范文一：给论文语用学方向的同学---做参考文献用

给论文语用学方向的同学---做参考文献用

语用学方向必读之物

(说明:以下是纯语用学和语义学著作，2/3为必读之物(约等于57本/篇)

1. Austin, J. L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

2. Brown, G. & G. Yule. 1983. Discourse Analysis[M]. Cambridge: CUP.

3. Grice, H. P. 1975[1991]. Logic and conversation[A]. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (eds). Syntax and Semantics,Vol. 3: Speech Acts[C]. NY: Academic Press:43-58. reprinted in S. Davis (ed). Pragmatics: a Reader[C]. NY & Oxford: OUP:305-315.

4. Halliday, M. A. K. 1994/2000. An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. London: Edward Arnold; 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.

5. Leech, G. 1974/1981. Semantics: the Study of Meaning[M]. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin.

6. Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics[M]. London: Longman.

7. Leech, G. 2005. Politeness: is there an east-west divide?[J]. 外国语(6):3-31.

8. Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics[M]. Cambridge: CUP.

9. Lyons, J. 1977[2000]. Semantics[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 & CUP.

10. Mey, J. 1993. Pragmatics: an Introduction[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

11. Peccei, J. S. 2000. Pragmatics[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 & Routledge.

12. Saeed, J. L. 1997. Semantics[M]. Oxford: Blackwell.

13. Searle, J. 1969[2001]. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language[M]. Cambridge: CUP; 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 & CUP.

14. Searle, J. 1979[1981]. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts[M]. Cambridge: CUP.

15. Sperber, D. & D. Wilson. J. 1986/1995/2001 Relevance: Communication and Cognition[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 & Blackwell Publishers

Ltd.

16. Thomas, J. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics[M]. London and NY: Longman.

17. Ungerer, F. & J. Schmid. 2001. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M]. 北京:

外语教学与研究出版社.

18. Verschueren. J. 2000. Understanding Pragmatics[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版

社 & Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.

19. Wilson, D. 2000. Relevance and understanding[A]. In G. Brown et al. (eds). Language andUnderstanding[C]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社:35-58.

20. Yule, G. 2000. Pragmatics[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

21. 何兆熊. 2003. 语用学文献选读[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

22. 何兆熊等. 2000. 新编语用学概要[M] . 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

23. 何自然. 1988. 语用学概论[M]. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社.

24. 何自然. 1997. 语用学与英语学习[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

25. 何自然. 2003. 语用学讲稿[M]. 南京: 南京师范大学出版社.

35. 钱冠连. 1997b. 汉语文化语用学[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社.

40. 钱冠连. 2002. 语言全息论[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆.

41. 钱冠连. 2005. 语言: 人类最后的家园——人类基本生存状态的哲学与语用学

研究[M]. 北京:商务印书馆.

46. 束定芳. 2000a. 现代语义学[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

47. 束定芳. 2000b. 隐喻学研究[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

48. 束定芳. 2001. 中国语用学研究论文精选[C]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

49. 索振宇. 2000. 语用学教程[M] . 北京大学出版社.

52. 王寅. 2001. 语义理论与语言教学[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

56. 伍铁平. 1999[2000]. 模糊语言学[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

57. 熊学亮. 1999. 认知语用学概论[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

67. 张乔. 1998a[2004]. 模糊语义学[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.

68. 赵彦春. 2004. 语言学的哲学批判[M]. 重庆: 重庆出版社.

70. 赵艳芳. 2001. 认知语言学概论[M] . 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.

何自然、冉永平. 2001. 语用与认知——关联理论研究[C]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版

社.

语用学方向可读之物

(说明:格式等方面有不完善处请谅解。)

Brown, P. & S. Levinson. 1978[1987]. Universals in Language Usage: Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction[M]. Cambridge: CUP.

Gu, Yueguo/顾曰国. 1990. Politeness phenomenon in modern Chinese[J]. Journal of Pragmatics 14:237-257.

Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan. 1985[1989]. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social-semiotic Perspective[M]. Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University Press (republished by OUP).

Levinson, S. C. 1989. A review of relevance[J]. Journal of Linguistics 25:455-472.

