范文一：au acs

Highly Active Heterogeneous 3nm Gold Nanoparticles on

Mesoporous Carbon as Catalysts for Low-Temperature Selective Oxidation and Reduction in Water

Shuai Wang, #, ? Jie Wang, #, ? Qingfei Zhao, ? Dandan Li, ? Jian-Qiang Wang, ? Minhyung Cho, §Haesung Cho, §Osamu Terasaki, §Shangjun Chen, ? and Ying Wan *, ?

?

The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China ?

Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF),Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China §

Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea

*

Supporting Information he rapidly increasing interest in gold stems from the fact

that the turnover frequency is strongly related to the size

of metallic gold particles. 1

For example, optimal oxidation

performance is typically achieved when the particle diameter is

less than 5nm. 2

Oxide supports such as TiO 2, CeO 2, and Fe 2O 3

are typically used to isolate small metal nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution. 3

However, the interaction between

gold and the support may be critical for the catalytic activity, for

example, the stabilization of positive and negative gold atoms at

the interphase. 4To take advantage of the particle size e ? ect

while minimizing the interface interaction e ? ect for gold

nanoparticles, a less-interacting support such as activated

carbon is required.

5Current research related to gold on activated carbon severely

lags that related to gold on oxides, possibly because of gold ’ s

redox properties and the ease of reducing Au(III)precursors, resulting in the formation of large metallic aggregates. 6A colloidal deposition method was ? rst developed by Prati and

Rossi to obtain 3nm gold particles on activated carbon; the

resulting catalyst was highly active toward the liquid-phase oxidation of alcohols by O 2. 7Protecting groups are always used; they in ? uence the overall activity of gold catalysts in a variety of ways, such as by determining the particle size, the position of

electronic modi ? cation. 8Another problem that arises when using supported gold catalysts is that the active sites in postsynthesis catalysts decrease rapidly during heating because gold nanoparticles tend to aggregate at high temperatures. The intercalation of nanoparticles inside carbon frameworks is an attractive solution to this problem. For example, nanocasting methods have been developed, where mesoporous silicates or organosilicates con ? ned with 2? 7nm gold nanoparticles in the walls are used as hard templates. 9A replication process then yields mesoporous carbon-supported gold. 10However, the performance of carbon-supported gold catalysts in oxidation reactions is not superior to that of a silica-based analogue because of the growth of nanoparticles from 2to 7nm upon high-temperature treatment. Very recently, our group devel-oped a coordination-assisted self-assembly approach to the

intercalation of monodispersed gold nanoparticles inside mesoporous carbon walls. 11A complete conversion of benzyl alcohol in water to benzoic acid can be achieved with this Received:September 21, 2014Revised:December 26, 2014

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catalyst at 90°C and 1MPa. The limitation of this method, however, is that the particle size is ? xed to 9nm in diameter. The reduction of the gold particle size is urgently needed to investigate its e ? ect on the catalytic performance so that further improvements can be achieved.

The selective oxidation of alcohols is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis. Recent research interests have been focused on using molecular oxygen at low temperatures (particularlyfor alcohols with high melting points or low stability at high temperatures), benign solvents, and reusable heterogeneous catalysts, which are favorable from environmental and economic points of view. 12However, examples of these reactions being performed at room temperature are limited. 13Herein, we report the ? rst demonstration of the formation of 3.4nm gold nanoparticles on ordered mesoporous carbon in the absence of a protecting agent. The resulting catalyst exhibits a much higher turnover frequency value in the selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol at room temperature than has been previously reported, even compared to the reaction run using a 8.9nm gold-supported nanocatalyst at the freezing point of water. This enhancement in performance is attributed to the coordination e ? ect of small particles.

