WTO (World? Trade? Organ?izati?on) 世贸组织
U.S.S.R. (Union? of Sovie?t Socia?list Repub?lics) 苏维埃社会?主义共和国?联盟(1991年?解体) SITC (Stand?ard Inter?natio?nal Trade? Class?ifica?tion) 联合国国际?贸易标准分?类 IMF (Inter?natio?nal Monet?ary Fund) 国际货币基?金组织
FDI (Forei?gn Direc?t inves?tment?) 对外直接投?资
EU (Europ?ean Union?) 欧盟
ASEAN? (Assoc?iatio?n of South?-East Asian? Natio?ns) 东南亚国家?联盟 GDP (gross? domes?tic produ?ct) 国内生产总?值
Abbre?viati?ons
1. GSP (Gener?al Syste?m of Prefe?rence?) 普遍优惠制?
2. ACP (Afric?a, Carib?bean and the Pacif?ic) 非洲,加勒比海和?太平洋 3. EU (Europ?ean Union?) 欧盟
4. LDC (Less devel?oped count?ry) 欠发达国家?
5. OPEC(Organ?izati?on of Petro?leum Expor?ting Count?ries)石油输出国?家组织 6. GNP(Gross? Natio?nal Produ?ct)国民生产总?值
7. NAFTA?(North? Ameri?can Free Trade? Agree?ment)北美自由贸?易协定 8. MFN(Most Favor?ed Natio?n)最惠国
9. WTO(World? Trade? Organ?izati?on)世界贸易组?织
10. GATT(Gener?al Agree?ment on Tarif?fs and Trade?)关税暨贸易?总协定 11. SCM Agree?ment (The Agree?ment on Subsi?dies and Count?ervai?ling Measu?res) 《补贴与反补?
贴措施协议?》
12. NGO(Non-Gover?nment?al Organ?izati?on)非政府组织?
13. ADP Agree?ment (Anti-Dumpi?ng Agree?ment) 《反倾销协定?》
14. NV (norma?l value?) 标准值
15. ERP (effec?tive rate of prote?ction?) 有效保护率?
16. NTB (non-tarif?f barri?er) 非关税壁垒?
17. UNCTA?D(Unite?d Natio?ns Confe?rence? on Trade? and Devel?opmen?t)联合国贸易?暨发展会
议?
18. VER (volun?tary expor?t restr?aint) 自愿出口限?制
Abbre?viati?on
1. NAFTA? (the North? Ameri?can Free Trade? Agree?ment) 北美自由贸?易协定 2. EFTA (the Europ?ean Free Trade? Assoc?iatio?n) 欧洲自由贸?易协定 3. EU (Europ?ean Union?) 欧盟
4. OEEC (the Organ?izati?on for Europ?ean Econo?mic Coope?ratio?n) 欧洲经济合?作组织 5. ECSC (the Europ?ean Coal and Steel? Commu?nity) 欧洲煤钢共?同体 6. EURAT?OM (the Europ?ean Atomi?c Energ?y Commu?nity) 欧洲原子能?共同体 7. EC (the Europ?ean Commu?nity) 欧洲共同体?
8. CU (Custo?ms Union?) 关税联盟
9. CAP (Commo?n Agric?ultur?al Polic?y) 共同农业政?策
10. EMU (Econo?mic and Monet?ary Union?) 经济货币联?盟
11. ASEAN? (Assoc?iatio?n of South?east Asian? Natio?ns) 东南亚国家?联盟 12. AFTA (the ASEAN? Free Trade? Area) 东盟自由贸?易区
13. AEC (ASEAN? Econo?mic Commu?nity) 东盟经济共?同体
14. APEC (Asia-Pacif?ic Econo?mic Coope?ratio?n) 亚太经济合?作
15. CEPT (Commo?n Effec?tive Prefe?renti?al Tarif?f) 共同有效关?税 16. SME (Small? and Mediu?m Enter?) prise中小企业?s
17. ACIA (ASEAN? Compr?ehens?ive Inves?tment? Area) 东盟全面投?资区域 18. ASEAN?-SAM (the ASEAN? Singl?e Aviat?ion Marke?t) 东盟单一航?空市场 19. ACFTA? (ASEAN?–China? Free Trade? Area) 中国东盟自?由贸易区
20. ABAC (APEC Busin?ess Advis?ory Counc?il) 亚太经合组?织工商咨询?理事会 21. ECOWA?S (Econo?mic Commu?nity of West Afric?an State?s) 西非国家经?济共同体 22. UEMOA? (West Afric?an Econo?mic and Monet?ary Union?) 西非经济货?币联盟 Abbre?viati?ons
GATT (the Gener?al Agree?ment on Tarif?fs and Trade?) 关税与贸易?总协定 WTO (the World? Trade? Organ?izati?on) 世界贸易组?织
IMF (Inter?natio?nal Monet?ary Fund) 国际货币基?金组织
AMS(aggre?gate measu?remen?t of suppo?rt)(农产品)综合支持量? ATC (the Agree?ment on Texti?les and Cloth?ing) 纺织品和服?装协议 MFA ( the Multi?fibre? Arran?gemen?t ) 多种纤维协?定
TMB(A Texti?les Monit?oring? Body)纺织品监督?机构
TRIPS? (Agree?ment on Trade?-Relat?ed Aspec?ts of Intel?lectu?al Prope?rty Right?s) 与贸易有关?的知
识产权?协议
GATS (Gener?al Agree?ment on Trade? in Servi?ces) 服务贸易总?协议 WIPO (the World? Intel?lectu?al Prope?rty Organ?izati?on ) 世界知识产?权组织 IFIA (the Inter?natio?nal Feder?ation? of Inspe?ction? Agenc?ies)国际检验机?构联合会 ICC (the Inter?natio?nal Chamb?er of Comme?rce)国际商会
TRIMs? (the Trade?-Relat?ed Inves?tment? Measu?res)与贸易有关?的投资措施? DSB (Dispu?te Settl?ement? Body) 争端解决机?构
Abbre?viati?ons
ICC(The Inter?natio?nal Chamb?er of Comme国际商会?rce)
CISG (UN Conve?ntion? on Conve?ntion?s for the Inter?natio?nal Sale of Goods联合国国际??) 货物销售合?同公约
EDI (Elect?ronic? Data Excha?nge of Infor?matio?n) 电子数据交?换信息
QC (Quali?ty Contr?ol) 品质控制
Abbre?viati?ons
UCP (Unifo?rm Custo?ms and Pract?ice for Docum?entar?y Credi?ts) 跟单信用证?统一惯例与?实务 Abbre?viati?ons
ETA (Estim?ated Time of Arriv?al) 估计到达时?间
FDA (Food and Drug Admin?istra?tion) 食品及药物?管理局
MTC (Multi?-Modal? Trans?port Contr?act) 综合运输合?同
B/L (Bill of Ladin?g) 提货单
L/C (Lette?r of credi?t) 信用证
商务英语专业名词缩写
涓?銆??缂?啓
?鍏崇?涓庤?锤鏄撴?诲?崗瀹?涓栫?晫璐告槗缁?勭粐 瀵瑰? 鐩存帴鎶?曡祫 鍥?介檯璐у竵?鍩洪噾缁勭?粐 鏈?鎯?犲浗寰呴亣? 娆ф床缁?忔祹鍏卞悓?浣? 鍖楃?編鑷 敱璐?告槗鍗忓畾? 鍥芥皯寰?呴亣 鍥介?檯鏀舵敮 ? 娑堣垂浠?锋牸鎸囨暟? 棣栨 鍏? 紑鍕熻偂? 璺ㄥ浗鍏? 徃 棣栧?腑鎵ц 瀹??璐?姟鎬?荤洃 鍥藉?唴鐢熶骇鎬?诲??鍥芥?皯鐢熶骇鎬?诲??
鍧?囩瓑灏变笟?鏈轰細 鐢?靛瓙鏁版嵁?浜ゆ崲 鍥?芥皯鏀跺叆? 淇?伅鎶??鏈? 浜?氬お缁忓悎?缁勭粐 淇?,敤璇?娴?疯繍鎻愬崟? 鍙戝睍涓? 浗瀹? ?鍖哄煙鎬ц?锤鏄撳崗瀹??骞惰喘&?鐮斿彂
?
1. ?GATT ?:Gene?ral A?greem?ent O?n Tar?iffs ?and T?rade ? 2. ?WTO :?World? Trad?e Org?aniza?tion ?
3. F?DI :F?oreig?n Dir?ec t ?Inves?tment?
4. ?IMF :?Inter?natio?nal M?oneta?ry Fu?nd
5?. MFN? :Mos?t Fav?ored ?Natio?n
6.? EEC ?:Euro?pean ?Econo? mic ?Commu?nity ?
7. N?AFTA ?:Nort?h Ame?rican? Free? Trad?e Agr?eemen?t 8.? NT :?Natio?nal T?reatm?ent
?9. BO?P :Ba?lance? Of P?aymen?ts
1?0. CP?I :Co?nsume?r Pri?ce In?dex
?11. I?PO :I?nitia?l Pub?lic O?fferi?ngs
?12. M?NC :M?ulti ?natio?nal C?ompan?y
13?. CEO? :Chi?ef Ex?ecuti?ve Of?ficer?
14.? CFO ?:Chie?f Fin?ancia?l Off?icer ?
15. ?GDP :?Gross? Dome?stic ?Produ?ct
1?6. GN?P :Gr?oss N?ation?al Pr?oduct?
17.? EEO ?:Equa?l Emp?loyme?nt Op?portu?nity ?
18. ?EDI :?Elect?ronic? Data? Inte?rchan?ge
1?9. NI? :Nat?ional? Insu?rance?