Searle, J. 1975. Indirect speech acts[J]. In P Cole & J. L. Morgan (eds). Syntax and Semantics (3): Speech Acts[C]. N.Y.: Academic Press:59-82.

Searle, J. 1976. A classification of illocutionary acts[J]. Language in Society 5:1-24.

Searle, J. 1965[1991]. What is a speech act?[A] In S. Davis (ed). Pragmatics — a Reader[C].

Oxford: OUP.

Zhang, Q/张乔. 1998. Fuzziness ― vagueness ― generality ― ambiguity[J]. Journal of

Pragmatics 29:13-31.

建议论文的“主要参考文献”采用以下格式:

1. Andrews, E. 1990. Markedness Theory[M]. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

2. Blakemore, D. 1992. Understanding Utterances: An Introduction to

Pragmatics[M]. Oxford: Blackwell.

3. Blakemore, D. 2002. Relevance and linguistic meaning: The semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers[M]. Cambridge: CUP.

4. Davis, Steven. (ed.) 1991. Pragmatics: A Reader. Oxford: OUP.

5. Searle, J. 1976. A classification of illocutionary acts[J]. Language in Society (5):1-24.

6. Grice, H. P. 1975 Logic and conversation[A]. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (eds). Syntax and Semantics,Vol. 3: Speech Acts[C]. NY: Academic Press.41-58. Reprinted in S. Davis (ed.) Pragmatics – A Reader[C]. NY, Oxford: OUP. 1991:305-15.

7. Wilson, D. 2000. Relevance and understanding[A]. in G. Brown et al. (eds.) Language andUnderstanding[C]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社:35-58.

8. Saussure, de F. 1916[1996]. Course in General Linguistics[M]. (ed. by C. Bally & A. Sechehaye.(高名凯译). 普通语言学教程. 北京:商务印书馆.

9. Gutt, E.-A. 1991. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context[M]. Oxford: Blackwell.

10. Sperber, D. & D. Wilson. 1986/2001. Relevance: Communication and Cognition[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 北京:外语教学与研究出版社& Blackwell Publishers

Ltd..

范文二：语用学课程论文题目、要求及答卷

西南大学本?科生课程论?文

答 卷 纸

考查科目 语用学导论? 院、所、中心 外国语学院? 专 业 英语(师范) 学 年 4 学 期 1 班 级 2011级? 班 姓 名 学 号 成 绩

2014年?12月6日?制

语用实例的?语用学解读?

作者姓名:

一(请用你所学?的语用学理?论知识分析?解读以下对?话。要求，分析的角度?至少包括语?用原则、会话含义、会话结构和?言语行为等?，答题字数、长短不限。(50%)

背景介绍:李、刘两位博士?生，同年级好朋?友，一年多来同?住一套两室?一厅的房子?，公

用厨房、卫生间。平时，一般在11?:40左右，李洗漱完毕?，与刘打招呼?，提

醒他该洗?漱休息了，然后关门上?床，刘则开始洗?漱。李躺在床上?看书15分?钟

左右息灯?休息，此时刘也洗?漱完毕，传来隔壁关?门声。 以下对话发?生在200?2年5月2?3日 晚12:50;刘在厨房洗?衣服。

说明:“李1”，表示“李的第1个?话轮，“李2”表示“李的第2个?话轮”，“刘1”表示“刘的第

1个?话轮”，以此类推。

李1(走进厨房，准备刷牙):你这会儿还?在洗衣服呀?,

刘1:几点了,

李2:1点了。

刘2:不会吧,

李3:自己听听外?面的声音。

刘3(停下来，稍顿):“自己听外面?的声音”是什么意思?,

李4(笑):就是要你自?己听听，外面已没人?活动的声音?了。

刘4(笑):噢—。外面早就没?有声音了。

李5:唉—，你还不信,(并不在意，转身回自己?房中)

(三分钟后，刘回自己房?中，顺便看钟)

刘5(惊叫):唉呀～真是1点了?～

李6(笑):给你说，你还不信～

刘6(认真地):我看你还没?睡，就以为还早?着呢。

李7:噢—(升调)，晚安哈。(关门休息)

刘7: 好，晚安—

1

对话解析:

(请在此处开?始答题，小四号字体?)

