地在后人心中占有一席之地。然而,正如并非每个公民 都被强制接受欣赏古典音乐的训练一样,也不该强迫他们相信阅读肯定会带来享受。对于大多数学生来说, 阅读和写作在现代世界里是回报有限但难度很大的事业。
20. I‘ll never forget Easter 1946. I was fourteen, my little sister, Ocy, was twelve and my older sister, Darlene, was sixteen. We lived at home with our mother, and the four of us knew what it was to do without many things. My dad had died five years before, leaving Mom with no money and seven school-aged kids to raise.
我永远忘不了 1946年的复活节。那一年我 14岁,妹妹奥丝 12岁,姐姐达琳 16岁。我们和母亲住在一起, 我们四个人都知道该如何在所得很少的情况下过日子。我的父亲在 5年前去世了,没给母亲留下一分钱,只 给她留下了 7个正在上学的孩子。
21.At church we had a missionary speaker. He talked about how churches in Africa made buildings out of sun-dried bricks, but they needed money to buy roofs. He said one hundred dollars would put a roof on a church. The minister added, ―Can‘t we all sacrifice to help these poor people?‖ We looked at each other and smiled for the first time in a week.
那天, 教堂中有一位传教士。 他谈到非洲的教堂是如何用被风干的砖块砌成, 但是他们仍需要买屋顶材料的 钱。他说建一座教堂,屋顶需要花费 100美元。传教士补充道:“ 难道我们不能做出一点牺牲来帮助那些贫穷 的人吗? ” 我们彼此看了看,脸上均露出了一星期以来的第一次微笑。
22.First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the
23.How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions. In fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal message.
你的一举一动都会大大影响你给面试者的第一印象。在有关人际交流的一项意义重大的研究中心理学家发 现,关于情感和态度的信息有 7%来自我们的语言文字,有 38%来自我们的语音,而惊人的是,竟有 55%来 自我们的面部表情。事实上,如果面部表情或说话语调与我们所说的话发生矛盾时,听者通常会更加看重那 些非语言信息。
24.T o make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm handshake. If the interviewer doesn't initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. Whenever you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from it. That way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is
somewhat less confrontational. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you're not directly in front of your interviewer.
为了使第一次面试成功,一开始的握手要坚定有力。如果面试者没有主动伸出手来,你就主动先把手伸 出来。要是可以选择座位的话,要坐在面试者桌子的侧面,而不要坐在正对面。这样坐法你们中间就没有障 碍了,而且在一定程度上起到减少对立的作用。如果你只能坐在桌子对面,那么坐的时候把椅子稍微挪一下 或者把身体坐的角度偏一点,这样你就不是正对着面试者了。
25.Monitor your body language to make sure you don't seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to please. Keep a Poker face in business situations. Inappropriate smiling is the most common example of a nonverbal behavior that undercuts verbal messages -- making you appear weak and unassertive. Good eye contact is also important. One study found that job applicants who make more eye contact are perceived as more alert, dependable, confident and responsible.
要注意你的形体语言,千万不要表现得对这份工作迫不及待,也不要表现得急于讨好别人。要保持一种办理 公事时一本正经的神态。非语言行为可削弱语言信息的力量,从而使你显得优柔寡断缺乏自信,而不合时宜 的微笑就是一个最为常见的例子。良好的目光交流也非常重要。有一项研究发现,多用目光进行交流的求职 者可给人以更为机警、可靠、自信、负责的印象。
范文三:财务专业翻译
计参照期间 Accounting equation 会计等式
Articulation 勾稽关系 A (16)accrual concept 应计概念
Assets 资产 A (17)accrual expenses 应计费用
Business entity 企业个体 A (18)acid test ratio 速动比率(酸性测
Capital stock 股本 试比率)
Corporation 公司 A (19)acquisition 收购
Cost principle 成本原则 A (20)acquisition accounting 收购会计
Creditor 债权人 A (21)adjusting events 调整事项 过急会计术语英汉对照 Deflation 通货紧缩 A (22)administrative expenses 行政管
理费 Accounting system 会计系统 Disclosure 批露
American Accounting Association 美国会计Expenses 费用 A (23)amortization 摊销 协会 Financial statement 财务报表 A (24)analytical review 分析性复核 American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计Financial activities 筹资活动 A (25)annual equivalent cost 年度等量师协会 成本法 Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设
Audit 审计 Inflation 通货膨涨 A (26)annual report and accounts 年度
报告和报表 Balance sheet 资产负债表 Investing activities 投资活动
Bookkeepking 簿记 Liabilities 负债 A (27)appraisal cost 检验成本 Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测 Negative cash flow 负现金流量 A (28)appropriation account 盈余分配
账户 Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证Operating activities 经营活动
书 Owner's equity 所有者权益 A (29)articles of association 公司章程
细则 Certificate in Management Accounting 管理Partnership 合伙企业
会计证书 Positive cash flow 正现金流量 A (30)assets 资产 Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师 Retained earning 留存利润 A (31)assets cover 资产担保 Cost accounting 成本会计 Revenue 收入 A (32)asset value per share 每股资产
价值 External users 外部使用者 Sole proprietorship 独资企业
Financial accounting 财务会计 Solvency 清偿能力 A (33)associated company 联营公司 Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务Stable-dollar assumption 稳定货币假设 A (34)attainable standard 可达标准 会计准则委员会 Stockholders 股东 A (35)attributable profit 可归属利润 Financial forecast 财务预测 Stockholders' equity 股东权益 A (36)audit 审计 Generally accepted accounting principles 公Window dressing 门面粉饰 A (37)audit report 审计报告 认会计原则 Account 帐户 A (38)auditing standards 审计准则 General-purpose information 通用目的信息 A (39)authorized share capital 额定股
本 Government Accounting Office 政府会计办基本词汇 公室 A (40)available hours 可用小时 Income statement 损益表 A (1)account 账户,报表 A (41)avoidable costs 可避免成本
A (2)accounting postulate 会计假设 B (42)back-to-back loan 易币贷款 Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协
会 A (3)accounting valuation 会计计价 B (43)backflush accounting 倒退成本
计算 Institute of Management Accountants 管理 A (4)accountability concept 经营责任
会计师协会 概念 B (44)bad debts 坏帐 Integrity 整合性 A (5)accountancy 会计职业 B (45)bad debts ratio 坏帐比率 Internal auditing 内部审计 A (6)accountant 会计师 B (46)bank charges 银行手续费 Internal control structure 内部控制结构 A (7)accounting 会计 B (47)bank overdraft 银行透支
A (8)agency cost 代理成本 B (48)bank reconciliation 银行存款调Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署
节表 A (9)accounting bases 会计基础 Internal users 内部使用者