As previously mentioned, the growth of gold nanoparticles always occurs during high-temperature treatment because of the low melting point of gold nanoparticles and their mobility. Therefore, we reasoned that if the reduction from gold ions to gold and the mobility of gold can be inhibited, particle growth might also be inhibited. Thiol functional groups (here,3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane, MPTMS), 14which are fre-quently used to protect gold ions, were added into the synthesis batch containing gold ions, low-polymerzied phenolic resins and triblock copolymer. The as-synthesized gold ? thiol-silica-resin thin ? lms that were obtained from the solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly of triblock copolymer possessed an S/Auratio of 32.7. A two-step carbonization that included a treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid and a heating process from room temperature to 600°C was adopted, and the ? nal product was labeled 3nm ? Au-C. For comparison, 9nm ? Au-C was also synthesized according to the method described in the literature, 11and we obtained 100nm Au&Cby omitting MPTMS in the synthesis.

The FT-IR spectrum for as-prepared 9nm ? Au-C exhibits several bands corresponding to the characteristic stretching modes of phenolic resins, silicate, and triblock copolymer F127 (SupportingInformation (SI)Figure S1), indicative of the inorganic composite. After treatment with sulfuric acid, the color of the as-prepared 3nm ? Au-C changed from yellow to dark-brown, corresponding to the carbonization of resins. The observed stretching modes associated with the benzene rings changed, and those associated with the surface hydroxyl groups disappeared, further indicating polymerization of the framework. Additionally, the intensities of the C ? H vibrations decreased, indicating the partial removal of F127. The nitrogen adsorption ? desorption isotherms of the as-prepared 3nm ? Au-C exhibit typical type-IV behavior Figure S2), with a BET surface area of the 3nm ? Au-C of 66 m 2/g,whereas the isotherm of the as-prepared 9nm ? Au-C shows an undetectable surface area. The opened pores in the as-prepared 3nm ? Au-C can be attributed to the carbonization of a triblock copolymer inside the mesopores by concentrated sulfuric acid, in agreement with the IR results. The TG curve for the as-prepared 3nm ? Au-C exhibits two predominant mass losses, which are related to the elimination of the triblock copolymer and resins, respectively, accompanied by the release of small molecules Figure S3). Compared with the triblock copolymer and resin contents of the 9nm ? Au-C, those of the 3nm ? Au-C are much smaller, suggesting a partially carbonized triblock copolymer and resin framework. Concentrated sulfuric acid has also been used as an agent used to carbonize both resins and triblock copolymers. 15

The C ? S stretching mode at 690cm ? 1was also clearly observed in the spectra of both the as-prepared 3nm ? Au-C and the 9nm ? Au-C, but not in the spectrum of the sample of thiol-free as-prepared 100nm Au&C.16Evidence for the bonding of the thiol functional groups to composites was also provided by the obtained XPS spectra Figure S4). The binding energy of S 2p 3/2for the as-prepared 3nm ? Au-C split into two peaks at 163.3and 164.1eV, con ? rming the formation of Au ? S and the residue of unreacted ? SH. Additionally, the doublet with binding energies of 84.7and 88.5eV were similar to those of Au(I)in an alkanethiolate complex for Au 4f 7/2and 4f 5/2.The wide-angle XRD patterns of as-prepared materials of both 3nm ? Au-C and 9nm ? Au-C show only one di ? use di ? raction peak at approximately 23°, providing evidence for the formation of the polymeric-silica compositions Figure S5). Metallic gold was not observed in the XRD images. By comparison, the reduction of metallic gold in as-prepared 100 nm Au&Coccurred, demonstrating the essential role of coordination between Au and ? SH for the stabilization of Au ions.