二(请自选一段?影视作品或?文学作品中?的连续对白?(英语或汉语?)，并

用你所学?的语用学知?识对之进行?分析解读。(50%)

要求:1)对白可以是?两人间的也?可以是三人?间的，长度应该合?计不少于

2?0个话轮，请参照第一?题的话轮标?注方式标注?话轮(第一题合

计?共有14个?话轮，李、刘各有7个?)。

2)分析的角度?至少包括语?用原则、会话含义、会话结构和?言语行

为等?。如有文献引?用请用AP?A 格式进行文?内夹注和罗?列参考

文献?。

3)如果是英语?的对白请用?英语解析，汉语的对白?请用汉语解?析。

4)对白的解析?部分，英语不少于?500词，汉字不少于?800字。

(请在此处输?入对白原文?，小四号字体?，1.5倍行距)

对白解析:

(请在此处开?始答题，小四号字体?，1.5倍行距)

2

(注意:请各班以班?级为单位在?12月12?日以前把课?程论文纸质?打印稿收齐?交给任课教?师，请各个同学?把各自论文?的电子版在?12?月日晚上12之前?发到 chuxw?118@126.com 信箱中，否则没成绩?哈。)

3

范文三：语用学论文

Euphemism in Cross-cultural

Communication

【Abstract】 As social individuals, we have to interact with others in daily life, hence language communication plays an important role in maintaining social relation and human relation. Very often, people try to avoid causing the unpleasantness of the two communicative sides and damaging their relationship. Thus euphemism is employed to keep the human relationship going well and help to save face of communicators. If people make full use of euphemism, it can facilitate human communication，especially in cross-cultural communication. This paper elaborates on the social functions of euphemism in English. And it focuses on the relationships between its polite functions and Politeness Principle.

【Key words】 euphemism, function, intercommunication, politeness

Introduction

In the New English Course Book 4, there is a humor: Once a Paris tourist resided in UK. A

landlady told him sadly that, “My husband has just passed to the other side.” The guest looked from the fence of the garden but saw no one, feeling confused. The landlady explained: “I mean he?s kicked the bucket.” The guest comforted her that: “I hope his foot will be better soon.” The landlady felt unintelligibly and said: “No, he wasn?t here, he snuffed it… you know.” The guest wondered and said: “But you?ve got electricity here.”

Very obviously, the tourist misunderstood the landlady and didn?t get across what she had

expressed. The reasons why he didn?t answer properly are that he didn?t realize that the landlady used euphemism, nor did he understand the “conversational implicature” of euphemism. What the landlady wanted to say is that her husband died. Therefore the ignorance of such kind of conventional euphemism will not only lead to jokes but more serious will make yourself seem to be impolite. So it is essential to cultivate euphemism awareness in cross-cultural communication. The origin of euphemism and detention

This word originated from the Hellene. The beginning of the word “eu” means "good", and

the body of the word “phemism” means “speech”, so the literal meaning of word is “word of good speech”. In the New Edition of the Oxford Concise Dictionary “Euphemism” is defined as ?Substitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or direct one; expression thus substituted.? IN Webster?s New Collegiate Dictionary (1973) the definition reads, ?Substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant.?? Functions of euphemism

● Taboo function

Taboo is the main psychological basis of the emergence of euphemism. There are some taboo things, such as birth, death, funeral, sex, nakedness, defecation, and urinate. If they are expressed directly, people will feel uncomfortable. Thus people use euphemism to avoid such vulgar and harsh feeling.

To describe death

There are a number of examples of euphemism to perform such function. The word “death” is the taboo words to all nations. Thus there are a lot of euphemisms related with it. “pass away, answer the final call, be asleep in Jesus, be safe in the arms of Jesus, be at rest, be called to God, be home and free, be in Abraham?s bosom, cross the River Jordan, final sleep, go home, go to meet one?s maker, etc.” such phrases are not only used to avoid unpleasant feelings and offending the hearers, but sometimes to express special meanings and emotions. Here are two examples:

None of his children had any love for this old man except for his legacy. So they would be very happy if he kicked the bucket tomorrow.