Management accounting 管理会计 A (10)accounting manual 会计手册 B (49)bank statement 银行对账单 Return of investment 投资回报 A (11)accounting period 会计期间 B (50)bankruptcy 破产
A (12)accounting policies 会计方针 B (51)basis of apportionment 分摊基Return on investment 投资报酬
础 A (13)accounting rate of return 会计报Securities and Exchange Commission 证券
交易委员会 酬率 B (52)batch 批量 Statement of cash flow 现金流量表 A (14)accounting reference date 会计 B (53)batch costing 分批成本计算
参照日 Statement of financial position 财务状况表 B (54)beta factor B (市场)风险因素B Tax accounting 税务会计 A (15)accounting reference period 会 B (55)bill 账单
B (56)bill of exchange 汇票 C (98)cash 现金 C (140)conversion cost 加工成本
B (57)bill of lading 提单 C (99)cash account 现金账户 C (141)convertible loan stock 可转换
为股票的贷款 B (58)bill of materials 用料预计单 C (100)cash book 现金账薄
B (59)bill payable 应付票据 C (101)cash cow 金牛产品 C (142)corporate appraisal 公司评估
B (60)bill receivable 应收票据 C (102)cash flow 现金流量 C (143)corporate planning 公司计划
B (61)bin card 存货记录卡 C (103)cash flow budget 现金流量预 C (144)corporate social reporting 公司
算 社会报告 B (62)bonus 红利
B (63)book-keeping 薄记 C (104)cash flow statement 现金流量 C (145)cost 成本
表 B (64)Boston classification 波士顿分 C (146)cost account 成本账户 类 C (105)cash ledger 现金分类账 C (147)cost accounting 成本会计
B (65)breakeven chart 保本图 C (106)cash limit 现金限额 C (148)cost accounting manual 成本手
册 B (66)breakeven point 保本点 C (107)CCA 现时成本会计
B (67)breaking-down time 复位时间 C (108)center 中心 C (149)cost adjustment 成本调整
B (68)budget 预算 C (109)changeover time 变更时间 C (150)cost allocation 成本分配
B (69)budget center 预算中心 C (110)chartered entity 特许经济个体 C (151)cost apportionment 成本分摊
B (70)budget cost allowance 预算成本 C (111)cheque 支票 C (152)cost attribution 成本归属 折让 C (112)cheque register 支票登记薄 C (153)cost audit 成本审计
B (71)budget manual 预算手册 C (113)classification 分类 C (154)cost benefit analysis 成本效益
分析 B (72)budget period 预算期间 C (114)clock card 工时卡
B (73)budgetary control 预算控制 C (115)code 代码 C (155)cost center 成本中心
B (74)budgeted capacity 预算生产能 C (116)commitment accounting 承诺 C (156)cost driver 成本动因 力 确认会计 C (157)cost of capital 资本成本
B (75)business center 经营中心 C (117)common cost 共同成本 C (158)cost of goods sold 销货成本
B (76)business entity 营业个体 C (118)company limited by guarantee C (159)cost of non-conformance 非相
有限担保责任公司 符成本 B (77)business unit 经营单位
B (78)by-product 副产品 C (119)company limited by shares 股 C (160)cost of sales 销售成本
份有限公司 C (79)called-up share capital 催缴股本 C (161)cost reduction 成本降低
C (80)capacity 生产能力 C (120)competitive position 竞争能力 C (162)cost structure 成本结构
状况 C (81)capacity ratios 生产能力比率 C (163)cost unit 成本单位
C (82)capital 资本 C (121)concept 概念 C (164)cost-volume-profit
C (83)capital assets pricing model 资本 C (122)conglomerate 跨行业企业 analysis(CVP) 本量利分析 资产计价模式 C (123)consistency concept 一致性概 C (165)costing 成本计算
念 C (84)capital commitment 承诺资本 C (166)credit note 贷项通知
C (85)capital employed 已运用的资本 C (124)consolidated accounts 合并报 C (167)credit report 信贷报告书
表 C (86)capital expenditure 资本支出 C (168)creditor 债权人
C (87)capital expenditure authorization C (125)consolidation accounting 合并 C (169)creditor days ratio 应付账款天资本支出核准 会计 数率
C (88)capital expenditure control 资本 C (126)consortium 财团 C (170)creditors ledger 应付账款分类支出控制 账 C (127)contingency plan 应急计划
C (89)capital expenditure proposal 资 C (128)contingent liabilities 或有负债 C (171)critical event 关键事项 本支出申请 C (129)continuous operation 连续生产 C (172)critical path 关键路线
C (90)capital funding planning 资本基 C (130)contra 抵消 C (173)cumulative preference shares
金筹集计划 累积优先股 C (131)contract cost 合同成本
C (91)capital gain 资本收益 C (132)contract costing 合同成本计算 C (174)current asset 流动资产
C (92)capital investment appraisal 资 C (133)contribution centre 贡献中心 C (175)current cost accounting 现时成本投资评估 本会计 C (134)contribution chart 贡献图
C (93)capital maintenance 资本保全 C (135)control 控制 C (176)current liabilities 流动负债
C (94)capital resource planning 资本资 C (136)control account 控制账户 C (177)current purchasing power
源计划 C (137)control limits 控制限度 accounting 现时购买力会计
C (95)capital surplus 资本盈余 C (138)controllability concept 可控制 C (178)current ratio 流动比率
概念 C (96)capital turnover 资本周转率 C (179)cut-off 截止
C (97)card 记录卡 C (139)controllable cost 可控制成本 C (180)CVP 本量利分析
C (181)cycle time 周转时间 D (221)double-entry book-keeping 复 F (263)fixed assets register 固定资产
式薄记 登记薄 D (182)debenture 债券
D (183)debit note 借项通知 D (222)doubtful debts 可疑债务 F (264)fixed cost 固定成本
D (184)debit capacity 举债能力 D (223)down time 停工时间 F (265)flexed budget 变动限额预算
D (185)debt ratio 债务比率 D (224)dynamic programming 动态规 F (266)flexible budget 弹性预算
划 D (186)debtor 债务人;应收账款 F (267)float time 浮动时间
D (187)debtor days ratio 应收账款天 E (225)earning per share 每股盈利 F (268)floating charge 流动抵押 数率 E (226)earning ratio 市盈率 F (269)flow of funds statement 资金流
量表 D (188)debtors ledger 应收账款分类 E (227)economic order quantity(EOQ) 账 经济订购批量 F (270)forecasting 预测
D (189)debtor' age analysis 应收账款 E (228)efficient market hypothesis 有 F (271)founder's shares 发起人股份 账龄分析 效市场假设 F (272)full capacity 满负荷生产能力
D (190)decision driven costs 决策连动 E (229)efficiency ration 效率性比率 F (273)function costing 职能成本计算 成本 E (230)element of cost 成本要素 F (274)functional budget 职能预算
D (191)decision tree 决策树 E (231)entity 经济个体 F (275)fund accounting 基金会计
D (192)defects 次品 E (232)environmental audit 环境审计 F (276)fundamental accounting concept
基础会计概念 D (193)deferred expenditure 递延支出 E (233)environmental impact
D (194)deferred shares 递延股份 assessment 环境影响评价 F (277)fungible assets 可互换资产
D (195)deferred taxation 递延税款 E (234)EOQ 经济订购批量 F (278)futuristic planning 远景计划
D (196)delivery note 交货单 E (235)equity 权益 G (279)gap analysis 间距分析