Upon carbonization at 600°C and the elimination of silica, carbon-supported gold catalysts were obtained. EDX analysis revealed the presence of Au, C, and O Figure S6A). No sulfur residue was detected, suggesting that the functional groups were volatilized during calcinations, similar to gold-containing mesoporous silicates. 9c ? e The XPS spectrum displays indistinct binding energy for S 1s, further elucidating the presence of S in the catalyst Figure S6B). The gold content for the studied catalysts is approximately 5.3wt %,as determined by ICP-AES Table S1). The XRD patterns for 3 nm ? Au-C show relatively di ? use di ? ractions in a wide-angle range belonging to fcc Au, and typical di ? ractions correspond-ing to an ordered mesophase in the small-angle range (Figure 1A,B). The XRD results are similar to those previously reported for 9nm ? Au-C. 11However, the size of the metallic gold nanoparticles prepared using our method was signi ? cantly reduced, as estimated from the rather wide di ? raction peak. In contrast, particles larger than 50nm were clearly detected for 100nm Au&C,although the ordered mesopore arrays were maintained. 11N 2adsorption ? desorption isotherms for the 3 nm ? Au-C exhibit type-IV curves, indicating a uniform mesopore distribution of approximately 3.4nm Figure S7, Table S1). The distinct increase in sorption shown in the isotherm curves at low relative pressures of P/P0of 0.01? 0.3 implies the presence of a large amount of small pores approximately 2nm in size. 17High surface areas of 1269m 2/ g and large pore volumes of 0.79cm 3/gwere achieved because of a large number of voids.

The FT-EXAFS spectra of the immobilized Au particles show features analogous with those of gold foil, indicative of the metallic state of the carbon-supported gold catalysts (Figure 1C). The Au ? Au contribution, distance, and coordination number decreases with decreasing particle size Table S2). The intensities of the metallic peak at ～ 11.92keV in the XANES features decrease in the order of 100nm Au&C

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(similarto Au foil) >9nm ? Au-C >3nm ? Au-C, indicating a change in the electronic properties of gold nanoparticles (Figure1D). Given that the carbon support is less-interacting, this fact is possibly related to the size of the gold nanoparticles. The smaller particles in 3nm ? Au-C have a shorter Au ? Au distance, which favors enhanced d -d interactions, narrows the d -band, and lowers the energy of the d -orbitals.

18HRSEM images for the 3nm ? Au-C show a typical rough surface with opened mesopores (Figure2A). Brighter-and darker-contrast Au nanoparticles with a size of approximately 3.4nm were observed only after the cross sections were

polished (Figure2B). These brighter-and darker-contrast Au nanoparticles correspond to particles that are exposed to the surface and covered by carbon thin layers, respectively. These phenomena con ? rm that the Au nanoparticles were located inside the nanopores rather than on the external surface of the

mesostructured solids. TEM images show monodispersed dark gold nanoparticles within the whole catalyst particles and typical stripe-like and hexagonally arranged pores of the 2D

hexagonal mesostructure. The nanoparticles have an average size of 3.4nm (statisticallythe same as the other samples) with a semiexposure morphology (Figure2C, D). One portion of the particle is partially exposed to pore channels, and the other is tightly intercalated into the carbon framework. Notably, no

large particles outside the ordered mesopores were observed, clearly indicating that the thermally stable gold nanoparticles

are con ? ned in the carbonaceous matrix. The nanoparticles of 9

nm ? Au-C are approximately 8.9nm in diameter, and the corresponding images show that these particles occupy both pore channels and adjacent pore walls, but do not penetrate

walls. 11

The formation of small gold nanoparticles is highly related to the S ? Au coordination and carbonization procedure. 9,11In this process, the reduction of gold ions to metallic gold is ? rst inhibited by the strong coordination with the thiol group in the as-synthesized samples. Gold nanoparticles are then reduced and grown at elevated temperatures, accompanied by the release of thiol and other small molecules, which is an exothermic process. The simultaneous formation of gold nanoparticles and relatively rigid silica ? carbon framework

favors the intercalation of Au in pore walls. 9d,e But the particle growth is con ? ned by the rigid silica ? carbon pore walls with adjacent to six cylindrical pores. The growth is ended with the particle size about 8.9nm upon carbonization at 600°C. 11Unobvious distortion of ordered porosity occurs after gold

deposition, although the gold diameter is apparently larger than either pore size or wall thickness. Interestingly, similar nanoparticle sizes were further observed in the catalysts upon being heated from 350to 900°C for the same catalyst, although the mesostructured framework signi ? cantly shrank Figure S8). This phenomenon di ? ers from that observed in

the

Figure 1. (A)Small-angle and (B)wide-angle XRD patterns, and (C)FT-EXAFS and (D)XANES spectra for (a)3.4and (b)8.9nm gold particles on

carbon.