没有一个孩子对他表示一点爱，除了他的财产，他们巴不得他明天就翘辫子。“kick the bucket” vividly indicates his children?s eagerness for his death, although it is not expressed explicitly.

As a matter of fact, we Chinese seldom use the word “死” when we express one?s death. Instead, we say “长眠了，仙逝了， 归天了，去了，老了， 见马克思了”etc. Such kind of expressions suggests the speaker?s respect to the dead as well as his sympathy. At the same time, in China, we have a number of special terms for “死” in expressing the death of the officials. Like “崩” for emperor, “薨” for dukes, and “卒” for dafu. Therefore, by using these special words, people avoid being accused of rudeness in that hierarchical society.

To describe excretion

Another example is when people want to use the toilet and they tend to say “wash one’s hands，relieve oneself, get some fresh air，answer the call of nature”, etc., on the one hand, they themselves will not feel embarrassed; on the other hand others will not associate with dirty things. Here are two examples:

For men, they will say “I?ve got to see a man about a dog.?? While for women, they tend to say“I?ve got to powder my nose”. It is also true in Chinese. People seldom say words like “撒尿”“拉屎”， but use “大号”“小号”to substitute them.

Just think about such a situation: a man and a woman are on dating. Suddenly the man gets a bellyache and what should he say? If he says directly: “我去拉个屎!” maybe the woman will never want to date him. Therefore, the using of euphemism helps to maintain relationship and save one?s face.

● Politeness function

Politeness function of euphemism is to avoid inelegant things and make people feel pleasant. In daily life, when people meet with some unpleasant things or behaviors, they usually choose some vague expressions to avoid making bold or hurting other?s feeling----to use euphemism. Usually it will be found in following aspects:

To describe appearance and physical defects

It is harsh to say someone is deaf, so people use “auditory-impaired” to replace it. They sound more gracefully. And we use “physically handicapped” for lame person. When English-speakers refer to the appearance, they don?t use the word “ugly” or “awful”, which has strong derogatory sense. Instead, they use the word “plain-looking” or “not pretty”. In the age of judging beauty by slim figure, we use the words “plumy, heaviest, stout” to substitute “fat”. For example, Tom is taking her girlfriend Penny home and secretly asks his friend—Bob?s opinion about her.

Tom: Hey, Bob. What do you think about my girlfriend?

Bob: (silent for a while) she is well-developed.

Actually, she is fat, but it?s impolite to use the word “fat”, thus the word “well-developed” is a good choice, it not only expresses the speaker?s real opinion, but also pleases the hearer. So why don?t we use it? This is also true in Chinese. In China, we seldom use the word “胖” if we don?t want to hurt one?s face. Thus we tend to use the words like “丰腴, 丰满，富态” etc. to express the meaning of overweight. To describe age

Westerners are sensitive to age, that?s way we are not supposed to talk about age with foreigners. In their opinion, “old” equals to “useless” to some extent. In order not to hurt the feeling and self-esteem of the old, “old men” are replaced by “senior citizens”, “seasoned men”, “mature golden age” or “evergreen clubs”. For the word “senior” has many meanings. Except “older”, it also means higher in rank or authority. Corresponding, the retired person “retired people” often is called as “pensioners” And the word “seasoned” means experienced. This is especially the case for women.

To describe some professions

For different jobs, the money you can make is different. Some professions are decent while some are dirty and suffering. In order to meet the psychological demand of people, professional euphemisms are used. This kind of euphemism not only satisfies the vanity of people, but also achieves the popularization of commercial advertisement. To have a nice name of the job, people often have a feeling of being respected. Following are some euphemisms about profession:

beautician (美容师)---hair dresser (理发师)；landscape technician (风景技师)--- gardener (园丁；花匠)；footwear maintenance engineer (鞋类保养工程师)--- bootblack (擦鞋匠)；sanitary engineer(卫生工程师)---dustman (垃圾清理工)；meat technologist (肉类技术专家)---butcher (屠夫)；member of the vertical transportation corps (垂直交通大队队员)---elevator operator (电梯服务员)；mortician（殡仪专家）--- funeral undertaker (殡葬承办人)；bubble dancer (气泡舞蹈家)---dishwasher (在餐馆洗碗碟的人).