D (197)departmental accounts 部门报 E (236)equity method of accounting 权 G (280)gearing 举债经营比率(杠杆) 表 益法会计计算 G (281)goal congruence 目标一致性
D (198)departmental budget 部门预算 E (237)equity share capital 权益股本 G (282)going concern concept 持续经
营概念 D (199)depreciation 折旧 E (238)equivalent units 当量
D (200)dispatch note 发运单 E (239)event 事项 G (283)goods received note 商品收讫
单 D (201)development cost 开发成本 E (240)exceptional items 例外事项
D (202)differential cost 差别成本 E (241)expected value 期望值 G (284)goodwill 商誉
D (203)direct cost 直接成本 E (242)expenditure 支出 G (285)gross dividend yield 总股息产
出率 D (204)direct debit 直接借项 E (243)expenses 费用
D (205)direct hours yield 直接小时产 E (244)external audit 外部审计 G (286)gross margin 总边际 出率 E (245)external failure cost 外部损失 G (287)gross profit 毛利润
成本 D (206)direct labour cost percentage G (288)gross profit percentage 毛利润
百分比 rate 直接人工成本百分比 E (246)extraordinary items 非常事项
D (207)direct labour hour rate 直接人 F (247)factory goods 让售商品 G (289)group 企业集团 工小时率 F (248)factoring 应收帐款让售 G (290)group accounts 集团报表
D (208)directs on indirect work 间接工 F (249)fair value 公允价值 H (291)high-geared 高结合杠杆(比例) 作事项上的工时 F (250)feedback 反馈 H (292)hire purchase 租购
D (209)discount rate 贴现率 F (251)FIFO 先近先出法 H (293)historical cost 历史成本
D (210)discounted cash flow 现金流量 F (252)final accounts 年终报表 H (294)historical cost accounting 历史贴现 成本会计 F (253)finance lease 融资租赁
D (211)discretionary cost 酌量成本 F (254)financial accounting 财务会计 H (295)hours 小时
D (212)distribution cost 摊销成本 F (255)financial accounts calendar H (296)hurdle rate 最低可接受的报酬
率 D (213)diversions 移用 adjustment 财务报表的日历时间调整
D (214)diverted hours 移用小时 F (256)financial management 财务管 I (297)ideal standard 理想标准
理 D (215)diverted hours ratio 移用工时 I (298)idle capacity ration 闲置生产能比率 力比率 F (257)financial planning 财务计划
D (216)dividend 股利 F (258)financial statement 财务报表 I (299)idle time 闲置时间
D (217)dividend cover 股利产出率 F (259)finished goods 完成品 I (300)impersonal accounts 非记名账
户 D (218)dividend per share 每股股利 F (260)fixed asset 固定资产
D (219)dog 疲软产品 F (261)fixed overhead 固定制造费用 I (301)imprest system 定额备用制度
D (220)double entry accounting 复式 F (262)fixed asset turnover 固定资产 I (302)income and expenditure account
会计 周转率 收益和支出报表
I (303)incomplete records 不完善记录 L (346)LIFO 后近先出法 M (385)merger accounting 兼并会计
I (304)incremental cost 增量成本 L (347)limited liability company 有限 M (386)minority interest 少数股权
责任公司 I (305)incremental yield 增量产出率 M (387)mixed cost 混合成本
I (306)indirect cost 间接成本 L (348)limiting factor 限制因素 N (388)net assets 净资产
I (307)indirect hours 间接小时 L (349)line-item budget 明细支出预算 N (389)net book value 净账面价值
I (308)insolvency 无力偿付 L (350)liner programming 线性规划 N (390)net liquid funds 净可变现资金
I (309)intangible asset 无形资产 L (351)liquid assets 变现资产 N (391)net margin 净边际
I (310)integrated accounts 综合报表 L (352)liquidation 清算 N (392)net present value(NPV) 净现值
I (311)interdependency concept 关联性 L (353)liquidity ratios 易变现比率 N (393)net profit 净利润 概念 L (354)loan 贷款 N (394)net realizable value 可变现净
值 I (312)interest cover 利息保障倍数 L (355)loan capital 借入资本
I (313)interlocking accounts 连锁报表 L (356)long range planning 长期计划 N (395)net worth 资产净值
I (314)internal audit 内部审计 L (357)lost time record 虚耗时间记录 N (396)network analysis 网络分析
I (315)internal check 内部牵制 L (358)low geared 低结合杠杆(比例) N (397)noise 干捞
I (316)internal control system 内部控 L (359)lower of cost or net realizable N (398)nominal account 名义账户 制体系 value concept 成本或可变净价孰低概念 N (399)nominal share capital 名义股本
I (317)internal failure cost 内部损失成 M (360)machine hour rate 机器小时率 N (400)nominal holding 代理持有股份 本 M (361)machine time record 机器时间 N (401)non-adjusting events 非调整事
记录 项 I (318)internal rate of return(IRR) 内含
报酬率 M (362)managed cost 管理成本 N (402)non-financial performance
I (319)inventory 存货 M (363)management accounting 管理measurement 非财务业绩计量
会计 I (320)investment 投资 N (403)non-integrated accounts 非综合
报表 I (321)investment center 投资中心 M (364)management accounting
I (322)invoice register 发票登记薄 concept 管理会计概念 N (404)non-liner programming 非线性
规划 I (323)issued share capital 已发行股本 M (365)management accounting guides
管理会计指导方针 J (324)job 定单 N (405)non-voting shares 无表决权的
股份 J (325)job card 工作卡 M (366)management audit 管理审计
J (326)job costing 工作成本计算 N (406)notional cost 名义成本 M (367)management buy-out 管理性
购买产权 J (327)job sheet 工作单 N (407)number of days stock 存货周转
天数 J (328)joint cost 联合成本 M (368)management by exception 例
外管理原则 J (329)joint products 联产品 N (408)number of weeks stock 存货周
转周数 J (330)joint stock company 股份公司 M (369)margin 边际
J (331)joint venture 合资经营 M (370)margin of safety ration 安全边 O (409)objective classification 客体分
际比率 类 J (332)journal 日记账
J (333)just-in-time(JIT) 适时制度 M (371)margin cost 边际成本 O (410)obsolescence 陈旧
J (334)just-in-time production 适时生 M (372)margin costing 边际成本计算 O (411)off balance sheet finance 资产产 负债表外筹资 M (373)mark-down 降低标价
J (335)just-in-time purchasing 适时购 M (374)mark-up 提高标价 O (412)offer for sale 标价出售 买 M (375)market risk premium 市场分险 O (413)operating budget 经营预算
补偿 K (336)key factor 关键因素 O (414)operating lease 经营租赁
L (337)labour 人工 M (376)market share 市场份额 O (415)operating statement 营业报表
L (338)labour transfer note 人工转移 M (377)marketing cost 营销成本 O (416)operation time 操作时间 单 M (378)matching concept 配比概念 O (417)operational control 经营控制
L (339)leaning curve 学习曲线 M (379)materiality concept 重要性概 O (418)operational gearing 经营杠杆
念 L (340)ledger 分类账户 O (419)operating plans 经营计划
L (341)length of order book 定单平均 M (380)materials requisition 领料单 O (420)opportunity cost 机会成本 周期 M (381)materials returned note 退料单 O (421)order 定单