Figure 2. (A,B)HRSEM and (C,D)TEM images of the 3nm ? Au-C:(A)surface, (B)after cross-section polishing, (C)viewed along the (110),and (D)the (001)directions. The particle sizes are labeled with a solid line in (B).The inset in (C)is the metal-particle size distribution histogram.

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case of the supported gold catalysts, whose size is temperature dependent, and therefore implies the con ? nement of the

nanoparticles by relatively “ rigid ” carbonaceous framework even at a relatively low temperature in the present catalyst. In this case, a delayed high-temperature carbonization was adopted. A sulfuric acid treatment step was carried out before calcination to rigidify the carbonaceous pore wall and partially carbonize triblock copolymer. The condensed framework may favor the ? xing of gold nanoparticles after they have been reduced. In addition, the less heat liberated by the previously removed CH 4, CO, among others, from F127and resins also favor the stabilization of gold particles because heat is the main driving force for the mobility of nanoparticles. As a result, the 3nm gold particles are immobilized.

The selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol with molecular O 2in water in the presence of base was used to evaluate the activity of the catalysts under mild conditions of 60°C and atmospheric pressure (Figure3). The reaction pathway of 3

nm ? Au-C, which goes through the intermediates benzaldehyde

and benzyl benzoate, is similar to that of 9nm ? Au-C. But the

selectivity for benzyl benzoate decreases using 3nm ? Au-C

compared to 9nm ? Au-C at the similar benzyl alcohol

conversion, implying the improvement of further oxidation of

benzaldehyde and the suppression of dehydroesteri ? cation reaction between benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol on the Au

surface. The suppression of this byproduct may be ascribed to

small areas of the active sites which are intercalated into and

isolated by carbon.

19

A near 100%yield for benzoic acid can be achieved within 5

h using 3nm ? Au-C and within 12h using 9nm ? Au-C, and

the initial reaction rate follows the order 3nm ? Au-C >9nm ?

Au-C. In the case of supported particles, the molar fraction of

surface atoms available for catalysis was calculated in each case

for gold polyhedra lying on an inactive support, such as

graphite or carbon, with a (111)-typeface. 20

The TOF values

for the Au ? C catalysts with sizes of 3.4and 8.9nm were then

calculated to be 1638and 2506h ? 1

, respectively. A decrease in

reaction temperature leads to similar TOF values for these two catalysts (478and 470h ? 1). When the reaction system was cooled even further to the freezing point of water, the 3nm ? Au-C exhibited a much higher activity in the conversion of benzyl alcohol with a TOF value of 31.2h ? 1, whereas the 9nm ? Au-C exhibited an extremely low conversion of benzyl alcohol (<2%)at 0°c="" within="" 60h.="" the="" tof="" values="" for="" 3nm="" ?="" au-c="" at="" low="" temperatures="" were="" also="" higher="" than="" those="" calculated="" from="" the="" literature="" values="" table="" s3).="" notably,="" the="" reaction="" intermediates="" are="" similar,="" irrespective="" of="" the="" reaction="" temperature.="" a="" similarly="" inverse="" tof="" value="" order="" was="" found="" over="" au/ceo2with="" respect="" to="" palladium="" supported="">

hydroxyapatite in selective oxidation of benzyl alcohols when the temperature decreases from 160to 120°C. 21Therefore, the comparably high relevance of TOF to temperature of 9nm ? Au-C may also re ? ect the higher apparent activation energy for alcohol oxidation using 9nm particles as compared to those of 3nm gold in the studied temperature range.