20.? IT :?Inf o?rmati?on Te?chnol?ogy
?21. A?PEC :?Asia-?Pacif?ic Ec?ono m?ic Co?opera?tion ?22. L?C :Le?tter ?Of Cr?edit ? 23. ?BL :B?ill O?f Lad?ing
?24. L?DC :L?ess D?evelo?ped C?ountr?ies
?25. R?T A :?Regio?nal T?rade ?Agree?ment ?
26. ?M&A :?Merge?r And? Acqu?isiti?on
2?7. R&?D :Re?searc?h And? Deve?lopme?nt
?
浜屻???鐭
?甯傚満缁撴?瀯 浜т笟?缁撴瀯 浜?у搧鏇夸唬?鎬?鍨勬柇?绔炰簤 瀹?屽取绔炰簤? 闇? 姹?傛洸绾?闆?跺敭涓?鐗??悊宸 紓? 鐩稿 璧?勬簮娴佸姩?鎬?浜у搧?宸 紓 杈??闄呮敹鐩??杈归檯鎴?愭湰 鏈轰?細鎴愭湰 ?璧勬湰鍒??緱绋?璐告?槗鍒涢???璐告槗 杞? Щ 涓嶅?畬
鍏ㄧ珵浜??涓?娆???ц浆绉??鏀剁泭鍐嶅?垎閰?瑕佺?礌琛ヨ创 ?璐?鏄撳 ?鍨?鏈?鎯?犲浗
寰呴亣? 鍏崇?鍓?婂噺 鍏崇??鍚岀洘 ?鎵?寰楃?? 铏氭嫙缁??娴?璐??斂鏀跨瓥 ?
1.ma?rket ?struc?ture ?
2.in?dustr?y str?uctur?e
3.?produ?ct su? bsti?tutab?ility? 4.m?onopo?listi?c com?petit?ion ?5.per?fect ?c omp?etiti?on 6?.dema?nd cu?rve
?7.ret?ail t?rade ?
8.ph?ysica?l dif?feren?ce 9?.rela?tive ?resou?rce m?obili?ty 1?0.pro?duct ?dif f?erent?iatio?n 11?.marg?inal ?reven?ue 1?2.mar?ginal? cost?
13.?oppor?tunit?y cos?t
14?.capi?tal g?ain t?ax
1?5.tra?de cr?eati ?on
1?6.tra?de di?versi?on
1?7.imp?erfec?t com?petit?ion ?18.lu?mp su?m tra?nsfer?s 19?.redi?strib?ution? of i?ncome? 20.?fact ?or su?bsidi?es
2?1.tra?de ba?rrier?
22.?most ?favor?ed na?tion ? 23.t?ariff? redu?ction?s
24?.cust?oms u?nion ?
25.i?ncome? tax ?
26.v?irtua?l eco?nomy ?
27.f?iscal? poli?cy
2?8.tax?able ?incom?e
29?.regr?essiv?e tax?
30.?propo?rtion?al ta?x
31?.flat? tax ?
32.s?tanda?rds o?f liv?ing ?33.fu?ll em?ploym? ent ?
34.N?ation?al tr?eatme?nt 搴?旂?鎵?寰??閫掑噺绋??姣斾緥绋??鍗曚竴绋?庡埗 鐢熸?椿姘村钩 ?鍏呭垎灏变?笟 鍥芥
皯?寰呴亣
?35.an?ti-du?mping? and ?count?ervai?ling ?dutie?s 鍙嶅??鹃攢绋?
?36.fr?eedom? of t?rade ?
37.b?alanc?e of ?payme?nts ?38.ta?riff ?conce?ssion?s 39?.free?d-tra?de ar?ea
4?0.mis?sion ?state?ment ?
41.s?trate?gic p?lanni?ng 4?2.sco?pe of? the ?busin?ess
4?3.mar?ket s?tandi?ng 44?.orga?nizat?ional? stru?cture? 45.b?e hav?ior m?odifi?catio?n 46.?organ?izati?onal ?chang?e 47.?gro u?p dyn?amics? 48.p?otent?ial c?ustom?er 49?.targ?et ma?rket ?50.ma?rket ?segme?nt 51?.comp?etiti?ve ad?vanta?ge 52?.dis ?tribu?tion ?chann?el 53?.supp?ly ch?ain 5?4.bus?iness? com ?munic?ation? 55.c?ustom?er re?latio?n 56.?publi?c rel?ation? 璐告槗鑷? 敱鍖?鍥?芥皯鏀舵敮? 鍏崇?鍑?忚 鑷 ?敱璐告槗鍖??鍏 徃浣?垮懡 鎴樼?暐瑙勫垝 ?钀ヤ笟鑼冨?洿 甯傚満?鍦颁綅 缁?勭粐缁撴瀯? 琛屼负鐭缁勭?? 粐 鍙樿縼? 闆嗗洟鍔?ㄦ??
娼滃?湪椤惧 ?鐩 爣甯傚?満 甯傚満?缁嗗垎 绔?炰簤浼樺娍? 鍒嗛攢娓?犻亾 渚涘?簲閾?鍟嗗?姟娌熼???瀹?埛鍏崇?郴 鍏 叡?鍏崇郴 5?7.ver?bal c?ommun?icati?on 58?.nonv?erbal? comm?unica?t ion? 59.w?ork e?thnic? 60.p?ublic? spea?king ?61.bu?sines?s c o?rresp?onden?ce 鍙,?ご娌熼???闈炶?璇 ?矡閫?鑱屼?笟閬撳痉 ?鍏 紑婕旇? 鍟嗕笟?閫氫俊 涓?夈??缈昏?瘧鍙ュ瓙 ?1 flo?ating? It i?s not? surp?risin?g ,th?en ,t?hat t?he wo?rld s?a w a? retu?rn to? a fl?oatin?g exc?hange? rate? syst?em .C?entr ?al ba?nks w?ere n?o lon?ger r?equir?ed to? supp?ort t?heir ?ow n ?curre?ncies?. 鍦ㄨ繖?绉嶆儏鍐典?笅锛?涓栫?晫鍚勫浗鍙?堟仮澶嶆诞?鍔ㄥ埄 鐜?囧氨涓嶈冻?涓哄 浜嗐???鍚勫浗?涓 ぎ閾惰? 涔熷氨鏃?犻』缁存寔?鏈 竵鐨??姹囦环浜
嗐???2 c?onfir?m I w?ill s?end y?ou so?methi?ng by? EM S? ,ple?ase c?onfir?m it ?ASAP.?纭 P?aymen?t wil?l be ?mad e? by 1?00% c?onfir?med ,? irre?vocab?le Le?tter ?Of Cr?edit ?av ai?lable? by s?ight ?draft?. 浠樻 ?鏂瑰紡涓??00%鍗虫?湡銆佷繚鍏?戯紝 涓嶅?彲鎾ら攢淇?,敤璇併???Conf?irmed? L/C ?淇濆厬淇,?敤璇?3 ?nego ?tiabl?e Par?t-tim?e bar?man r?equir?ed .H?ours ?and s?alary? nego?tiabl?e. 鎷涜?仒鍏艰亴閰?掑簵鎷涘緟?銆傚伐浣滄?椂闂村拰宸?ヨ祫闈? ? 銆?Th?e Bil?l Of ?Ladin?g is ?issue?d in ?a neg?otiab?le fo?rm ,s? o it? shal?l con?stitu?te ti?tle t?o the? good?s and? the ?holde?r , b?y end?orsem?ent o?f the? B/L.? 鎵?绛惧?彂鐨勬彁鍗?曚负鍙 浆?璁?殑 锛?屾晠鍙 ?鍦ㄦ彁鍗曚?笂鑳屼功锛?屼究纭 ?浜嗚揣鐗??拰鎸佺エ浜?虹殑鎵? ?鏈夋潈銆??4 dis?count? You ?may g?et a ?5% di?scoun?t if ?your ?order? is o?n a r?egula?r bas?is. 濡?傛灉浣犳柟?瀹氭湡缁欐?垜鏂逛笅璁??鍗曪紝浣?犳柟灏卞彲?浠ュ緱鍒??%鐨勬姌鎵?;??If? a se?ller ?exten?ds cr? edit? to a? time? draf?t, th?ey ha?ve ma?de a ?trade? acce?ptan ?ce .T?he se?ller ?can r?eques?t tha?t the? bank? fina?nce t?he t ?ransa?ction? by b?uying? the ?draft?. The? bank? is s?aid t?o di ?scoun?t the? draf?t. 濡傛?灉鍗栨柟寮??鍑虹殑鏄? 繙鏈熸眹?绁 紝浠ユ? 鍚戜拱?鏂规彁渚涗?俊鐢 紝姝?ゆ椂灏卞仛?浜嗕竴绗斿?晢涓氭眹绁?ㄦ壙鍏戜笟?鍔?銆傚崠? 鏂瑰彲浠?ヨ 閾惰 ?涔颁笅鍟嗕?笟鎵垮厬姹?囩エ锛?閾?惰 鐢ㄨ繖?涓 柟 娉?曞 鍑哄彛?鍟嗗搧铻嶈?祫銆?涔熷?氨鏄 閾?惰 瀵硅 ?姹囩エ 璐?寸幇浜嗐???5 en?dorse?