L (342)letter of credit 信用证 M (382)materials transfer note 材料转 O (422)ordinary shares 普通股
移单 L (343)leverage 举债经营比率 O (423)out-of-date cheque 过期支票
L (344)liabilities 负债 M (383)memorandum of association 公 O (424)over capitalization 过分资本化
司设立细则 L (345)life cycle costing 寿命周期成 O (425)overhead 制造费用 本计算 M (384)merger 兼并 O (426)overhead absorption rate 制造
费用分配率 算因素 R (506)redeemable shares 可赎回股份
O (427)overhead cost 制造费用 P (468)prior charge capital 优先股 R (507)redemption 赎回
O (428)overtrading 超过营业资金的 P (469)prior year adjustments 以前年 R (508)registered share capital 注册资经营 度调整 本
P (429)paid cheque 已付支票 P (470)priority base budgeting 优先顺 R (509)rejects 废品
序体制的预算 P (430)paid-up share capital 认定股本 R (510)relevancy concept 相关性概念
P (431)parent company 母公司 P (471)private company 私人公司 R (511)relevant costs 相关成本
P (432)pareto distribution 帕累托分布 P (472)pro-forma invoice 预开发票 R (512)relevant range 相关范围
P (433)participating preference shares P (473)problem child 问号产品 R (513)reliability concept 可靠性概念 参与优先股 P (474)process costing 分步成本计算 R (514)replacement price 重置价格
P (434)partnership 合伙 P (475)process time 加工时间 R (515)report 报表
P (435)payable ledger 应付款项账户 P (476)product cost 产品成本 R (516)reporting 报告
P (436)payback 回收期 P (477)Product life cycle 产品寿命周 R (517)research cost, applied 应用性研
期 究成本 P (437)payments and receipts account
收入和支出报表 P (478)production cost 生产成本 R (518)research cost, pure or basic 理
论或基础研究成本 P (438)payments withheld 保留款额 P (479)production cost of sales 售货成
本 P (439)payroll 工资单 R (519)reserves 留存收益
P (440)payroll analysis 工资分析 P (480)production volume ratio 生产业 R (520)residual income 剩余收益
务量比率 P (441)percentage profit on turnover 利 R (521)responsibility center 责任中心 润对营业额比率 P (481)profit center 利润中心 R (522)retention money 保留款额
P (442)period cost 期间成本 P (482)profit per employee 每员工利 R (523)return on capital employed 运
润 用资本报酬率 P (443)perpetual inventory 永续盘存
P (444)personal account 记名账户 P (483)profit retained for the year 年度 R (524)returns 退回
利润留存 P (445)PEPT 项目评审法 R (525)revenue 收入
P (446)petty cash account 备用金账户 P (484)profit to turnover ratio 利润对 R (526)revenue center 收入中心
营业额比率 P (447)petty cash voucher 备用金凭证 R (527)revenue expenditure 收益支出
P (448)physical inventory 实地盘存 P (485)profit-volume graph 利量图 R (528)revenue investment 收入性投
资 P (449)planning 计划 P (486)profitability index 盈利指数
P (450)planning horizon 计划时限 P (487)programming 规划 R (529)right issue 认股权发行
P (451)planning period 计划期间 P (488)project evaluation and review R (530)rolling budget 滚动预算
P (452)policy cost 政策成本 technique 项目评审法 R (531)rolling forecast 滚动预测
P (453)position audit 状况审计 P (489)projection 预计 S (532)sales ledger 销售分类账
P (454)post balance sheet events 资产 P (490)promissory note 本票 S (533)sales order 销售定单 负债表编后事项 P (491)prospectus 募债说明书 S (534)sales per employee 每员工销售
额 P (455)practical capacity 实际生产能 P (492)provisions for liabilities and 力 charges 偿债和费用准备 S (535)scrap 废料
P (456)pre-acquisition losses 购置前损 P (493)prudent concept 稳健性概念 S (536)scrip issue 红股发行 失 P (494)public company 公开公司 S (537)secured creditors 有担保的债
权人 P (457)pre-acquisition profits 购置前 P (495)purchase order 订购单
利润 P (496)purchase requisition 请购单 S (538)segmental reporting 分部报告
P (458)preference shares 优先股 P (497)purchase ledger 采购账户 S (539)selling cost 销售成本
P (459)preference creditors 优先债权 Q (498)quality related costs 质量有关 S (540)semi-fixed cost 半固定成本 人 成本 S (541)semi-variable cost 半变动成本
P (460)preferred creditors 优先债权人 Q (499)queuing time 排队时间 S (542)sensitivity analysis 敏感性分析
P (461)prepayments 预付款项 R (500)rate 率 S (543)service cost center 服务成本中
心 P (462)present value 现值 R (501)ratio 比率
P (463)prevention cost 预防成本 R (502)ration pyramid 比率金字塔 S (544)service costing 服务成本计算
P (464)price ratio 市盈率 R (503)raw material 原材料 S (545)set-up time 安装时间
P (465)prime cost 主要成本 R (504)receipts and payments account S (546)shadow prices 影子价格
收入和支付报表 P (466)prime entry-books of 原始分录 S (547)share 股票 登记薄 R (505)receivable ledger 应收款项账 S (548)share capital 股份资本
户 P (467)principal budget factor 主要预 S (549)share option scheme 购股权证
方案 S (575)sunk cost 沉没成本 T (601)turnover 营业额
S (550)share premium 股票溢价 S (576)supply estimate 预算估计 U (602)uncalled share capital 未催缴
股本 S (551)sight draft 即期汇票 S (577)supply expenditure 预算支出
S (552)single-entry book-keeping 单式 S (578)suspense account 暂记账户 U (603)under capitalization 不足资本薄记 化 S (579)SWOT analysis 长处和短处,机
会和威胁分析 S (553)sinking fund 偿债基金 U (604)under or over-absorbed
S (554)slack time 松弛时间 S (580)system 制度,体系 overhead 少吸收或多吸收的制造费用
S (555)social responsibility cost 社会 T (581)tactical planning 策略计划 U (605)uniform accounting 统一会计 责任成本 T (582)tactics 策略 U (606)uniform costing 统一成本计算
S (556)sole trader 独资经营者 T (583)take-over 接收 U (607)unissued share capital 未发行
股本 S (557)source and application of funds T (584)tangible asset 有形资产
statement 资金来源和运用表 T (585)tangible fixed asset statement V (608)value 价值
有形固定资产表 S (558)special order costing 特殊定单 V (609)value added 增值
成本计算 T (586)target cost 目标成本 V (610)value analysis 价值分析
S (559)staff costs 职工成本 T (587)terotechnology 设备综合工程 V (611)value for money audit 经济效
学 益审计 S (560)statement of account 营业账单
S (561)statement of affairs 财务状况表 T (588)throughput accounting 生产量 V (612)vote 表决
会计 S (562)statutory body 法定实体 V (613)voucher 凭证
S (563)stock 存货 T (589)time 时间 W (614)waiting time 等候时间
S (564)stock control 存货控制 T (590)time sheet 时间记录表 W (615)waste 废品(料)
S (565)stock turnover 存货周转率 T (591)total assets 总资产 W (616)wasting asset 递耗资产