The literal enhancement of the jobs on the one hand reflects the nice wish of the lower class people and respect of society; on the other hand, it is the strategy of the employers to attract people to undertake unfavorable jobs.

I still remember an example of a Korean soap opera My Name is Called Jin Sanshun. When Zhenxian?s mother asked what Sanshun?s parents did, she said: “my father is a chief manager in a food business and my mother takes the charge of a financial

business.” Actually, Sanshun?s father is merely the owner of a small mill, while her mother is just an assistant in the grocery. But from the perspective of Sanshun who was talking with her future mother in law, she tried her best to make parents? profession sound more confident and impressive.

● Covering up function

In Vagueness Language, Channell stated covering up function as deliberately hiding information. This can be more seen in western political life, which is used by politicians to serve their political goals. For example, in Vietnam War, Gulf war, or Iraqi war, a number of euphemisms emerged to gloss over the horror and cruelty of war and contemptible diplomatic means. Such as “air option (air strike), collateral damage (civilian casualties), ground war (ground operation), suicidal attack (one-way mission),etc.”In this way, they try to withhold the facts as to ease the tense relations between other countries and reassure and pacify public?s anti-war emotions. After the “9.11” attack, “Anti-terrorism” and “pre-emptive strikes (先发制人的攻击)” are widely used by the American Military. Pre-emptive strike (先发制人的攻击) impresses us that the best way to curb the enemy?s attack is to assault them first, therefore, it sounds ethically correct. Actually, “terrorism (恐怖主义)” has been mingled with “ethnical liberation (民族解放)” and the target of “pre-emptive strikes” has turned to “clear up dissidents (消除异己)”.

Refraining from discrimination

In order to show mercy on the poor people, they are called as “needy (贫困)”instead of “poor”, then “culturally deprived”, then “underprivileged (特殊情况)”, and finally “disadvantaged (拮据)”. “Slum (贫民窟)” is changed to “substandard housing (低于标准的住宅)”. In English, “poor nations” are replaced by “underdeveloped nations (欠发达国家)”“less developed nations (发展中国家)”，, and “the third world (第三世界)”. As a matter of fact, although there is euphemism for poor people, a nice name can give them nothing practical, but the literal comfort and satisfaction.

● Humor function

Euphemism has been used to help people face the fact more easily. For example, people use “push up daisies” to take place of “be buried” because the former words can reduce people?s horror towards death. And “be sent into prison” is replaced by “live at government?s expense”. This expression is witty, which is just like “吃皇粮”in Chinese. Another example, “hen-pecked husband”，which describes the husband who is afraid of his wife. Very interesting, because in China, there is a similar phrase to describe such husband—“妻管严”. When we read these expressions, we feel very humorous instead of being nervous or stressed.

Politeness Principle and the cooperative Principle

The Politeness Principle shows equal and friendly relationships between people in the society. It demands that in communication, the speaker should cooperate with the hearer. The two parties use euphemisms to replace harsh words because it can meet the psychological needs of face-want. And the language used by the two parties

should be appropriate. Generally speaking, the appropriateness of the speech is closely related with euphemism. However, “The Maxim of Relevance” of Grice?s “Cooperative Principle” limits the choice of euphemism. He suggests that in communication, the reply of the hearer should be closely related to the speech of the speaker. In the process of communication, the euphemisms used just now should be connected with the primary language symbols. In such case, it will provide a clue to the hearer so that he can understand the connotation of the speech. This principle provides a lot of standard conversational implicatures. In a word, the two parties can understand the intention of each other from the context. For example,

A: How is John doing with his study at school?

B: He’s a machine.