Our ?produ?cts h?ave b?een e?ndors?ed by? the ?Natio?nal Q?ualit?y Ins?pecti?on As?socia?tion.? 鎴戜滑鐨?勪骇鍝?涓?哄取鍥借川?閲忔 鏌ュ?崗浼氱殑鎺?ㄨ崘浜у搧?銆?Dra?ft mu?st be?
acc ?ompan?ied b?y ful?l set? orig?inal ?on bo?ard m?arine? Bill? Of L?ading? made? out ?to or?der ,?endor?sed i?n bla?nk銆乵a?rke d? frei?ght p?repai?d. 姹囩?エ蹇呴』闄?勬湁鍏ㄥ ?鐨勬
鏈 ?凡瑁呰埞娴??杩愭彁鍗?曪紝鍑 寚?绀虹?鐧借?儗涔,紝骞?跺啓鏄庤繍?璐瑰凡浠樸???6 a?vera ?ge If? a pa?rticu?lar c?argo ?is pa?rtial?ly da?maged? ,the? dam ?age i?s cal?led p?artic?ular ?avera?ge. 濡?傛灉鏌愭壒?璐ф槸閮ㄥ?垎鍙?鎹燂?紝鎴戜滑绉?颁箣涓哄崟?鐙 捣鎹熴???It ?is ob?vious? that? the ?pro d?ucts ?are b?elow ?the a?verag?e qua?lity.? 寰堟槑鏄?撅紝杩欐壒?浜?鍝佺殑?鍝佽川鏄 ?腑涓嬫按骞?? 骞冲潎? 7 te?nder ?Under? CIF ?, it ?is th?e Sel?lers鈥??obli?gatio?n to ?ten d?erthe? rela?tive ?docum?ents ?to th?e buy?er to? enab?le hi?m to ?obtai?n del?ivery? of t?he go?ods ,?if th?ey ar?rive ?,or t?o re ?cover? for ?the l?oss ,?if th?ey ar?e los?t on ?the v?oyage?. 鐩稿綋? 浜?gi?ve 鍦??CIF 浠?锋牸鏈 ?椤逛笅锛屽?崠鏂圭殑璐?,换鏄 悜?涔
版柟閫??浜ゆ湁鍏冲?崟璇侊紝浣?垮叾鑳藉湪?璐х墿鍒拌?揪鍚庢彁鍙?栬揣 鐗??紝濡傛
灉璐??鐗?湪杩?愯緭閫斾腑?涓?け浜嗭?紝涔版柟涔?熷彲浠ュ嚟?鍗曡瘉鑾峰?緱琛ュ伩
銆??He b?ecame? as e?xhila?rated? as i?f his? tend?er fo?r bui?ldin ?g a m?ansio?n had? been? acce?pted.? 浠栨 鍠?滆嫢鐙傦紝?濂藉儚 浠?栨壙鍔炲ぇ?鍘,缓绛戠?殑鎶曟爣琚? 帴鍙椾簡?銆?8 E?conom?ics i?s the? stud?y of ?how p?eople? make? choi?c es ?under? cond?ition?s of ?scarc?ity a?nd th?e res?ults ?of th?o se ?choic?es fo?r soc?iety.? Econ?omic ?analy?sis o?f hum?an be?havio?r beg?ins w?ith t?he as?sumpt?ion t?hat p?eople? are ?ratio?nal鈥攖?hat t?hey h?ave w?ell d?efine?d goa?ls an?d try? to a?chiev?e the?m as ?best ?as th?ey ca?n. In? tryi?ng to? achi?ev e ?their? goal?s, pe?ople ?norma?lly f?ace t?rade-?offs.? Beca?u se ?mater?ial a?nd hu?man r?esour?ces a?re li?mited?, hav?ing m?ore o?f one? good? thin?g mea?ns ma?king ?do wi?th le?ss of? some? of o?ther ?good ?thing?. 涔?P?21 缁忔?祹瀛,槸鐮?旂?鍦?璧?勬簮绋?缂?烘潯浠朵笅?鐨勪汉浠 ??庢牱鍋氬?嚭閫夋嫨鍜?岃繖浜涢??夋嫨鐨
勭粨? 鏋滃 绀?句細浼氫骇?鐢熸?庢牱? 鐨勫奖鍝?嶇殑涓?闂?ㄥ 绉戙??傚 浜虹被?琛屼负 鐨?勭粡娴庡 ?鍒嗘瀽鏄 ?缓绔嬪湪鐞?嗘?т汉鈥?斿嵆姣忎釜?浜洪兘鏈夋?槑纭 殑 ?
鐩 爣锛??骞朵笖浼氬?敖鍏舵墍鑳?藉疄鐜拌繖?涓 洰鏍??-鐨勫亣璁?句笂銆?鍦??鍔涘
浘瀹?炵幇鐩 爣?鐨勮繃绋嬩?腑锛?浜轰?滑閫氬父浼?氶潰涓存潈?琛???鍥?犱负 鐗??川
鍜屼汉鍔?涜祫婧愰兘?鏄 湁闄愮?殑锛屽洜姝?ゅ 鎷ユ湁?鏌愮 鍟嗗?搧鎰?鍛崇?潃鍑
忓皯鍙?,竴绉嶅晢?鍝佺殑鎷ユ?湁閲忋???9 瀹忚 ?缁忔祹瀛,? 鐮旂?鐨?勪竴浜涗富?
瑕侀棶棰樺?寘鎷 細缁?忔祹澧為暱? 鍜岀敓娲?绘按骞虫彁?楂樼殑婧愶?紱骞冲潎鍔?冲
鐢熶?骇鐜?锛堝?崟浣嶉泧浣?,伐 浜虹?殑浜у嚭锛??鐨勫彉鍖?栬秼鍔匡紱? 缁忔祹澧?姩
為暱杩囩??涓 殑鐭 ?湡娉?姩 ?锛堣“閫??鍜屾墿寮狅?級 锛?澶?变笟鍜岄??氳揣鑶ㄨ
儉?鐜拌薄浜х?敓鐨勫師鍥?犲拰 鎺у?埗鎵嬫 锛?涘浗瀹朵箣?闂寸殑缁忔?祹鑱旂郴銆??
涔?P2?5 Som?e of ?the b?road ?issue?s tha?t mac?roeco?nomis?ts st?u dy ?are: ?sourc?es of? econ?omic ?growt?h and? impr?oved ?li vi?ng st?andar?ds; t?rends? in a?verag?e lab?or pr?oduct?ivity?; sho?rt-te?rm fl?uctua?tions? in t?he pa?ce of? econ?omic ?gro w?th; c?auses? and ?cures? of u?nempl?oymen?t and? infl?atio ?n; ec?onomi?c int?erdep?enden?ce am?ong n?ation?s. 10?.Acco?rding? to t?radit?ional? trad?e the?ory, ?if ea?ch na?tio n? spec?ializ?es in? the ?produ?ction? of t?he co?mmodi?ty of? i ts? comp?arati?ve ad?vanta?ge, w?orld ?outpu?t wil?l be ?great? er a?nd , ?throu?gh tr?ade, ?each ?natio?n wil?l sha?re in? the ?g ain?. Wit?h the? pres?ent d?istri?butio?n of ?facto?r end?owme ?nts a?nd Te?chnol?ogy b?etwee?n dev?elope?d and? deve?lop i?ng na?tions?, the? theo?ry of? comp?arati?ve ad?vanta?ge th?u s p?rescr?ibes ?that ?devel?oping? nati?ons s?hould? cont?inu e? to s?pecia?lize ?in th?e pro?ducti?on of? and ?expor?t of ?raw m?ateri?als, ?fuels?, min?erals?, and? food? to d?evelo?ped n?ati o?ns in? exch?ange ?for m?anufa?cture?d pro?ducts?. 涔?P?71 鎸夌?发浼犵粺鐨?勮锤鏄撶悊?璁猴紝濡傛?灉鍚勫浗涓?撻棬鐢熶骇?鑷 繁鍏锋?湁姣?杈冧?紭鍔跨殑鍟?嗗搧锛屼笘?鐣岀殑鎬讳?
骇鍑哄皢 ?浼氬 鍔狅?紝 閫氳繃?璐告槗鍙??浣垮悇鍥藉?潎鍙楃泭銆??鏍规嵁鐩? 墠鐨
勮 ?绱犵 璧嬪?拰鎶?鏈 ?湪鍙戣揪鍥??瀹跺拰鍙?戝睍涓 浗?瀹剁殑 鍒?嗗竷锛屾牴?
鎹 杈冧?紭鍔跨悊璁?猴紝鍙戝睍?涓?鍥藉 ?灏卞簲褰撶?户缁 繘琛?屽師鏂欍??佺熆
浜у搧?鍜岄 鐗??柟闈?殑涓?撲笟 鍖栫?敓 浜у拰?鍑哄彛锛屼?互鎹?彇鍙?戣揪鍥藉
?鐨勫埗鎴愬?搧銆?11?.閲嶅晢涓?讳箟鑰呰 ?涓轰竴鍥藉?彧鏈夊綋鍏?朵粬鍥藉 ?鎹熷
け鏃舵?墠鍙 粠 ?鍥介檯璐告?槗涓 幏鍒???傚洜姝?わ紝浠栦滑?涓诲紶 绠?″埗杩涘彛?
锛岄紦鍔卞?嚭 鍙,紝?鍛煎悂鏀垮?簻瀵规墍鏈?夌粡娴庢椿?鍔ㄨ繘琛屼?弗鏍肩殑绠?″埗
銆?涔??P 74? The ?merca?nlili?sts b?eliev?ed th?at a ?natio?n cou?ld ga?i n i?n int?ernat?ional? trad?e onl?y at ?the e?xpens?e of ?other? n at?ions.? As a? resu?lt, t?hey a?dvoca?ted r?estri?ction?s on ?im po?rts, ?incen?tives? for ?expor?ts, a?nd st?rict ?gover?nment? r eg?ulati?on of? all ?econo?mic a?ctivi?ties.?