S (566)stocktaking 盘点存货 T (592)total quality management 全面 W (617)weighted average cost of capital
质量管理 资本的加权平均成本 S (567)stores requisition 领料申请单
S (568)strategic business unit 战略性 T (593)total stocks 存货总计 W (618)weighted average price 加权平经营单位 均价格 T (594)trade creditors 购货客户(应付
S (569)strategic management 账款) W (619)with resource 有追索权
accounting 战略管理会计 T (595)trade debtors 销货客户(应收账 W (620)without recourse 无追索权
S (570)strategic planning 战略计划 款) W (621)working capital 营运资本
S (571)strategy 战略 T (596)trading profit and loss account W (622)write-down 减值
营业损益表 S (572)subjective classification 主体分 Z (623)zero base budgeting 零基预算 类 T (597)transfer price 转让价格 Z (624)zero coupon bond 无息债券
S (573)subscribed share capital 已认购 T (598)transit time 中转时间 Z (625)Z score 破产预测计分法
的股本 T (599)treasurership 财务长制度
S (574)subsidiary undertaking 子公司 T (600)trail balance 试算平衡表
计划经济 planned economy
国民经济、对外经济贸易 NATIONAL ECONOMY, FOREIGN 统购统销 state monopoly over purchase and marketing ECONOMIC RELATIONS AND TRADE 市场经济 market economy
指令性计划 mandatory plan 经济指标 economic indicators
指导性计划 guidance plan 社会总产值 total product of society
国民生产总值 GNP (Gross Domestic Product) 市场调节 market regulation
国内生产总值 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 建立市场经济、法制、民主监督和廉政"三个机制" establish
人均国内生产总值 GDP per capita operational mechanisms of market economy, rule by law, democratic
工农业总产值 gross output value of industry and agriculture supervision and incorruptible government
国民收入 national income 抓好农业、交通能源、教育科技"三个基础" stress priorities over
购买力平价法 purchasing power parity agriculture, transportation and energy supply, education and science and
technology 财政收入 state revenue
实现产业结构、生态环境和人口素质"三个优化" optimize 社会商品零售总额 total volume of retail sales
社会零售物价总指数 general retail price index industrial structure, ecological environment and the quality of population
百分点 percentage points 第一、二、三产业 primary, secondary and tertiary industries
"八五"划划 the 8th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and 外向型经济 export-oriented economy Social Development 创汇型企业 foreign exchange-earning enterprise
劳动密集型 labor intensive
技术、智力、资本密集型 technology, knowledge or capital intensive
高附加值的深加工 down-stream processing with high added-value
优化资源配置 optimize allocation of resources
生产力 productive forces
生产资料 capital goods
科研成果产业化 industrialization of research findings
火炬计划 Torch Plan
技术入股 technology appraised as capital stock
风险投资 venture investment/capital
固定资产投资 investment in fixed assets
折旧费 depreciation cost
关系民生的产品 products vital to the people's livelihood
供大于求 oversupply
供不应求 short supply
经济过热 overheated economy
抑制炒房地产热 stem frenzied and speculative trading in the property market
宏观调控 macro-economic control
经济杠杆 economic levers
产业政策 industrial policy
财政, 税收, 信贷,利率, 汇率 public financing, taxation, credit, interest rate, exchange rate
提高经济效益 enhance economic performance/returns
社会效益 social effect/returns
实现持续、稳定、协调的发展 bring about sustained, stable and coordinated development
赏,不需要的朋
1、成功的人,就是那种能用别
友可以下载后编人扔向他的石头来铺设路基的人。
辑删除~~谢谢~~ 2、批评你的人是你今天的敌
人,明天的朋友;吹捧你的人是你
今天的朋友,明天的敌人。
3、Nothing is impossible、只
要选择了目标,不要再想太远,每 天脚踏实地,风雨兼程。生命不息,
战斗不止。
4、你和你的朋友会一起在将来
打造一个可能很辉煌的事业。很好
听是吗,记住,你们都要努力。 5、后悔是一种耗费精神的情
绪,后悔是比损失更大的损失,比
下面是赠送的励错误更大的错误,所以不要后悔。 不想穷,就好好 6、别怕丢人,追求丢人是一种
志文档需要的朋成功的尝试,至于为此笑话你的人,读懂这些话~一
你可以把他们从你将来人生对手的
友可以好好欣名单中排除了,你也要为每一位上言惊醒梦中人~
台唱歌的人鼓掌。
7、人生在世,需要不断地为心 20、放假的时候,要么留在家更大的错误、所以不要后悔。 灵除尘,自省、自责、自悟、自里多陪陪父母,帮他们做点事,远 32、你的确要学的有心计,但重……。 走高飞的你能像以前天天守在他们是记住,永远记住,在社会上要胜
8、永远不要对可能是坏事的事身旁的时间已不多;要么多去社会利的唯一的方法永远只是一个,那好奇,否则可能要了你的命。永远中体验生活,因为你不但要懂得生就是实力,永远不用怀疑。 不要在痛苦的时候做决定,否则你活,还要学会如何去生活。 34、人生百态,不要对新的看以后一定会后悔。 21、心烦意乱或者无聊闲着的不惯的东西生气,无所谓的。
9、别为你自己和别人下定论,时候,多到图书馆去泡泡,书中有 35、我们确实活得艰难,一要你所看到听到的可能只是一面。 现实中难得的纯明和清静;多看些承受种种外部的压力,更要面对自
10、如果周围有人嫉妒你,那书,生活会渐渐少一些迷茫,多一己内心的困惑。在苦苦挣扎中,如么你可以把他从你的竞争者之列排些追求。 果有人向你投以理解的目光,你会除了。 22、一个人如果心中时刻能够感到一种生命的暖意,或许仅有短
11、很多事情别人通知你了,想着别人,别人也一定会时刻想着暂的一瞥,就足以使我感奋不已,要说谢谢,没有通知你,不要责怪,你。多替别人着想,就等于给自己所以我们要学会感激。 因为那些事你其实应该自己弄清铺设一条道路。你付出的越多,你 36、冷静,有大事时,能安静楚。 得到的也会越多,这就叫做感情投并能快速想出办法的人,很厉害。
12、一个人最大的痛苦,莫过资或感情积累。 37、社会充满竞争,赢得竞争于被圈在自己设定的圈子里出不 23、你可输给任何人,但不能靠的是自己的实力。 来。就像一只蚕,丝吐的越多,对输给自己。 38、一种对工作和学习的冲击自己捆绑得越紧,直到最后完全把 24、经常给家里打个电话,即力及持久力会让你有特殊的魅力和自己包上,想出也出不来。 使嘴上都说不想对方,其实内心早个人实力。
13、善良是一种智慧,是一种已情动于中;有了女(男)朋友, 39、父母给我们生命,生活给远见,一种自信,一种精神力量,也不能忘了爹和娘。 我们智慧。智慧产生于社会实践,是一种文化,一种快乐。 25、多笑笑,会慢慢让自己真这是千真万确的真理。因此,不仅
的快乐起来。 要珍惜生命,珍视生活,更要重视
14、一个人的脚步再大,也永 26、好好利用公开场合锻炼、社会实践。不经历风雨就无法见到远无法丈量完脚下的道路。人生有展示自我,哪怕只是一次课堂上的彩虹,没有实践就无法得到智慧。 限,道路无限,要想在有限的生命发言,别怕尴尬,更别怕丢人,也 40、积水成渊,积土成山。不中多走一程,就时刻别停下脚步,不要笑话在公众面前丢脸的人。 积跬步无以致千里,做事万不可心别浪费分秒时间。 27、小的眼睛里没有君子,君急,必须从一点一滴做起,必须从
15、遇到再大困难的时候,不子的眼睛却可以识破小人。 每一件小事做起。现在的人常是小要惊慌,千万要学会冷静;不要去 28、屈原说:“路漫漫其修远兮,事不做,大事做不来,到头来空活想着求别人,以前有家人帮你,现吾将上下而求索。”这种精神可贵,一场,空耗一生。 在需要你一个人面对挑战,从绝望但在现实之中却很少有人能这样执 41、水涨船高,勿怕他人强于中寻找希望,人生终将辉煌。 着了。如果有人能够做到,他一定己。水落石出,别羡乌云压枝低。
16、学会说谢谢,但谢谢并不会是最成功的人。 42、你可以选择坚持,也可以是随便敷衍,是对别人帮助的肯定 29、永远别渴望做个任何人都选择放弃。没有对错。我是说对爱和回报;更要学会说对不起,但对不得罪的人,有人反对有人支持然情来说,但是重要的是坚持你的选不起不是借口,是对自己过错的弥后自己做出决定是精彩的人生。 择。
补和内疚。 30、一个生命完结,另一个生 43、如果老是去琢磨哪些人你
17、处事不必求功,无过便是命诞生,世界就是在这种循环中得讨厌,哪些人与你志趣相投,那么功;为人不必感德,无怨便是德。 到永恒。用不着为死去的过于悲哀,你就大错了,要想着如何让别人接
18、有时你的快乐是你的微笑也用不着为新生的过分高兴。生命纳你,而不是你能接受什么样的之源,但是有时候你的微笑却可能都是一种相同的过程,关键在于能人。
是你的快乐之源。 否使它辉煌。如果一个人能活得无 44、对陌生人,或者把对方当
19、不论男人还是女人,如果愧无悔,坦坦荡荡,虽未轰轰烈烈,做一张白纸,或者把对方当你的朋还把容貌当作重要的东西而过分重但这仍可算作是伟大的一生。 友,总之别当做敌人,即使你听到视的话,可能不会吃亏,但是早晚31、后悔是一种耗费精神的情绪、再多的关于他(她)的不好的传闻。 会吃亏、可能,很可能。 后悔是比损失更大的损失,比错误 45、爱你的人,不管你接不接
受,你都应该感谢对方,这是对他而这个过程无论多么复杂,最终结 孤独人生里,无尽天涯路,始们的尊重。 局都是一样的。生活注重的是过程,终不放弃自己的努力,自己的路走