The external mass transfer limitations were avoided by stirring at 800rpm. The Madon ? Boudart (MB)test was used to verify the absence of mass transfer e ? ects during the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. 22The MB test requires measure-ment of the reaction rate (onper mmol metal basis) for catalysts with varying surface concentrations of metal but with similar dispersion. Because the 9nm ? Au-C catalyst possesses

the similar pore size with 3nm ? Au-C, but a relative larger gold particle size, the mass transfer e ? ect, if any, should be more serious. We further synthesized two additional samples with di ? erent gold contents (1.1,and 2.9wt %).Monodispersed Au nanoparticles with ～ 9nm in size, ordered mesostructure, high surface areas, large pore volumes and uniform pore sizes can be maintained within the studied Au content, as evidenced by the XRD patterns, N2sorption isotherms, and TEM images Figure S9, S10, and Table S1). A plot of rate versus surface concentration at 60°C yields a straight line, demonstrating the mass transfer e ? ect is absent Figure S11). The easy accessibility of gold nanoparticles is related to the abundant secondary voids inside the carbon pore walls. These voids have been reported to facilitate the mass transport of large dye molecules. 23Solid catalysts were ? ltered out of the reaction, and the ? ltrate was monitored for continued activity. 24When 3nm ? Au-C is hot ? ltered, after approximately 34%conversion, the

? ltrate loses its activity, which is a proof of a negligible gold leaching and heterogeneous catalysis Figure S12). A thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica (SH-SBA-15)solid was also introduced into the reaction batch after the addition of the supported 3.4nm gold catalyst at 60°C and at an S/Auratio of approximately 35to trap leached gold ions. 25The indistinct change in the conversion plots in the presence of the thiol groups excludes the activity associated with leached gold and provides further evidence for the surface-driven catalysis. These results indicate that selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol undergoes a size-dependent catalysis over ligand-less gold nanoparticles, especially at lower temperatures. The Au ? C-catalyzed reaction may involve the adsorption of a superoxo-like molecular oxygen species on the Au nanoparticles. 20,26The coordination e ? ect on the Fermi energy levels of the 3.4nm gold nanoparticles and the subsequent variation of the d -band contribution to the total chemisorption energy of the gold particles, 27as evidenced by the XAFS results, is reasonably explained in terms of the e ? cient activation of O2by small-sized gold nanocatalysts at low temperatures. It should be mentioned that the size-dependent catalysis was

established

Figure 3. Time-course plots for the conversion of benzyl alcohol (-■ -,

black) and the yields of benzoic acid (-★ -, blue), benzaldehyde (-● -,

red), and benzyl benzoate (-▲ -, green) over (A,C,D)3nm ? Au-C,

and (B)9nm ? Au-C at (A,B)60°C, (C)25°C and (D)0°C in

water. The Au:substratewas about 1:1800,1:1600,and 1:360for

(A,C),B and D, respectively. Reaction conditions:4.8mmol benzyl alcohol; 14.4mmol KOH; 10mL H 2O; 1atmO 2; 800rpm.

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with the particle sizes of 3.4and 8.9nm. A metal-to-nonmetal transition for gold below 2nm is not involved. 28

The reduction of p -nitrophenol by sodium borohydride over the 3.4nm gold nanocatalyst at 0°C in water was also investigated. A complete yield of p -aminophenol was achieved in 10min with a TOF value of 1.70min ? 1. The trapping agent of SH-SBA-15for leached gold exhibits a negligible e ? ect on the conversion plots. In ? ltration of the solid catalyst after 3min can completely quench the activity, further demonstrating the