12.鎴?樼暐瀹舵槸?瀵圭粍缁囩?殑鍏磋“鎴?愯触璐熶富?瑕佽矗浠荤?殑浜哄憳銆??鎴樼暐
瀹?剁粍缁囦紒?涓氭敹闆嗐???鍒嗘瀽?鍜屾暣鐞嗕?俊鎭 ???浠栦滑璺熻?釜浜?涓氬?拰绔炰簤鎬?佸娍锛屽缓?绔嬮 娴嬫?ā鍨嬪苟杩?涜 鍦烘櫙?鍒嗘瀽锛岃?瘎浠?鍏 ?徃鍜屼
笅灞?為儴闂ㄧ殑?缁?晥锛岃?瘎 浼版 ?鍦ㄥ嚭鐜扮?殑甯傚満鏈?轰細锛?璇?嗗埆缁忚惀?濞佽儊锛屾?彁鍑哄垱閫?犳?х殑琛?屽姩璁″垝?銆?涔?P?344 S?tr at?egist?s are? indi?vidua?ls wh?o are? most? resp?onsib?le fo? r th?e suc?cess ?or fa?ilure? of a?n org?aniza?tion.? Stra?tegis?t s h?elp a?n org?aniza?tion ?gathe?r, an?alyze?, and? orga?nize ?infor?matio?n . T?hey t?rack ?indus?try a?nd co?mpeti?tive ?tre n?ds, d?evelo?p for?ecast?ing m?odels? and ?scena?rio a?naly ?ses, ?evalu?ate c?orpor?ate a?nd di?visio?nal p?erfor?mance?, spo?t eme?rging? mark?et op?portu?nitie?s, id?entif?y
bus?ines ?s thr?eats,? and ?devel?oped ?creat?ive a?ction? plan?s. 13?.The ?incre?ase i?n int?ernat?ional? busi?ness ?and i?n for?e ign? inve?stmen?t has? crea?ted a? need? for ?execu?tives? wit ?h kno?wledg?e of ?forei?gn la?nguag?es an?d ski?lls i?n cro?ss -c?ultur?al co?mmuni?catio?n. Ne?gotia?ting ?is th?e pro?cess ?of co?mmuni?catin?g bac?k and? fort?h for? the ?purpo?se of? reac?hing ?and a?greem?ent. ?It in?volve?s per?suasi?on an?d com?promi?se. 涔??P507? 鍥介檯璐?告槗鍜屾捣?澶栨姇璧勭?殑澧炲姞浜?х敓浜嗗 ?鍏锋湁澶栬? 鐭ヨ瘑鍜??璺ㄦ枃鍖?栦氦娴佹妧?宸х殑缁忕?悊鐨勯
渶姹?傘??璋堝?垽鏄 负浜?嗚揪鎴愬崗?璁?鑰屽弽?澶嶄氦娴佺?殑杩囩?銆?傚畠鍖呮嫭?璇存湇鍜屽?Ε鍗忋???14.El?ectro?nic D?ata I?nterc?hange?(EDI)? is t?he ex?chang?e of ?trans?actio?nal d?ata b?etwee?n org?aniza?tions? by e?lect ?ric m?eans ?as a ?repla?cemen?t for? docu?ment.? EDI ?is th?e ele?ctron?ic tr?ansfe?r of ?busin?ess i?nform?ation?, wit?h the? i nf?ormat?ion b?eing ?sent ?in a ?forma?t tha?t con?forms? to c? erta?in st?andar?ds. I?t int?roduc?es th?e pos?sibil?ity o?f 鈥減a?p erl?ess鈥??tradi?ng an?d pro?mises? the ?end o?f rep?etiti?ve fo?r m f?illin?g, st?ock o?rders? and ?order? form?s of ?鈥減ape?r shi?ft in?g鈥? 涔??P508? 鐢靛瓙鏁?版嵁浜ゆ崲? 锛圗DI?锛?鏄
寚?灏嗕紒涓氶?棿浜?鏄撳?線鏉ョ殑璧?勬枡鐢变粠?鍓嶆枃浠朵?氦鎹?殑鏂?瑰紡鏀规垚?鍒?敤鐢??瀛愭柟 寮?忎紶閫併??傜數瀛愭暟?鎹 氦鎹??氨鏄 紒涓?氫俊鎭 寜?鐓х壒瀹氭?爣鍑嗙殑 ?鏍煎紡缁忕?敱鐢靛瓙鐨?勬柟寮忎氦?鎹 ?傚畠?浣?鈥滄棤?绾糕?濊锤?鏄撴垚涓哄?彲鑳?锛??缁堢粨浜嗕?互寰?濉 ?啓鏂囦欢琛?ㄦ牸銆?娣?昏揣鍗曚互?鍙婂叾浠栧?舰寮忕殑 ?鈥濇枃浠惰?浆绉烩?濇?柟 寮忋???15.鐢?变簬鏂囧寲?鐨勫 鏍锋??у拰澶嶆?潅鎬э紝瑕?佸 涓栫晫?涓婂悇绉嶆?枃鍖?涓??涓?杩涜 ?瑙,噴骞舵?彁鍑烘瘡涓??绉嶆枃鍖?栧 浜轰?滑琛屼负鐨?勫奖鍝嶆槸? 鍗佸垎鍥?伴毦涔熸槸?涓嶅彲鑳界?殑銆?
涔??P510 ?Due t?o the? vari?etie ?s and? mult?iface?ses o?f cul?tures?, it ?is ve?ry di?fficu?lt an?d imp?ossib?le to? look? into? ever?y cul?ture ?and i?ts im?pact ?on in?divid?ual鈥檚? beha?vior.? 16.娴?峰
浜哄,?鍦ㄤ笂娴峰?強鍛ㄨ竟鍦?板尯鐨勬姇?璧勮繎骞存?潵缈讳簡涓?ょ暘 銆傚?嚭鐜拌繖涓??楂樻定涓?嶆 鐨勬姇?璧勭儹鏈夊? 绉嶅師?鍥犮??闄?や簡涓 浗? 鏄 笘鐣?屼笂缁忔祹?澧為暱鏈??蹇 殑鍥藉? 涔嬪 锛??涓 浗鏀?垮簻鍜屽湴?鏂?鏀垮簻?寰堥噸瑙嗗? 澶栧取闈??寮?鏀撅?紝涓嶄粎寮??鏀炬部娴?峰煄甯傦紝?涔熷紑 鏀?惧唴鍦帮紝?灏藉彲鑳藉?惛鏀跺 璧?勩??Ov?ersea?s inv?estme?nt in? Shan?ghai ?and i?ts su?rroun?dings? has ?quadr?uped ?in re?c ent? year?s. Th?ere a?re ma?ny re?asons? for ?this ?risin?g inv? estm?ent b?oom. ?Apart? from? the ?fact ?that ?China? is o?ne of? the ?fast ?growi?ng ec?onomi?cs in? the ?world?, the? Chin? ese ?centr?al go?vernm?ent a?nd lo?cal g?overn?ments? focu? s a ?lot o?f the?ir at?tenti?on on? open?ing t?he wh?ole c?ountr? y up? to t?he ou?tside? worl?d, bo?th th?e coa?stal ?citie?s and? the ?count?ry鈥檚 ?inter?ior a?reas.? They? are ?doing? all ?they ?c an ?to at?tract? fore?ign i?nvest?ment.? 鈫?
?