46、坚持在背后说别人好话,而不是结局。 成了自己,这或许也是值得自己自别担心这好话传不到当事人耳朵 59、奋斗人生的诀窍就是经营豪的吗?或许也不敢这样说,因为现里,有人在你面前说某人坏话时,自己的长处。经营自己的长处能给实是残酷的,生存是艰难的,我们你只微笑。 你的人生增值。经营自己的短处必身上的力量也是有限的,不会无止 47、抽时间出来锻炼身体。 然使你的人生贬值。
境的挥洒下去,总有油灯熬过的一 48、不管现在你对未来多困惑,
天。唯一能告慰自己的就是没有放多迷茫,都不要忘了树立一个目标。 弃自己,一直以来坚守了自己,哪一个人过去或现在的情况并不重 怕是一个晦暗的失败的自己。 要,将来想要获得什么成就才最重 要。除非你对未来有理想,否则做 努力可以,但已看不到成功的不出什么大事来。 希望了,内心的欲望也在渐渐变得 49、不要把过去的事全让人知虚无。在平凡的生活中,走完自己道,尊敬不喜欢你的人。 平凡的一生,风雨中,小草也可以 50、成大事的方法多种多样 , 纪念自己,因为你曾经为自己的生别不接受你看不惯的方法。
命不屈歌吟过,你也为自己的人生 51、一切以健康为中心,遇事潇
努力拼搏过,在你的身上留有伤痛自己的路自己走 洒一点,看世事糊涂一点。
的记忆和烙印,在你的眼神里有沉 52、气不鼓不能前进,气太足
郁和悲伤,在你的心志里还有不屈可能爆胎。 53、三个忘记:忘记年龄,忘的火种,自己的生命随时准备为它 记过去,忘记恩怨。 点燃。精神越孤寂,就越需要支撑, 54、乐观的人看见问题后面的需要理想、热情、力量和信念的支自己的路自己走,谁都无法代替你,机会,悲观的人只看见机会后面的持。 无论别人如何成功你如何失败。即问题,机会是从来不会主动敲响你使是一个失败的自己你也要好好的 别无选择,既然生活这样选择的门,无论你等待多少年。它也只珍重自己的失败,因为这是你人生了你,你也只能成就这样的自己。会如一阵风一样拂面而过,需要你的经验,是你来到这世界上的你全别无退路,只有坚持往前走,哪怕的反应能力和追随速度。朝着一个部的报偿和收获。 是把失败当作一条人生的出路。有目标前进,尽量使用你的潜能,才
华横溢的你会发现机会的存在。风的时候,失败也是一种力量,激发 我们也可以说适合自己的就是
虽然没有颜色,可是拂过之后却是人斗志的力量,你要向上拼搏才有最好的,你之所以这样做之所以这
绿意一片。 希望,才有前途。 样走到今天,一定是有你的理由和 55、很多事情当你再回忆时会 依据。人与人没有可比性关键是要发现其实没什么。所以,不管当时 找到自己。我曾经以为自己已经找你多么生气都告诉自己不必这样,
到了自己却发现寻找的工作还是要你会发现事实真的没啥大不了。 为自己的梦想一直继续下去,活一天就得去寻找 56、人生唯一不会落空的等待
一天。 是注定的死亡,世间唯一保持恒久而奋斗 不变的就是变化。 追求是要追求的哪怕这样的追
57、最难战胜的敌人,是自己; 求显得是很虚弱很无力很无奈,甚
最可怕的敌人,是朋友;最防不胜 至它像是一块遮羞布但是我仍然需防的敌人,是欲望;最迷惑人的敌 要它,因为只有这样才能看见自己人,是感情。 感觉到自己。人生的路曲曲弯弯已年轻人总是会有各种各样的想法, 58、生活是一种经历,也是一
经走成了这样,墓志铭已经提前写青春的誓言总是会挂在嘴边。不管种体验;生活是一种感受,也是一
就。失败已经注定但追求的脚步并是在哪里都能够体现出我们年轻人种积累。生活没有答案,生活不需
的朝气,而大学是一个年轻人最聚没有停下,内心的不屈渐渐已成为要答案。当生活即将不属于你时,
集的地方。这里面发生的事情会更一种信念,成为自己人生的支撑。 你才会发现:生活仅仅是一个过程,
多,而里面的想法会更加的丰富。 自己的方向。
来到大学,我们总是会有太多 或许是老天有眼,或许是虎年的想法,每天都是在匆匆忙忙中度吉祥,这个方向在自己脑海里越来过。看起来是那样的忙碌,可是当越清晰了。
自己静下来的时候,却会发现自己
也不知道在忙一些什么。自己都找 那就是为自己的梦想而奋斗~ 不到自己的方向感。
给自己的人生设立一个目标,
当这个时候来临,就会出现各给自己未来一个明确的希望,给自种各样的形式,来表达自己这个时己的生活一个方向灯。让我们为着期的不一样了。因为是年轻人,所这个方向而努力,不断去超越自己,以一些怪异的想法和生活方式会出提高自己的水平,不让自己有懈怠现。有的人开始成天的打游戏了,的时候。
有的人开始不上课而去买东西了,
有的人开始整各种社团而旷课了。 越来越感觉,年轻人有目标,没有几个人能真正明白自己成天都有理想,有梦想的重要性了。这是做了一些什么,只知道青春保贵,他们前进的动力,这是他们行动的不能浪费,可是却不知道怎么样真方向,这是他们人生奋斗的灯塔。正的珍惜。 唯有这样,我们的青春才能不老不
死不休。
适应社会这个话题,在大学里
被提得很前,大家都在忙着自己去 年轻人,大家都起来吧~为自适应这个社会,忙得都没有时间来己的梦想而奋斗吧~ 思考自己为什么要这样做了。只是
大学里的一阵风,大家就跟上去了。
可是慢慢地大家就会发现,这
个所谓的适应社会,为自己工作打
下基础的口号,其实只不过是一个
空气。大学里的那些设施只不过是
一种摆设,天天就是在那里浪费时
间,真正学到的东西没有。
越来越迷茫的我们,找不到方
向在哪里,没有谁能够真正清楚的
告诉我们应该怎么样做。而我们只
能是天天的在浪费时间,消耗自己
的青春。心里也会很为好受,可是
也没有别的办法。大学里的四年时
间这么长,也只能这样过,才能让
自己有点依靠吧。
面对考试,面对学习,越来越
多的假东西出现了。大家都变得不
再爱学习,不再看书了。成天像一
只苍蝇一样,到处的飞。而没有花
点点的时间来想想,我们的路在何
方,
沉静了一个寒假,在校园里冰
冻了一个假期,一直在苦苦找寻着
范文四:专业翻译网站
先说本人用的最多的
很喜欢它的句子翻译
很好用
下面是网友推荐的
1、词都
特点:会给出很多来自文献的例句。
2、句译
特点:翻译的很好,基本可以在它的翻译中找到合适 你的
有很多例句来自文献
(总有一款合适你的,咔咔)
3、词博
翻译比较杂,可供多种选择。可发音
4、句库
翻译的非常好,基本能找到你所需要的。另可发音, 可提高自己的专业英语听力
最后是虫友推荐的 咔咔
(google 翻译 你们都用的 是 吧 哈哈)
http://dict.cnki.net/(这个口碑也不错,不过偶都木有 用过)
(传说这个比较专业 )
还有林格斯啦 用的人也比较多
饮水思源,觉的好的给几个星星哦!
Beginning
l In this paper, we focus on the need for
l This paper proceeds as follow.
l The structure of the paper is as follows.
l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
l To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
l This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
l This review is followed by an introduction.
l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.
l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
l Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making logic.
l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
l Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time-window
l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
l The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost variance investigation.
l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.
l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model
of human DM system
l In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order-dense.
l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
This Section
l In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is
designed are described.
l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which
are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.
Next Section
l The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
l However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
l The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
l We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
l The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
l This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
l Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
l Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
l Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
l Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
l The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
l Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
l A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
l This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
l This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
l The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
l The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
l The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithms.
l The usefulness of xx is also considered.
l A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
l The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
l A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
l Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
l The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
l Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
l This paper analyses problems in