Here, from the literal meaning of B's reply, he seems haven?t answer A?s question. But at least, his answer violates Quality Maxim and Relation Maxim. We know that though B?s answer doesn?t cooperate with A?s question, we can still understand B?s meaning by the deeper implication of his speech. First, we should suppose that this conversation tally with Cooperative Principle. Second, we can guess the implication between machine and study. At last, we can infer that John is hard-working. Thus, if the utterance is not relevant with each other, we can reason. “Unlike presuppositions and entailments, implicatures are inferences that cannot be made from isolated utterances. They are dependent on the context of the utterance and the shared knowledge between the speaker and the hearer.”

As a matter of fact, the principle of sympathy in politeness principle is greatly involved here, i.e. reduce offensive feelings and emotions between the two communicators; add sympathetic feelings and emotions between the two communicators. In the text book, professor He Ziran used a set of examples to illustrate the importance to be aware of politeness in communication.

1. I’m very sorry to hear about your grandmother.

2. I’m very sorry to hear your grandmother killed herself.

3. I was very sorry to hear your grandmother tripped over the cat, cart wheeled

down the stairs and brained herself on the electricity meter.

Very obviously, we can distinguish the degree of politeness from the examples above.

Conclusion

Euphemism is an appropriate language form created by people to achieve an ideal communicative effect in the social interactions. “Enrighr D.J. stated that ?If euphemism doesn?t exist, the movement of the world will stop and it will be filled with hatred.?” Nearly no one can live without euphemism.

Euphemism is not only a social phenomenon, but also a lingual phenomenon. The formation of euphemism is the result of social factors and psychological factors. From the day of its birth, there are countless ties between euphemism and the social culture. Euphemism develops while the society develops. Euphemism is a mirror. We can learn the values and moral concepts of the society. Euphemism that accords with Politeness Principle oils human communication because polite function is the main

function of Politeness principle. People?s interpersonal relations will be more harmonious. As a foreign language learner, it is necessary to know more knowledge of euphemism and learn to use it properly, which will help to facilitate communication greatly.

Reference

1. Pragmatics, George Yule, 上海外语教育出版社

2. 马漪云.浅谈英语中的委婉语及其运用[J].山西农业大学学报（社会科学版）,

2005年4月. 第1期.

3. 向仍东. 浅析英语委婉语的特征、构成及作用[J]. 长沙大学学报, 2005年1

月. 第1期

4. 李丽娟. 英语委婉语的语法表达形式[J]. 宁德师专学报, 1998年第3期

5. 《牛津高阶英汉双解词典（第四版增补版）》北京：商务印书馆

6. 胡文仲主编 《英语习语与英美文化》北京: 外语教学与研究出版社

7. 温洪瑞 “委婉语的使用动机与特点”《山东外语教学》2002年第8期

范文四：语用学论文要求

Pragmatics Course Paper

Requirements:

1. 选题范围：以本学期所学教材内容为基础，选取与语用学相关的题目，查阅相关参考文献完成写作。

2．课程论文用英语撰写，字数2000词左右

3．论文包括：封面、标题，正文，参考文献

3．正文使用小4号字，1.5 倍行距

英文字体使用Times New Roman，中文使用宋体。

A4纸打印

请在封面上写上姓名（用中文填写）、班级和学号。

4. 截止日期：2010级：2014-05 -10； 2011级：2014-06-20

Suggested topics:（以下仅供参考。）

1. Defining pragmatics

2. The development of pragmatics

3. Competence, pragmatic competence, communicative competence

4. Deixis and FLT

5. Conversational implicature and English listening

6. Presupposition and English reading comprehension

7. Linguistic politeness

8. Politeness principle / cooperative principle and communication

9. Performatives and speech acts

10. Indirect speech act

11. Hedging in discourse

12. Pragmatic vagueness in verbal communication

13. Pragmatics in translation

14. Pragmatics in FLT

15. Context and word meaning

16. pragmatic markers

17. Pragmatic failure

18. Recent development of pragmatic studies in China

19. Relevance Theory: implications and applications

20. Pragmatic meaning and sentence meaning

PS. 请把所收集的语料打印后单独一页附在论文后面。

范文五：语用学论文

语用学论文

系科

班级

学号

姓名 外语系 10英语教育2班 1021013246 宗培晚

语用学论文

摘要 何为语境，每个人都可以大概说出来。简言而之，也就是在合适是的场合说合适的话，也可以用中国一句俗语表达，见人说人话，见鬼说鬼话。语用学中的语境也不是如中国俗话所说的那么简单，他是一个复杂的过程。在当今的跨文化交际中，学会并掌握各种语境对我们对外交往中有之不可忽视的作用。语境的意义，性质，构成因素等等问题，是古今学者研究的热题。个人的观点也不尽相同，取之合理之处，加深对语境的了解。语境并不只是一个名词，它蕴含的含义是庞大而多彩的。走进语用学的语境，探究生活的点点滴滴，发现世界的共同性与差异性。

关键词 语境 性质 分类 构成因素 语用学 交际 整体 系统

正文 对语用学中的语境的研究是一个复杂的过程，同时国内外很多语境学者对语境的性质、分类、构成因素等问题各抒己见，很难得到比较全面的解释。源于这些学者的对语境研究的出发点不同，侧重点不同。因此，很多人认为，要对语境进行科学的分类，必须以其在相关学科中的性质、特征、功能以及构成因素等的共性作为依据，也就更加加重了语境的复杂性。

老生常谈，先来介绍一下什么是语境，客观的说也就其理论含义 。语境的定义：语境就是人们运用自然语言进行言语交际的言语环境。另外语境就是任何与语言形式出现相关的环境要素构成的集合。语境分为语言语境和非语言语境，语言语境的内容1 语篇结构上看,上下文包括篇、段、 句、词等

2作品语言结构要素看,语法上下文、语义上下文等有机结合,构成作品内语言形式

3作品内容看,它包括了写作者或说话者的“题旨”、主观愿望等

4作品的语体风格看,它包括了写作者或说话者所选用的语体、所追求的表现风格等

非语言语境包括人的因素，社会因素，历史因素，文化因素，民族因素， 伴随因素

1、人的因素,包括言语表达者和接受者，他们的思想、身分、文化程度、性格、修养、处境、心情等；

2、社会因素，包括社会特点、地域风貌、政治制度、经济情况等；

3、文化因素，包括文化心态、人文特征、文化活动、文化积淀等；

4、历史因素，包括时代特点、历史背景、历史沿革等；

5、民族因素看，它包括民族特征、民族风格、民族习惯、民族交往等。

6、伴随因素，包括言语交际中言语表达者的表情、姿态、动作等等。

语境的性质主要有以下10个方面

1.语境的不可缺性2.语境的整体性3.语境的动态性4.语境的传递性5.语境的可显映性6.语境的确定性7.语境的相对性8.语境的层次性9.语境的对称性10.语境的自返性

1．语境的不可缺性

所谓语境的不可缺性特征，它主要表现在两个方面。第一，就是语境的普遍性。语境的普遍性，亦即语境这个特殊的“场”存在于一切语言交际之中。没有无语境的语言交际，因为一切失去语境的言语，不管对言语信息的发出者还是接

收者来说，无语境的言语是不可理解的。

第二，语境是与言语交际活动过程相始终的。我们知道，语境这个特殊的“场”是基于语言交际活动而产生的，一定的语言交际活动消失后，语境也随之消失。在脱离特定的语境之后，就不可能存在所谓的语言交际活动。这就是说，言语行为不能脱离语境，而语境又与言语行为相伴始终。这也说明了语境在语言交际中的不可缺性。

2. 语境的整体性 语境的整体性是语境系统性的反映。任何系统都是由相互联系、相互制约的若干要素组成的具有特定功能的综合整体，语境系统也是如此。它以实施特定言语交际行为的交际目的为依据，将与该言语交际行为相关的语境要素组合成一个整体，整体内各语境要素对言语交际行为产生或强或弱的制约作用。作为一个独立存在的语用要素，语境本身是一个整体，内部包含了众多的子因素，这些子因素并不是平面的罗列和杂乱的堆砌，而是有一定的结构和层次。不同的因素和结构所起的作用往往并不相同。但要看到，在具体的语用交际中，语境功能的发挥通常是以整体的面貌呈现出来的。这说明，在具体的语用中，语境的功能是以整体的状态呈现出来的。