negligible gold leaching and heterogeneous surface-driven catalysis. The conversion of p -nitrophenol remained nearly the same during the ? rst 2min over the reused catalyst for 5cycles Figure S13), demonstrating its reusability. The aqueous solution was collected after each cycle and contained undetectable amounts of gold. The catalyst, after three cycles, was characterized. Negligible leaching gold was detected for the solid catalyst by ICP-AES (TableS1). The TEM image shows the stripe-like and hexagonally arranged pore arrays of the catalyst, containing highly dispersed nanoparticles with a size of about 3.4nm, demonstrating that the heterogeneous catalyst is stable, and the reaction conditions have minor e ? ects on the catalyst structure Figure S14). The XRD pattern and N2sorption isotherms further con ? rm the stability of the catalyst Figure S15, Table S1). The used catalyst exhibits similar structural and textual properties to the fresh one, indicating that the ordered 2-D hexagonal mesostructure, high surface area, and uniform mesopores of the catalyst are all retained.

In summary, monodispersed gold nanoparticles with a size of ～ 3nm were immobilized on ordered mesoporous carbon in the absence of any protecting agent. This catalyst exhibits a high activity toward the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzyl acid and toward the reduction of p -nitrophenol to p -aminophenol at low temperatures such as 0°C. A size-dependent selective oxidation over gold nanoparticles by the exposed surface atoms was observed at 0°C, whereas the intrinsic activity at 25°C was independent of size. The electronic modi ? cation of the d -orbitals of small particles is extremely important for chemisorption at low temperatures.

■ ASSOCIATED CONTENT

*

Supporting Information The following ? le is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI:10.1021/cs501896c.

Experimental procedures and characterization data ■

AUTHOR INFORMATION

Corresponding Author

*E-mail:ywan@shnu.edu.cn.

Author Contributions

#

S.W. and J.W. contributed equally to this work.

Notes

The authors declare no competing ? nancial interest.

■

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the State Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB934102),NSF of China (21322308and 21173149), Ministry of Education of China (PCSIRT-IRT1269and 20123127110004), and Shanghai Science and Technology and Education Committee (11JC1409200,DZL123and S30406).

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(25)Richardson, J. M.; Jones, C. W. J. Catal. 2007, 251, 80? 93. (26)(a)Tsunoyama, H.; Sakurai, H.; Negishi, Y.; Tsukuda, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9374? 9375. (b)Pal, R.; Wang, L.-M.; Pei, Y.; Wang, L.-S.; Zeng, X. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 9438? 9445. (c)Zhang, Y.; Cui, X.; Shi, F.; Deng, Y. Chem. Rev. 2011, 112, 2467? 2505. (d)Tsunoyama, H.; Ichikuni, N.; Sakurai, H.; Tsukuda, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 7086? 7093.

(27)Phala, N.; van Steen, E. Gold Bull. 2007, 40, 150? 153. (28)(a)Valden, M.; Lai, X.; Goodman, D. W. Science 1998, 281, 1647? 1650. (b)Bond, G. C. Faraday Discuss. 2011, 152, 277? 291.

范文二：IEEE投稿格式

> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT)

1

Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS

and JOURNALS

First A. Author, Second B. Author, Jr., and Third C. Author, Member, IEEE

Abstract —These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for IEEE T RANSACTIONS and J OURNALS . Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at IEEE. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite references in the abstract. Do not delete the blank line immediately above the abstract; it sets the footnote at the bottom of this column.

Index Terms—About four key words or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas. For a list of suggested keywords, send a blank e-mail to or visit

I. I NTRODUCTION

T

HIS document is a template for Microsoft Word versions 6.0 or later. If you are reading a paper or PDF version of this document, please download the electronic file, TRANS-JOUR.DOC, from the IEEE Web site at so you can use it to prepare your manuscript. If you would prefer to use LATEX, download IEEE’s LATEX style and sample files from the same Web page. Use these LATEX files for formatting, but please follow the instructions in TRANS-JOUR.DOC or TRANS-JOUR.PDF.

If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact your conference editor concerning acceptable word processor formats for your particular conference.