l This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
l This paper includes an illustration of the ...
l This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
l Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
l The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
l Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
l The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of : xx,xx
l The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
l A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
l Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
l Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
l The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
l The development of ... is explored
l During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions,
l The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
l There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
l A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
l A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
l At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
l Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
l The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
l To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
l The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
l The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx.
l The paper concerns the development of a xx
l The scope of this research lies in
l The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based decision making.
l These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
l The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
l The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
l The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
l The main objective of such a ... system is to
l The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
l In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
l In order to take advantage of their similarity
l more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
l In this trial, the objective is to generate...
l for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
l A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
l For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
l A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods l This illustration points out the need to specify
l The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
l Chapter 2. Literature Review
l A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx l A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
l A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
l There is considerable amount of literature on planning
l However, these studies do not provide much attention to undertainty in xx.
l Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
l Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
l Problem of xx draw recently more and more attention of system analysis.
l Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
l Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
l Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
l The central issue in all these studies is to
l The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
l Applied ... techniques to
l Characterized the ... system as
l Developed an algorithm to
l Developed a system called ... which
l Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
l Emphasized the need to
l Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
l A comprehensive study of the .. has been undertaken
l Much work has been reported recently in these filed
l Proposed
l Presented
l State that
l Point out that the problem of
l Described
l Illustrated
l Indicated
l Has shown / showed
l Address
l Highlights
l A study on ...was done / developed by []
l Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
l The approach taken by [] is
l The system developed by [] consists
l A paper relevant to this research was published by []
l []'s model requires consideration of ..
l []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
l []'s model focuses on...
l Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
l The published information that is relevant to this research...
l This study further shows that
l Their work is based on the principle of
l More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
l Studies have been completed to established
l The ...studies indicated that
l Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
l Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
l Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
l ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
l Two major problems have yet to be addressed
l An unanswered question
l This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
l An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
l Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
l The three prime issues can be summarized:
l The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
l There have been many attempts to
l It is expected to be serious barrier to
l It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex problem.
l There are several ways to get around this problem.
l As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new.
l The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation.
l A xx problem can trace its roots to xx.
l xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem.
范文五:石油专业翻译
高分求石油行业专业翻译!!