3．语境的动态性

语言外的各种语境因素既是在语用交际之前既定的客观存在，又是随时处于变动不定的状态的。时间是流动的，空间是变换的，场景也是可以更易的。所以，言语的语境也是动态的。这种客观存在的动态化语境因素，使每一个具体的言语交际过程都带有自身的独特个性。从宏观上看，在不同的交际过程中发生影响的语境是不同的，而且随着交际的深入语境也在不停地变化，交际过程也就是语境的动态过程。

4. 语境的传递性语境的动态性是不断地构建、生成和创造着新的语境，语境的这种不断地构建的。

5．语境的可显映性

“显映”是关联理论所提到的一个术语，即指交际时的认知状态。一个事实或假设在某个时候对某人是显映的当且仅当他在当时能够将这一事实或假设在大脑中形成心理表征并且承认这一表征是真实的或可能是真实的。

6. 语境的确定性

语境的确定性是指一旦言语交际发生，语境的内容就已给定。例如语境中的时间、地点、对象等客观因素以及交际者的职业、身份等主观因素，只要言语交际一进行，这些语境因素经过交际主体的大脑的反映，被主观化后，参与到表达和理解的心理活动中来，语境就确定无疑了。

7．语境的相对性

语境的相对性是指语境因素随着交际的进行不断发生变化或更替。此外，与交际有关的百科知识也会随着交际的继续而发生变化。

8．语境的层次性

从理论上讲，一个话语的语境是无数的，小语境之上有大语境，大语境中有小语境，这就是语境的层次性。每个小语境可划分成若干更小的语境。语篇结构语境包括上下文语境，上下文语境又包括包括篇、段、句、词语境等。作品内容语境包括“题旨”语境和主观愿望语境等。语体风格语境包括语体和表现风格语境等。

9．语境的对称性

语境的对称性主要体现在语境的制约功能方面。

10. 语境的自返性

语境的自反性是指话语本身就是该话语的语境因素。

谈谈语境的功能

1．语境的制约功能

语言的交流是在一定的语言环境中进行的，总得以一定的语言环境作为依靠。这种依赖性表现为语言环境对语言运用的制约功能。语境的制约功能指语境对语言生成和理解所起的限制作用，是对说写者使用语言的制约。

2．语境的解释功能

语境的解释功能是指语境对于言语活动中的某些语言现象的理解和说明。一定的言语单位，只有依靠相应的语境才能得到解释。语境的解释功能是针对读者、听话人和语言分析者而言的，是指语境对于言语活动中的某些语言现象的解释和说明能力。

3．语境的生成功能

生成功能主要有两方面，一是指语境可以生成会话含义。我们知道，一个句子有字面意义，即词汇意义和语法意义的简单相加，也可以称之为规约意义。但是，句子一旦进入了语境，语句的规约意义就表现出了它的丰富的话语意义，即交际中的言外之意、弦外之音，它一般表现为言在此而意在彼，我们称之为会话含义，它是表述语用主体真正的意旨所在。

5．语境的预测功能

语境的预测功能可以从表达主体和接受主体两方面来考察。就表达主体而言，要根据语境预测来决定言语表达形式和方法。

结语 语言学在生活学习中起着具足轻重的地位，语境是语言中重要的一个部分。掌握语言学有利于我们在跨文化交往中避免很多问题，更好地进行文化交往，促进民族文化的交流与合作。语境包括的范围很多，需要我们花很多精力去学习。说合适的话是一个有知识人必备的，这样不经是对别人的尊重也是对自己素质的一种体现。时代在发展，社会在进步，语言的魅力也在与日俱增，作为新时代的大学生我们更应该学好语言，掌握语境知识，更好地适应这个时代的变迁。 参考文献

1 何自然 语用学中的语境 广东外贸大学外国语言学及应用语言学研究中心 2 索振羽 语用学教程 北京大学出版社 2004-7-1 3维索尔伦 语用学新解 外语教学与研究出版社 2008-8-1

转载请注明出处范文大全网 » 给论文语用学方向的同学---