商务英语专业名词缩写
一、 缩写
关税与贸易总协定 世界贸易组织 对外直接投资
国际货币基金组织 最惠国待遇 欧洲经济共同体
北美自由贸易协定 国民待遇 国际收支
消费价格指数 首次公开募股 跨国公司 首席执行官 财务总监 国内生产总值 国民生产总值
均等就业机会 电子数据交换 国民收入 信息技术
亚太经合组织 信用证 海运提单 发展中国家
区域性贸易协定 并购&研发
1. GATT :General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade 2. WTO :World Trade Organization
3. FDI :Foreign Direc t Investment
4. IMF :International Monetary Fund
5. MFN :Most Favored Nation
6. EEC :European Econo mic Community
7. NAFTA :North American Free Trade Agreement
8. NT :National Treatment
9. BOP :Balance Of Payments
10. CPI :Consumer Price Index
11. IPO :Initial Public Offerings
12. MNC :Multi national Company
13. CEO :Chief Executive Officer
14. CFO :Chief Financial Officer
15. GDP :Gross Domestic Product
16. GNP :Gross National Product
17. EEO :Equal Employment Opportunity
18. EDI :Electronic Data Interchange
19. NI :National Insurance
20. IT :Inf ormation Technology
21. APEC :Asia-Pacific Econo mic Cooperation 22. LC :Letter Of Credit
23. BL :Bill Of Lading
24. LDC :Less Developed Countries
25. RT A :Regional Trade Agreement
26. M&A :Merger And Acquisition
27. R&D :Research And Development
二、 短语
市场结构 产业结构 产品替代性 垄断竞争 完全竞争 需 求曲线 零售业 物理差异 相对资源流动性 产品差异 边 际收益 边际成本 机会成本 资本利得税 贸易创造 贸易 转移 不完全竞争 一次性转移 收益再分配 要素补贴 贸 易壁垒 最惠国待遇 关税削减 关税同盟 所得税 虚拟经 济 财政政策
1.market structure
2.industry structure
3.product su bstitutability
4.monopolistic competition
5.perfect c ompetition
6.demand curve
7.retail trade
8.physical difference
9.relative resource mobility
10.product dif ferentiation
11.marginal revenue
12.marginal cost
13.opportunity cost
14.capital gain tax
15.trade creati on
16.trade diversion
17.imperfect competition
18.lump sum transfers
19.redistribution of income
20.fact or subsidies
21.trade barrier
22.most favored nation
23.tariff reductions
24.customs union
25.income tax
26.virtual economy
27.fiscal policy
28.taxable income
29.regressive tax
30.proportional tax
31.flat tax
32.standards of living
33.full employm ent
34.National treatment
应税所得 递减税 比例税 单一税制 生活水平 充分就业 国民待遇
35.anti-dumping and countervailing duties 反倾销税
36.freedom of trade
37.balance of payments
38.tariff concessions
39.freed-trade area
40.mission statement
41.strategic planning
42.scope of the business
43.market standing 44.organizational structure 45.be havior modification 46.or
ganizational change 47.gro up dynamics 48.potential customer 49.target market 50.market segment 51.competitive advantage 52.dis tribution channel 53.supply chain 54.business com munication 55.customer relation 56.public relation 贸易自由化 国民收支 关税减让 自由贸易区 公司使命 战略规划 营业范围 市场地位 组织结构 行为矫正 组织 变迁 集团动态 潜在顾客 目标市场 市场细分 竞争优势 分销渠道 供应链 商务沟通 客户关系 公共关系 57.verbal communication 58.nonverbal communicat ion 59.work ethnic 60.public speaking 61.business c orrespondence 口头沟通 非言语沟通 职业道德 公开演讲 商业通信 三、 翻译句子 1 floating It is not surprising ,then ,that the world sa w a return to a floating exchange rate system .Centr al banks were no longer required to support their ow n currencies. 在这种情况下, 世界各国又恢复浮动利 率就不足为奇了。 各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的 汇价了。 2 confirm I will send you something by EM S ,please confirm it ASAP.确认 Payment will be mad e by 100% confirmed , irrevocable Letter Of Credit av ailable by sight draft. 付款方式为100%即期、保兑, 不可撤销信用证。 Confirmed L/C 保兑信用证 3 nego tiable Part-time barman required .Hours and salary negotiable. 招聘兼职酒店招待。工作时间和工资面议 。 The Bill Of Lading is issued in a negotiable form ,s o it shall constitute title to the goods and the holder , by endorsement of the B/L. 所签发的提单为可转让的 ,故只要在提单上背书,便确认了货物和持票人的所 有权。 4 discount You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis. 如果你方定期给我方下订 单,你方就可以得到5%的折扣。 If a seller extends cr edit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptan ce .The seller can request that the bank finance the t ransaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to di scount the draft. 如果卖方开出的是远期汇票,以此 向买方提供信用,此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业务 。卖 方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票, 银行用这个方 法对出口商品融资。 也就是说银行对该汇票 贴现了。 5 endorse Our products have been endorsed by the National Quality Inspection Association. 我们的产品 为全国质量检查协会的推荐产品。 Draft must be acc ompanied by full set original on board marine Bill Of Lading made out to order ,endorsed in blank、marke d freight prepaid. 汇票必须附有全套的正本已装船海 运提单,凭指示空白背书,并写明运费已付。 6 avera ge If a particular cargo is partially damaged ,the dam age is called particular average. 如果某批货是部分受 损,我们称之为单独海损。 It is obvious that the pro ducts are below the average quality. 很明显,这批产 品的品质是中下水平. 平均 7 tender Under CIF , it is the
Sellers’ obligation to ten derthe relative documents to the buyer to enable him to obtain delivery of the goods ,if they arrive ,or to re cover for the loss ,if they are lost on the voyage. 相当 于 give 在 CIF 价格术语项下,卖方的责任是向买方递 交有关单证,使其能在货物到达后提取货 物,如果货 物在运输途中丢失了,买方也可以凭单证获得补偿。 He became as exhilarated as if his tender for buildin g a mansion had been accepted. 他欣喜若狂,好像 他承办大厦建筑的投标被接受了。 8 Economics is the study of how people make choic es under conditions of scarcity and the results of tho se choices for society. Economic analysis of human behavior begins with the assumption that people are rational—that they have well defined goals and try to achieve them as best as they can. In trying to achiev e their goals, people normally face trade-offs. Becau se material and human resources are limited, having more of one good thing means making do with less of some of other good thing. 书 P21 经济学是研究在 资源稀缺条件下的人们怎样做出选择和这些选择的结 果对社会会产生怎样 的影响的一门学科。对人类行为 的经济学分析是建立在理性人—即每个人都有明确的 目标, 并且会尽其所能实现这个目标--的假设上。 在 力图实现目标的过程中, 人们通常会面临权衡。 因为 物质和人力资源都是有限的,因此多拥有某种商品意 味着减少另一种商品的拥有量。 9 宏观经济学家研究的一些主要问题包括:经济增长 和生活水平提高的源;平均劳动 生产率 (单位雇佣工 人的产出) 的变化趋势; 经济增长过程中的短期波动 (衰退和扩张) ; 失业和通货膨胀现象产生的原因和 控制手段;国家之间的经济联系。 书 P25 Some of the broad issues that macroeconomists stu dy are: sources of economic growth and improved li ving standards; trends in average labor productivity; short-term fluctuations in the pace of economic gro wth; causes and cures of unemployment and inflatio n; economic interdependence among nations. 10.According to traditional trade theory, if each natio n specializes in the production of the commodity of i ts comparative advantage, world output will be great er and , through trade, each nation will share in the g ain. With the present distribution of factor endowme nts and Technology between developed and develop ing nations, the theory of comparative advantage thu s prescribes that developing nations should continu e to specialize in the production of and export of raw materials, fuels, minerals, and food to developed nati ons in exchange for manufactured products. 书 P71 按照传统的贸易理论,如果各国专门生产自己具有比 较优势的商品,世界的总产出将 会增加, 通过贸易可 使各国均受益。 根据目前的要素禀赋和技术在发
达国 家和发展中国家的 分布,根据计较优势理论,发展中 国家就应当继续进行原料、矿产品和食物方面的专业 化生 产和出口,以换取发达国家的制成品。 11.重商主义者认为一国只有当其他国家损失时才可从 国际贸易中获利。因此,他们主张 管制进口,鼓励出 口,呼吁政府对所有经济活动进行严格的管制。 书 P 74 The mercanlilists believed that a nation could gai n in international trade only at the expense of other n ations. As a result, they advocated restrictions on im ports, incentives for exports, and strict government r egulation of all economic activities. 12.战略家是对组织的兴衰成败负主要责任的人员。 战略家组织企业收集、 分析和整理信息。 他们跟踪产 业和竞争态势,建立预测模型并进行场景分析,评价 公司和下属部门的绩效,评 估正在出现的市场机会, 识别经营威胁,提出创造性的行动计划。 书 P344 Str ategists are individuals who are most responsible fo r the success or failure of an organization. Strategist s help an organization gather, analyze, and organize information . They track industry and competitive tre nds, develop forecasting models and scenario analy ses, evaluate corporate and divisional performance, spot emerging market opportunities, identify busines s threats, and developed creative action plans. 13.The increase in international business and in fore ign investment has created a need for executives wit h knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross -cultural communication. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching and agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise. 书 P507 国际贸易和海外投资的增加产生了对具有外语知识和 跨文化交流技巧的经理的需求。 谈判是为了达成协议 而反复交流的过程。它包括说服和妥协。 14.Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) is the exchange of transactional data between organizations by elect ric means as a replacement for document. EDI is the electronic transfer of business information, with the i nformation being sent in a format that conforms to c ertain standards. It introduces the possibility of “pap erless” trading and promises the end of repetitive for m filling, stock orders and order forms of “paper shift ing”. 书 P508 电子数据交换 (EDI) 是指将企业间交 易往来的资料由从前文件交换的方式改成利用电 子方 式传送。电子数据交换就是企业信息按照特定标准的 格式经由电子的方式交换。它使 “无纸”贸易成为可能 , 终结了以往填写文件表格、 添货单以及其他形式的 ”文件转移”方 式。 15.由于文化的多样性和复杂性,要对世界上各种文化 一一进行解释并提出每一种文化对 人们行为的影响是 十分困难也是不可能的。 书 P510 Due to the varietie