悬赏分:200 - 解决时间:2006-10-21 12:35
技术性能特点:
石油开采面临由蒸汽吞吐向新的开采方式(SAGD ,蒸汽驱)转换的巨大挑战,新的动态测试方式是必然需要。油井光纤温度压力测试系统弥补了目前测试设备方面的不足,其具有以下特点:
◆ 适用于多种温度压力测试工艺
如环空测试工艺,套管外固定测试工艺,随油管捆绑测试工艺等。在测试过程中对正常生产没有影响。
◆ 可以测试水平井的温度剖面和压力
与其他测试工艺相比较,从测试工艺、数据的直读性 、系统的可靠性、测试成本等方面具有优越性。
◆ 可长期放置井内实时动态监测
可配合分布光纤温度系统,测得温度分布。
◆ 耐高温高压
由于镜匣放置的是全光纤传感器,没有电子元件,数据解调由地面设备完成,光纤光缆的耐高温性能保 证了系统在高温高压的环境下能持续稳定的工作。
◆ 漂移问题
将F-P 腔温度传感器与分布温度结合,解决了分布温度在井内无法标定的条件下的漂移问题。
◆ 波长解调
由于数据解调采用波长解调方式,避免了外界环境对系统的干扰,系统工作稳定可靠。 主要应用领域:
◆蒸汽吞吐井和温度压力观测井的应用
监测注汽、焖井、放喷和采油过程中的连续温度压力剖面。 通过动态监测确定了解油藏状况,为合理设计 注汽、开采和焖井参数提供科学依据。 监测井间汽窜和水侵等井况的发生。 ◆用于蒸汽驱区块的开发
通过测试的温度压力数据可以分析蒸汽驱块的蒸汽腔的形成,蒸汽腔空间和时间分布。为认识蒸汽推进速度、推进方向、能量和液体携带等提供科学依据。 通过连续采集各类单井的温度压力数据,分析单井动态特征的变化规律,流温流压变化特征,计算产液带热和井间热能交换关系。 建立温度和压力场的特征模式,可以对生产中的可能造成异常温度压力变化的原因进行判断,比如汽窜的发生、注汽和生产参数的设计合理性问题等。最终目的是实现蒸汽驱的可控开采。
◆水平井以及SAGD 的应用
通过监测数据可以得到整个井段的温度压力分布,确定吸汽、产液、连通情况。 了解生产井段的温度压力均匀程度、SAGD 井间驱动程度,为确定注汽参数、生产能力、焖井时间等提供重要依据。
问题补充:本人凭五级经理身份郑重承诺:一经采纳为最佳答案,即刻再追加200分!谢绝机译!!!!
提问者: snakeryh - 经理 五级
最佳答案
技术性能特点:
Specification:
石油开采面临由蒸汽吞吐向新的开采方式(SAGD ,蒸汽驱)转换的巨大挑战,新的动态测
试方式是必然需要。油井光纤温度压力测试系统弥补了目前测试设备方面的不足,其具有以下特点:
Oil exploitation mining method is facing a great challenge: changing from Steam Air Gorge and Disgorge (SAGD) to a new method, it is a inevitable need for the new dynamic test. Well fiber temperature and pressure testing system to make up for the inadequacy of the current test equipment, it has following features:
◆ 适用于多种温度压力测试工艺
◆ Applied to a variety of temperature and pressure testing
如环空测试工艺,套管外固定测试工艺,随油管捆绑测试工艺等。在测试过程中对正常生产没有影响。
Such as Annulus Testing, casing outer set testing, With tubing bundle testing, etc.. Not affect normal production in the course of testing.
◆ 可以测试水平井的温度剖面和压力
◆ To test the temperature and pressure of horizontal well
与其他测试工艺相比较,从测试工艺、数据的直读性 、系统的可靠性、测试成本等方面具有优越性。
In comparison with other test technologies, it has advantages in testing process, direct reading data, the reliability of the system and the cost of testing.
◆ 可长期放置井内实时动态监测
◆ Could be placed for long time for real-time monitoring
可配合分布光纤温度系统,测得温度分布。
With distributing optical temperature system can measure temperature distribution.
◆ 耐高温高压
◆ Resistance of high temperature and high pressure
由于镜匣放置的是全光纤传感器,没有电子元件,数据解调由地面设备完成,光纤光缆的耐高温性能保 证了系统在高温高压的环境下能持续稳定的工作。
Due to only optical fiber sensor is placed in the lens sets(镜匣, 我还真不知道是个什么玩意) without electronic components and ground-based equipment complete all data demodulating work. High-temperature resistance of fiber optic cable ensured system could work sustained and steady in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment.
◆ 漂移问题
◆ Drift problem
将F-P 腔温度传感器与分布温度结合,解决了分布温度在井内无法标定的条件下的漂移问题。
The drift problem come with distribution temperature in the well couldn’t be determined is solved by combining F-P cavity temperature sensor with the distribution temperature
◆ 波长解调
◆ Wavelength demodulation
由于数据解调采用波长解调方式,避免了外界环境对系统的干扰,系统工作稳定可靠。 The system could be stable and reliable by data demodulation using wavelength demodulation and avoid the interference from the outside environment, the system is stable and reliable.
主要应用领域:
Main application area:
◆蒸汽吞吐井和温度压力观测井的应用
Application of steam-stimulated well and temperature and pressure observation well
监测注汽、焖井、放喷和采油过程中的连续温度压力剖面。 通过动态监测确定了解油藏状况,为合理设计 注汽、开采和焖井参数提供科学依据。 监测井间汽窜和水侵等井况的发生。 Monitoring the continuous temperature and pressure profiles during steam injection, soaking, discharge and the production process.
Through dynamic monitoring the reservoir status is determined, which is providing scientific basis for the rational design, steam injection, extraction and soaking parameters.
◆用于蒸汽驱区块的开发
For the exploitation of steam driven blocks
通过测试的温度压力数据可以分析蒸汽驱块的蒸汽腔的形成,蒸汽腔空间和时间分布。为认识蒸汽推进速度、推进方向、能量和液体携带等提供科学依据。 通过连续采集各类单井的温度压力数据,分析单井动态特征的变化规律,流温流压变化特征,计算产液带热和井间热能交换关系。 建立温度和压力场的特征模式,可以对生产中的可能造成异常温度压力变化的原因进行判断,比如汽窜的发生、注汽和生产参数的设计合理性问题等。最终目的是实现蒸汽驱的可控开采。
By test the parameters of temperature and pressure, we could analyze the formation of steam cavity in the steam driven blocks, Steam cavity distribution in space and time.
To promote awareness of steam speed, the direction , energy and bring liquid to provide a scientific basis
◆水平井以及SAGD 的应用
通过监测数据可以得到整个井段的温度压力分布,确定吸汽、产液、连通情况。 了解生产井段的温度压力均匀程度、SAGD 井间驱动程度,为确定注汽参数、生产能力、焖井时间等提供重要依据。
steam driven blocks 蒸汽驱区块
F-P 腔 F-P cavity
下班了,有时间再继续了
参考资料:水平有限,错误难免。如有错误,责任不负。手译声明:本文系手工翻译。