When you open TRANS-JOUR.DOC, select ―Page Layout‖ from the ―View‖ menu in the menu bar (View | Page Layout),

Manuscript received October 9, 2001. (Write the date on which you submitted your paper for review.) This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Commerce under Grant BS123456 (sponsor and financial support acknowledgment goes here). Paper titles should be written in uppercase and lowercase letters, not all uppercase. Avoid writing long formulas with subscripts in the title; short formulas that identify the elements are fine (e.g., "Nd –Fe –B"). Do not write ―(Invited)‖ in the title. Full names of authors are preferred in the author field, but are not required. Put a space between authors’ initials.

F. A. Author is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (corresponding author to provide phone: 303-555-5555; fax: 303-555-5555; e-mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov).

S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He is now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA (e-mail: author@lamar.colostate.edu).

T. C. Author is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (e-mail: author@nrim.go.jp).

which allows you to see the footnotes. Then, type over sections of TRANS-JOUR.DOC or cut and paste from another document and use markup styles. The pull-down style menu is at the left of the Formatting Toolbar at the top of your Word window (for example, the style at this point in the document is ―Text‖). Highlight a section that you want to designate with a certain style, then select the appropriate name on the style menu. The style will adjust your fonts and line spacing. Do not change the font sizes or line spacing to squeeze more text into a limited number of pages. Use italics for emphasis; do not underline. To insert images in Word, position the cursor at the insertion point and either use Insert | Picture | From File or copy the image to the Windows clipboard and then Edit | Paste Special | Picture (with ―float over text‖ unchecked).

IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper. If your paper is intended for a conference, please observe the conference page limits.

II. P ROCEDURE FOR P APER S UBMISSION

A. Review Stage

Please check with your editor on whether to submit your manuscript as hard copy or electronically for review. If hard copy, submit photocopies such that only one column appears per page. This will give your referees plenty of room to write comments. Send the number of copies specified by your editor (typically four). If submitted electronically, find out if your editor prefers submissions on disk or as e-mail attachments. If you want to submit your file with one column electronically, please do the following:

--First, click on the View menu and choose Print Layout. --Second, place your cursor in the first paragraph. Go to the Format menu, choose Columns, choose one column Layout, and choose ―apply to whole document‖ from the dropdown menu.

--Third, click and drag the right margin bar to just over 4 inches in width.

The graphics will stay in the ―second‖ column, but you can drag them to the first column. Make the graphic wider to push out any text that may try to fill in next to the graphic.

B. Final Stage

When you submit your final version (after your paper has been accepted), print it in two-column format, including figures

and tables. You must also send your final manuscript on a disk, via e-mail, or through a Web manuscript submission system as directed by the society contact. You may use Zip or CD-ROM disks for large files, or compress files using Compress, Pkzip, Stuffit, or Gzip.

Also, send a sheet of paper or PDF with complete contact information for all authors. Include full mailing addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers, and e-mail addresses. This information will be used to send each author a complimentary copy of the journal in which the paper appears. In addition, designate one author as the ―corresponding author.‖ This is the author to whom proofs of the paper will be sent. Proofs are sent to the corresponding author only.

C. Figures

Format and save your graphic images using a suitable graphics processing program that will allow you to create the images as PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), or Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), sizes them, and adjusts the resolution settings. If you created your source files in one of the following you will be able to submit the graphics without converting to a PS, EPS, or TIFF file: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, or Portable Document Format (PDF). D. Electronic Image Files (Optional)

Import your source files in one of the following: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, or Portable Document Format (PDF); you will be able to submit the graphics without converting to a PS, EPS, or TIFF files. Image quality is very important to how yours graphics will reproduce. Even though we can accept graphics in many formats, we cannot improve your graphics if they are poor quality when we receive them. If your graphic looks low in quality on your printer or monitor, please keep in mind that cannot improve the quality after submission.

If you are importing your graphics into this Word template, please use the following steps:

Under the option EDIT select PASTE SPECIAL. A dialog box will open, select paste picture, then click OK. Your figure should now be in the Word Document.