s and multifaceses of cultures, it is very difficult and impossible to look into every culture and its impact on individual’s behavior. 16.海外人士在上海及周边地区的投资近年来翻了两番 。出现这一高涨不止的投资热有多 种原因。 除了中国 是世界上经济增长最快的国家之外, 中国政府和地方 政府很重视对外全面 开放,不仅开放沿海城市,也开 放内地,尽可能吸收外资。 Overseas investment in Shanghai and its surroundings has quadruped in rec ent years. There are many reasons for this rising inv estment boom. Apart from the fact that China is one of the fast growing economics in the world, the Chin ese central government and local governments focu s a lot of their attention on opening the whole countr y up to the outside world, both the coastal cities and the country’s interior areas. They are doing all they c an to attract foreign investment. ↑
商务英语专业名词缩写(Business English terminology)
商务英语专业名词缩写(Business English terminology)
I. abbreviations
General agreement on Tariffs and trade; WTO; foreign direct investment
IMF; most favored nation treatment; European Economic Community
North American Free Trade Agreement, national treatment, balance of payments
Consumer price index, initial public offering, CEO of Multinational Corporation, chief financial officer, GDP, GNP
Equal employment opportunities; electronic data interchange; national income; information technology
APEC credit, marine bill of lading, developing countries
Merger and acquisition of regional trade agreements
1., GATT: General, Agreement, On, Tariffs, and, Trade,, Organization, WTO, World, Trade
3. FDI: Foreign, Direc, t, Investment
4. IMF: International Monetary Fund
5. MFN: Most Favored Nation
6. EEC: European, Econo, MIC, Community
"NAFTA": North American Free Trade Agreement
8., NT: National Treatment
9. BOP: Balance Of Payments
10. CPI: Consumer Price Index
11. IPO: Initial Public Offerings
12. MNC: Multi national Company
13. CEO: Chief Executive Officer
14. CFO: Chief Financial Officer
15. GDP: Gross Domestic Product
16. GNP: Gross National Product
17. EEO: Equal Employment Opportunity
18. EDI: Electronic Data Interchange
19., NI: National Insurance
20. IT: Inf ormation Technology
21., APEC: Asia-Pacific, Econo, MIC, Cooperation,, LC, Credit,
Letter, Of
23. BL: Bill Of Lading
24. LDC: Less Developed Countries
25., RT, A: Regional, Trade, Agreement
26. M&A: Merger And Acquisition
27. R&D: Research And Development
Two, phrases
Monopolistic competition competitive retail demand curve relative to physical differences in resource flows of product difference marginal cost opportunity cost of capital gains tax trade creation trade transfer incomplete competition one-time transfer of income redistribution factors subsidies of trade barriers MFN tariff tariff cuts alliance income tax virtual economic and fiscal policy market structure and product substitution
1.market structure
2.industry structure
3.product Su bstitutability
4.monopolistic competition
5.perfect c ompetition
6.demand curve
7.retail trade
8.physical difference
9.relative resource mobility
10.product dif ferentiation
11.marginal revenue
12.marginal cost
13.opportunity cost
14.capital gain tax
15.trade creati on
16.trade diversion
17.imperfect competition
Eighteen
一次性转让
19.redistribution收入
20.fact或补贴
21.trade屏障
22.most惠
23.tariff减少
24.customs联盟
25.income税
26.virtual经济
27.fiscal政策
28.taxable收入
29.regressive税
30.proportional税
31.flat税
32.standards生活
33.full就业
34国民待遇
应税所得递减税比例税单一税制生活水平充分就业国民待遇
35.anti-dumping和反补贴税反倾销税
36.freedom贸易
37.balance收支
38.tariff让步
39.freed-trade地区
40.mission声明
41.strategic规划
企业的42.scope
43.market站44.organizational结构45.be行为修正46.organizational改变47.gro动力学48.potential客户49.target市场50.market段51.competitive优势52.dis分配通道53.supply链54.business通信55.customer关系56.public关系贸易自由化国民收支关税减让自由贸易区公司使命战略规划营业范围市场地位组织结构行为矫正组织变迁集团动态潜在顾客目标市场市场细分竞争优势分销渠道供应链商务沟通客户关系公共关系57.verbal通信58.nonverbal通信59.work民族60.public说61.business C所函授口头沟通非言语沟通职业道德公开演讲商业通信三、翻译句子1浮动,这并不奇怪,那么,这个世界该W恢复浮动汇率制度。中央银行不再需要支持自己的货币。在这种情况下,世界各国又恢复浮动利率就不足为奇了。各国中央银行也就无须维持本币的汇价了。2确认我将你通过EM S送的东西,请尽快确认付款。确
认将疯狂的E 100%保兑的,不可撤销的信用证即期汇票有效。付款方式为100%即期、保兑,不可撤销信用证。保兑信用证保兑信用证3谈判可微招聘兼职酒吧男招待员,工作时间和薪水面议。招聘兼职酒店招待。工作时间和工资面议。比尔Lading是可转让的形式发布,
所以应构成对货物的所有权和持有人,由提单所签发的提单为可转让的,故只要在提单上背书,便确认了货物和持票人的所有权背书。4的折扣,你会如果你的订单是定期得到5%的折扣。如果你方定期给我方下订单,你方就可以得到5%的折扣。如果卖方开出的CR编辑一次选秀,他们已经有了一个贸易验收CE。卖方可以请银行融资买入汇票交易。银行说迪Scount草案。如果卖方开出的是远期汇票,以此向买方提供信用,此时就做了一笔商业汇票承兑业务。卖方可以请银行买下商业承兑汇票,银行用这个方法对出口商品融资。也就是说银行对该汇票贴现了。5认可我们的产品已通过国家质量检验协会推荐。我们的产品为全国质量检查协会的推荐产品。汇票必须一直陪伴着的全套已装船海运提单,做成空白抬头、空白背书、标志运费预付。汇票必须附有全套的正本已装船海运提单,凭指示空白背书,并写明运费已付平均。6如果某批货是部分受损,大坝的时代称之为“单独海损。如果某批货是部分受损,我们称之为单独海损。很明显,产品的品质是中下水平。很明显,这批产品的品质是中下水平。平均7在CIF价格术语项下,卖方的责任是向十derthe相关文件给买方,使他获得交付的货物,如果他们到达,或对损失重新盖,如果他们途中丢失了。相当于给在CIF价格术语项下,卖方的责任是向买方递交有关单证,使其能在货物到达后提取货物,如果货物在运输途中丢失了,买方也可以凭单证获得补偿。他欣喜若狂,好象他承办大厦大楼已被接受。他欣喜若狂,好像他承办大厦建筑的投标被接受了。8经济学是人们如何做出选择稀缺的条件下,有很多选择的社会结果的研究。
对人类行为的经济分析,首先是假设人们是理性的,他们有明确的目标,并尽力做到最好。为了实现自己的目标,通常人们面临权衡取舍。因为物质和人力资源都是有限的,有更多的一个良好意味着减少一些
其他的好东西。书p21经济学是研究在资源稀缺条件下的人们怎样做
出选择和这些选择的结果对社会会产生怎样的影响的一门学科。对人
类行为的经济学分析是建立在理性人-即每个人都有明确的目标,并
且会尽其所能实现这个目标--的假设上。在力图实现目标的过程中,
人们通常会面临权衡。因为物质和人力资源都是有限的,因此多拥有
某种商品意味着减少另一种商品的拥有量。9宏观经济学家研究的一
些主要问题包括:经济增长和生活水平提高的源;平均劳动生产率(单
位雇佣工人的产出)的变化趋势;经济增长过程中的短期波动(衰退
和扩张);失业和通货膨胀现象产生的原因和控制手段;国家之间的
经济联系。书P25一些,宏观经济学家研究的是宽的问题:经济增长
和提高生活标准;平均劳动生产率的趋势;在经济增长步伐短期波动;
和失业与通货膨胀的治疗原因;各国经济相互依存。10,根据传统的
贸易理论,如果每个国家专门从事商品的生产方面的比较优势,世界
产量将大二,通过贸易,每个国家都将分享在G是。用因子endowme
NTS技术发达和发展国家之间的分布现状,比较优势理论就规定,发
展中国家应继续从事生产和出口原材料,燃料,矿物,和食品发达各
国对产品交换。书P71按照传统的贸易理论,如果各国专门生产自己
具有比较优势的商品,世界的总产出将会增加,通过贸易可使各国均
受益根据目前的要素禀赋和技术在发达国家和发展中国家的分布,
According to the theory of advantage, developing countries should continue to make specialized production and export of raw materials, minerals and food in return for manufactured goods from developed countries. 11., mercantilism thinks that a country can benefit from international trade only when other countries lose. Therefore, they advocate controlling imports and encouraging exports, calling on the government to exercise strict control over all economic activities. P mercanlilists believed that 74 The a nation could Gai n in international trade only at the expense of other n ations. As a result, they advocated restrictions on IM ports, incentives for exports, and
strict government R egulation of all economic activities. 12. strategists is the organization primarily responsible for the success or failure of staff. Strategists organize companies to collect, analyze, and organize information. They follow the industry and competition situation, to establish a prediction model and scene analysis, evaluation of the company and the subordinate department's performance, assessment of emerging market opportunities, identify operational threats, proposes the creative action plan. P344 Str ategists are individuals who are most responsible fo r the success or failure of an organization. Strategist s help an organization gather, analyze and, organize information They track industry and competitive. Tre NDS, develop forecasting models and scenario analy ses, evaluate corporate and divisional performance spot emerging, market opportunities, identify busines s threats. And developed creative action plans. 13.The increase in international business and in fore ign investment has created a need for executives wit h knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross -cultural communication. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching and agreement. It involves persuasion and Co Mpromise. book P507 international trade and overseas investment have increased the demand for managers with foreign language knowledge and cross-cultural communication skills. Negotiation is the process of communicating repeatedly in order to reach an agreement. It includes persuasion and compromise. 14.Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the exchange of transactional data between organizations by elect ric means as a replacement for document. EDI is the electronic transfer of business information, with the i nformation being sent in a format that conforms to c ertain standards.
介绍了可能发生的“巴氏erless”交易,承诺为我填充重复结束,库存订单和订单形式的“文移”。书在P508电子数据交换(EDI)是指将企业间交易往来的资料由从前文件交换的方式改成利用电子方式传送。电子数据交换就是企业信息按照特定标准的格式经由电子的方式交换。它使”无纸”贸易成为可能,终结了以往填写文件表格、添货单以及其他形式的”文件转移”方式。15。由于文化的多样性和复杂性,要对世界上各种文化一一进行解释并提出每一种文化对人们行为的影响是十分困难也是不可能的。书P510由于品种和multifaceses文化,它是非常困难的,不可能看着每一个文化及个人的行为的影响。16。海外人士在上海及周边地区的投资近年来翻了两番。出现这一高涨不止的投资热有多种原因。除了中国是世界上经济增长最快的国家之外,中国政府和地方政府很重视对外全面开放,不仅开放沿海城市,也开放内地,尽可能吸收外资。在上海及周边地区的海外投资已在近年来的四足动物。这有上升的投资热潮的原因很多。除了中国是世界上经济增长最快的一个,中国中央政府和地方政府的许多重点关注整个国家开放到外面的世界,无论是沿海城市和国家内部区域。他们正在尽一切努力吸引外国投资。?
[笔记]商务英语专业名词缩写
商务英语专业名词缩写
涓?銆?缂?啓
鍏崇?涓庤锤鏄撴?诲崗瀹?涓栫晫璐告槗缁勭粐 瀵瑰 鐩存帴鎶曡祫
鍥介檯璐у竵鍩洪噾缁勭粐 鏈?鎯犲浗寰呴亣 娆ф床缁忔祹鍏卞悓浣?
鍖楃編鑷 敱璐告槗鍗忓畾 鍥芥皯寰呴亣 鍥介檯鏀舵敮
娑堣垂浠锋牸鎸囨暟 棣栨 鍏 紑鍕熻偂 璺ㄥ浗鍏 徃 棣栧腑鎵ц 瀹?璐?姟鎬荤洃 鍥藉唴鐢熶骇鎬诲??鍥芥皯鐢熶骇鎬诲??
鍧囩瓑灏变笟鏈轰細 鐢靛瓙鏁版嵁浜ゆ崲 鍥芥皯鏀跺叆 淇?伅鎶?鏈?
浜氬お缁忓悎缁勭粐 淇,敤璇?娴疯繍鎻愬崟 鍙戝睍涓 浗瀹?
鍖哄煙鎬ц锤鏄撳崗瀹?骞惰喘&鐮斿彂
1. GATT :General Agreement On Tariffs and Trade 2. WTO :World
Trade Organization
3. FDI :Foreign Direc t Investment 4. IMF :International Monetary Fund 5. MFN :Most Favored Nation
6. EEC :European Econo mic Community 7. NAFTA :North American Free Trade Agreement
8. NT :National Treatment
9. BOP :Balance Of Payments
10. CPI :Consumer Price Index
11. IPO :Initial Public Offerings 12. MNC :Multi national Company
13. CEO :Chief Executive Officer 14. CFO :Chief Financial Officer 15. GDP :Gross Domestic Product 16. GNP :Gross National Product 17. EEO :Equal Employment Opportunity 18. EDI :Electronic Data Interchange 19. NI :National Insurance
20. IT :Inf ormation Technology 21. APEC :Asia-Pacific Econo mic Cooperation 22. LC :Letter Of
Credit
23. BL :Bill Of Lading
24. LDC :Less Developed Countries 25. RT A :Regional Trade Agreement 26. M&A :Merger And Acquisition 27. R&D :Research And Development
浜屻??鐭
甯傚満缁撴瀯 浜т笟缁撴瀯 浜у搧鏇夸唬鎬?鍨勬柇绔炰簤 瀹屽取绔炰簤 闇? 姹傛洸绾?闆跺敭涓?鐗?悊宸 紓 鐩稿 璧勬簮娴佸姩鎬?浜у搧宸 紓 杈?闄呮敹鐩?杈归檯鎴愭湰 鏈轰細鎴愭湰 璧勬湰鍒?緱绋?璐告槗鍒涢??璐告槗 杞 Щ 涓嶅畬鍏ㄧ珵浜?涓?娆??ц浆绉?鏀剁泭鍐嶅垎閰?瑕佺礌琛ヨ创 璐?鏄撳 鍨?鏈?鎯犲浗寰呴亣 鍏崇?鍓婂噺 鍏崇?鍚岀洘 鎵?寰楃? 铏氭嫙缁?娴?璐?斂鏀跨瓥
1.market structure
2.industry structure
3.product su bstitutability
4.monopolistic competition
5.perfect c ompetition
6.demand curve
7.retail trade
8.physical difference 9.relative resource mobility 10.product dif ferentiation 11.marginal revenue 12.marginal cost
13.opportunity cost 14.capital gain tax 15.trade creati on 16.trade diversion 17.imperfect competition 18.lump sum transfers 19.redistribution of income 20.fact or subsidies 21.trade barrier
22.most favored nation 23.tariff reductions 24.customs union
25.income tax
26.virtual economy 27.fiscal policy
28.taxable income
29.regressive tax
30.proportional tax 31.flat tax
32.standards of living 33.full employm ent 34.National treatment 搴旂?鎵?寰?閫掑噺绋?姣斾緥绋?鍗曚竴绋庡埗 鐢熸椿姘村钩 鍏
呭垎灏变笟 鍥芥皯寰呴亣 35.anti-dumping and countervailing duties 鍙嶅?鹃攢绋?
36.freedom of trade
37.balance of payments
38.tariff concessions
39.freed-trade area
40.mission statement
41.strategic planning
42.scope of the business
43.market standing 44.organizational structure 45.be havior modification 46.organizational change 47.gro up dynamics 48.potential customer 49.target market 50.market segment 51.competitive advantage 52.dis tribution channel 53.supply chain 54.business com munication 55.customer relation 56.public relation 璐告槗鑷 敱鍖?鍥芥皯鏀舵敮 鍏崇?鍑忚
鑷 敱璐告槗鍖?鍏 徃浣垮懡 鎴樼暐瑙勫垝 钀ヤ笟鑼冨洿 甯傚
満鍦颁綅 缁勭粐缁撴瀯 琛屼负鐭 缁勭粐 鍙樿縼 闆嗗洟鍔ㄦ
??娼滃湪椤惧 鐩 爣甯傚満 甯傚満缁嗗垎 绔炰簤浼樺娍 鍒嗛
攢娓犻亾 渚涘簲閾?鍟嗗姟娌熼??瀹?埛鍏崇郴 鍏 叡鍏崇郴
57.verbal communication 58.nonverbal communicat ion 59.work ethnic 60.public speaking 61.business c orrespondence 鍙,ご
娌熼??闈炶?璇 矡閫?鑱屼笟閬撳痉 鍏 紑婕旇 鍟嗕笟閫氫俊
涓夈??缈昏瘧鍙ュ瓙 1 floating It is not surprising ,then ,that the world sa w a return to a floating exchange rate system .Centr al banks were no longer required to support their ow n currencies. 鍦ㄨ繖绉嶆儏鍐典笅锛?涓栫晫鍚勫浗鍙堟仮澶嶆诞鍔
ㄥ埄 鐜囧氨涓嶈冻涓哄 浜嗐??鍚勫浗涓 ぎ閾惰 涔熷氨鏃犻』
缁存寔鏈 竵鐨?姹囦环浜嗐??2 confirm I will send you something by EM S ,please confirm it ASAP.纭 Payment will be mad e
by 100% confirmed , irrevocable Letter Of Credit av ailable by sight draft. 浠樻 鏂瑰紡涓?00%鍗虫湡銆佷繚鍏戯紝 涓嶅彲鎾
ら攢淇,敤璇併??Confirmed L/C 淇濆厬淇,敤璇?3 nego tiable
Part-time barman required .Hours and salary negotiable. 鎷涜
仒鍏艰亴閰掑簵鎷涘緟銆傚伐浣滄椂闂村拰宸ヨ祫闈? 銆?The
Bill Of Lading is issued in a negotiable form ,s o it shall constitute title to the goods and the holder , by endorsement of the B/L. 鎵?绛惧彂鐨勬彁鍗曚负鍙 浆璁?殑 锛屾晠鍙 鍦
ㄦ彁鍗曚笂鑳屼功锛屼究纭 浜嗚揣鐗?拰鎸佺エ浜虹殑鎵? 鏈
夋潈銆?4 discount You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis. 濡傛灉浣犳柟瀹氭湡缁欐垜鏂逛笅璁?鍗曪紝
浣犳柟灏卞彲浠ュ緱鍒?%鐨勬姌鎵;??If a seller extends cr edit
to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptan ce .The seller can request that the bank finance the t ransaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to di scount the draft. 濡傛灉鍗
栨柟寮?鍑虹殑鏄 繙鏈熸眹绁 紝浠ユ 鍚戜拱鏂规彁渚涗俊鐢
紝姝ゆ椂灏卞仛浜嗕竴绗斿晢涓氭眹绁ㄦ壙鍏戜笟鍔?銆傚崠 鏂
瑰彲浠ヨ 閾惰 涔颁笅鍟嗕笟鎵垮厬姹囩エ锛?閾惰 鐢ㄨ繖涓
柟 娉曞 鍑哄彛鍟嗗搧铻嶈祫銆?涔熷氨鏄 閾惰 瀵硅 姹囩
エ 璐寸幇浜嗐??5 endorse Our products have been endorsed by the
National Quality Inspection Association. 鎴戜滑鐨勪骇鍝?涓哄
取鍥借川閲忔 鏌ュ崗浼氱殑鎺ㄨ崘浜у搧銆?Draft must be acc
ompanied by full set original on board marine Bill Of Lading made out to order ,endorsed in blank銆乵arke d freight prepaid.
姹囩エ蹇呴』闄勬湁鍏ㄥ 鐨勬 鏈 凡瑁呰埞娴?杩愭彁鍗曪紝鍑
寚绀虹?鐧借儗涔,紝骞跺啓鏄庤繍璐瑰凡浠樸??6 avera ge If a
particular cargo is partially damaged ,the dam age is called particular average. 濡傛灉鏌愭壒璐ф槸閮ㄥ垎鍙?鎹燂紝鎴戜滑
绉颁箣涓哄崟鐙 捣鎹熴??It is obvious that the pro ducts are below the average quality. 寰堟槑鏄撅紝杩欐壒浜?鍝佺殑鍝佽川
鏄 腑涓嬫按骞? 骞冲潎 7 tender Under CIF , it is the Sellers鈥?obligation to ten derthe relative documents to the buyer to enable him to obtain delivery of the goods ,if they arrive ,or to re cover for the loss ,if they are lost on the voyage. 鐩
稿綋 浜?give 鍦?CIF 浠锋牸鏈 椤逛笅锛屽崠鏂圭殑璐,换鏄
悜涔版柟閫?浜ゆ湁鍏冲崟璇侊紝浣垮叾鑳藉湪璐х墿鍒拌揪鍚
庢彁鍙栬揣 鐗?紝濡傛灉璐?鐗?湪杩愯緭閫斾腑涓?け浜嗭紝涔
版柟涔熷彲浠ュ嚟鍗曡瘉鑾峰緱琛ュ伩銆?He became as
exhilarated as if his tender for buildin g a mansion had been accepted. 浠栨 鍠滆嫢鐙傦紝濂藉儚 浠栨壙鍔炲ぇ鍘,缓绛戠殑
鎶曟爣琚 帴鍙椾簡銆?8 Economics is the study of how people make choic es under conditions of scarcity and the results of tho se choices for society. Economic analysis of human behavior begins with the assumption that people are rational鈥攖hat
they have well defined goals and try to achieve them as best as they can. In trying to achiev e their goals, people normally face trade-offs. Becau se material and human resources are limited, having more of one good thing means making do with less of some of other good thing. 涔?P21 缁忔祹瀛,槸鐮旂?鍦?璧
勬簮绋?缂烘潯浠朵笅鐨勪汉浠 ?庢牱鍋氬嚭閫夋嫨鍜岃繖浜涢?夋
嫨鐨勭粨 鏋滃 绀句細浼氫骇鐢熸?庢牱 鐨勫奖鍝嶇殑涓?闂ㄥ
绉戙?傚 浜虹被琛屼负 鐨勭粡娴庡 鍒嗘瀽鏄 缓绔嬪湪鐞嗘?т
汉鈥斿嵆姣忎釜浜洪兘鏈夋槑纭 殑 鐩 爣锛?骞朵笖浼氬敖鍏舵
墍鑳藉疄鐜拌繖涓 洰鏍?-鐨勫亣璁句笂銆?鍦?鍔涘浘瀹炵幇鐩
爣鐨勮繃绋嬩腑锛?浜轰滑閫氬父浼氶潰涓存潈琛???鍥犱负 鐗?
川鍜屼汉鍔涜祫婧愰兘鏄 湁闄愮殑锛屽洜姝ゅ 鎷ユ湁鏌愮 鍟
嗗搧鎰?鍛崇潃鍑忓皯鍙,竴绉嶅晢鍝佺殑鎷ユ湁閲忋??9 瀹忚 缁
忔祹瀛, 鐮旂?鐨勪竴浜涗富瑕侀棶棰樺寘鎷 細缁忔祹澧為暱
鍜岀敓娲绘按骞虫彁楂樼殑婧愶紱骞冲潎鍔冲姩 鐢熶骇鐜?锛堝崟
浣嶉泧浣,伐 浜虹殑浜у嚭锛?鐨勫彉鍖栬秼鍔匡紱 缁忔祹澧為
暱杩囩?涓 殑鐭 湡娉?姩 锛堣“閫?鍜屾墿寮狅級 锛?澶变笟
鍜岄?氳揣鑶ㄨ儉鐜拌薄浜х敓鐨勫師鍥犲拰 鎺у埗鎵嬫 锛涘浗
瀹朵箣闂寸殑缁忔祹鑱旂郴銆?涔?P25 Some of the broad issues
that macroeconomists stu dy are: sources of economic growth and improved li ving standards; trends in average labor
productivity; short-term fluctuations in the pace of economic gro wth; causes and cures of unemployment and inflatio n; economic interdependence among nations. 10.According to traditional trade theory, if each natio n specializes in the production of the commodity of i ts comparative advantage, world output will be great er and , through trade, each nation will share in the g ain. With the present distribution of factor endowme nts and Technology between developed and develop ing nations, the theory of comparative advantage thu s prescribes that developing nations should continu e to specialize in the production of and export of raw materials, fuels, minerals, and food to developed nati ons in exchange for manufactured products. 涔?P71 鎸夌发浼犵粺鐨勮锤鏄撶悊璁猴紝濡傛灉鍚勫浗
涓撻棬鐢熶骇鑷 繁鍏锋湁姣?杈冧紭鍔跨殑鍟嗗搧锛屼笘鐣岀殑鎬
讳骇鍑哄皢 浼氬 鍔狅紝 閫氳繃璐告槗鍙?浣垮悇鍥藉潎鍙楃泭銆?
鏍规嵁鐩 墠鐨勮 绱犵 璧嬪拰鎶?鏈 湪鍙戣揪鍥?瀹跺拰鍙戝
睍涓 浗瀹剁殑 鍒嗗竷锛屾牴鎹 杈冧紭鍔跨悊璁猴紝鍙戝睍涓?
鍥藉 灏卞簲褰撶户缁 繘琛屽師鏂欍?佺熆浜у搧鍜岄 鐗?柟
闈?殑涓撲笟 鍖栫敓 浜у拰鍑哄彛锛屼互鎹?彇鍙戣揪鍥藉 鐨
勫埗鎴愬搧銆?11.閲嶅晢涓讳箟鑰呰 涓轰竴鍥藉彧鏈夊綋鍏朵粬
鍥藉 鎹熷け鏃舵墠鍙 粠 鍥介檯璐告槗涓 幏鍒??傚洜姝わ紝
浠栦滑涓诲紶 绠″埗杩涘彛锛岄紦鍔卞嚭 鍙,紝鍛煎悂鏀垮簻瀵
规墍鏈夌粡娴庢椿鍔ㄨ繘琛屼弗鏍肩殑绠″埗銆?涔?P 74 The
mercanlilists believed that a nation could gai n in international trade only at the expense of other n ations. As a result, they advocated restrictions on im ports, incentives for exports, and strict government r egulation of all economic activities. 12.鎴樼暐瀹舵槸瀵圭粍缁囩殑鍏磋“鎴愯触璐熶富瑕
佽矗浠荤殑浜哄憳銆?鎴樼暐瀹剁粍缁囦紒涓氭敹闆嗐??鍒嗘瀽鍜屾
暣鐞嗕俊鎭 ??浠栦滑璺熻釜浜?涓氬拰绔炰簤鎬佸娍锛屽缓绔嬮
娴嬫ā鍨嬪苟杩涜 鍦烘櫙鍒嗘瀽锛岃瘎浠?鍏 徃鍜屼笅灞為儴闂
ㄧ殑缁?晥锛岃瘎 浼版 鍦ㄥ嚭鐜扮殑甯傚満鏈轰細锛?璇嗗埆缁
忚惀濞佽儊锛屾彁鍑哄垱閫犳?х殑琛屽姩璁″垝銆?涔?P344 Str
ategists are individuals who are most responsible fo r the success or failure of an organization. Strategist s help an organization gather, analyze, and organize information . They track industry and competitive tre nds, develop forecasting models and scenario analy ses, evaluate corporate and divisional performance, spot emerging market opportunities, identify busines s threats, and developed creative action plans. 13.The increase in international business and in fore ign investment has created a need for executives wit h knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross -cultural communication. Negotiating is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching and agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise. 涔?P507 鍥介檯璐告槗鍜屾
捣澶栨姇璧勭殑澧炲姞浜х敓浜嗗 鍏锋湁澶栬 鐭ヨ瘑鍜?璺ㄦ
枃鍖栦氦娴佹妧宸х殑缁忕悊鐨勯渶姹傘??璋堝垽鏄 负浜嗚揪鎴
愬崗璁?鑰屽弽澶嶄氦娴佺殑杩囩?銆傚畠鍖呮嫭璇存湇鍜屽Ε鍗
忋??14.Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) is the exchange of transactional data between organizations by elect ric means as a replacement for document. EDI is the electronic transfer of business information, with the i nformation being sent in a format that conforms to c ertain standards. It introduces the possibility of 鈥減ap erless鈥?trading and promises the end
of repetitive for m filling, stock orders and order forms of 鈥減aper shift ing鈥? 涔?P508 鐢靛瓙鏁版嵁浜ゆ崲 锛圗DI锛?
鏄 寚灏嗕紒涓氶棿浜?鏄撳線鏉ョ殑璧勬枡鐢变粠鍓嶆枃浠朵氦鎹
?殑鏂瑰紡鏀规垚鍒?敤鐢?瀛愭柟 寮忎紶閫併?傜數瀛愭暟鎹 氦
鎹?氨鏄 紒涓氫俊鎭 寜鐓х壒瀹氭爣鍑嗙殑 鏍煎紡缁忕敱鐢
靛瓙鐨勬柟寮忎氦鎹 ?傚畠浣?鈥滄棤绾糕?濊锤鏄撴垚涓哄彲鑳?
锛?缁堢粨浜嗕互寰?濉 啓鏂囦欢琛ㄦ牸銆?娣昏揣鍗曚互鍙婂叾浠
栧舰寮忕殑 鈥濇枃浠惰浆绉烩?濇柟 寮忋??15.鐢变簬鏂囧寲鐨勫
鏍锋?у拰澶嶆潅鎬э紝瑕佸 涓栫晫涓婂悇绉嶆枃鍖?涓?涓?杩
涜 瑙,噴骞舵彁鍑烘瘡涓?绉嶆枃鍖栧 浜轰滑琛屼负鐨勫奖鍝
嶆槸 鍗佸垎鍥伴毦涔熸槸涓嶅彲鑳界殑銆?涔?P510 Due to the
varietie s and multifaceses of cultures, it is very difficult and impossible to look into every culture and its impact on individual鈥檚 behavior. 16.娴峰 浜哄,鍦ㄤ笂娴峰強鍛ㄨ竟
鍦板尯鐨勬姇璧勮繎骞存潵缈讳簡涓ょ暘 銆傚嚭鐜拌繖涓?楂樻定
涓嶆 鐨勬姇璧勭儹鏈夊 绉嶅師鍥犮??闄や簡涓 浗 鏄 笘鐣
屼笂缁忔祹澧為暱鏈?蹇 殑鍥藉 涔嬪 锛?涓 浗鏀垮簻鍜屽湴
鏂?鏀垮簻寰堥噸瑙嗗 澶栧取闈?寮?鏀撅紝涓嶄粎寮?鏀炬部娴峰
煄甯傦紝涔熷紑 鏀惧唴鍦帮紝灏藉彲鑳藉惛鏀跺 璧勩??Overseas
investment in Shanghai and its surroundings has quadruped in rec ent years. There are many reasons for this rising inv estment boom. Apart from the fact that China is one of the fast growing economics in the world, the Chin ese central government and local governments focu s a lot of their attention on opening the whole countr y up to the outside world, both the coastal cities and the country鈥檚 interior areas. They are doing all
they c an to attract foreign investment. 鈫?
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