If you are preparing images in TIFF, EPS, or PS format, note the following. High-contrast line figures and tables should be prepared with 600 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 1 bit per pixel (monochrome), with file names in the form of ―fig3.tif‖ or ―table1.tif.‖

Photographs and grayscale figures should be prepared with 300 dpi resolution and saved with no compression, 8 bits per pixel (grayscale).

Sizing of Graphics

Most charts graphs and tables are one column wide (3 1/2 inches or 21 picas) or two-column width (7 1/16 inches, 43 picas wide). We recommend that you avoid sizing figures less than

one column wide, as extreme enlargements may distort your images and result in poor reproduction. Therefore, it is better if the image is slightly larger, as a minor reduction in size should not have an adverse affect the quality of the image.

Size of Author Photographs

The final printed size of an author photograph is exactly 1 inch wide by 1 1/4 inches long (6 picas × 7 1/2 picas). Please ensure that the author photographs you submit are proportioned similarly. If the author’s photograph does not appear at the end of the paper, then please size it so that it is proportional to the standard size of 1 9/16 inches wide by 2 inches long (9 1/2 picas × 12 picas). JPEG files are only accepted for author photos.

How to create a PostScript File

First, download a PostScript printer driver from (for Windows) or from (for Macintosh) and install the ―Generic PostScript Printer‖ definition. In Word, paste your figure into a new document. Print to a file using the PostScript printer driver. File names should be of the form ―fig5.ps.‖ Use Open Type fonts when creating your figures, if possible. A listing of the acceptable fonts are as follows: Open Type Fonts: Times Roman, Helvetica, Helvetica Narrow, Courier, Symbol, Palatino, Avant Garde, Bookman, Zapf Chancery, Zapf Dingbats, and New Century Schoolbook.

Print Color Graphics Requirements

IEEE accepts color graphics in the following formats: EPS, PS, TIFF, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and PDF. The resolution of a RGB color TIFF file should be 400 dpi.

When sending color graphics, please supply a high quality hard copy or PDF proof of each image. If we cannot achieve a satisfactory color match using the electronic version of your files, we will have your hard copy scanned. Any of the files types you provide will be converted to RGB color EPS files.

Web Color Graphics

IEEE accepts color graphics in the following formats: EPS, PS, TIFF, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and PDF. The resolution of a RGB color TIFF file should be at least 400 dpi.

Your color graphic will be converted to grayscale if no separate grayscale file is provided. If a graphic is to appear in print as black and white, it should be saved and submitted as a black and white file. If a graphic is to appear in print or on IEEE Xplore in color, it should be submitted as RGB color.

Graphics Checker Tool

The IEEE Graphics Checker Tool enables users to check graphic files. The tool will check journal article graphic files against a set of rules for compliance with IEEE requirements. These requirements are designed to ensure sufficient image quality so they will look acceptable in print. After receiving a graphic or a set of graphics, the tool will check the files against a

Fig. 1. Magnetization as a function of applied field. Note that ―Fig.‖ is

abbreviated. There is a period after the figure number, followed by two spaces. It is good practice to explain the significance of the figure in the caption.

set of rules. A report will then be e-mailed listing each graphic and whether it met or failed to meet the requirements. If the file fails, a description of why and instructions on how to correct the problem will be sent. The IEEE Graphics Checker Tool is available at

For more Information, contact the IEEE Graphics H-E-L-P Desk by e-mail at . You will then receive an e-mail response and sometimes a request for a sample graphic for us to check. E. Copyright Form

An IEEE copyright form should accompany your final submission. You can get a .pdf, .html, or .doc version at . Authors are responsible for obtaining any security clearances.

III. M ATH

If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on (http://www.mathtype.com) for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New | Microsoft Equation or MathType Equation). ―Float over text‖ should not be selected.

IV. U NITS

Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). This applies to papers in data storage. For example, write ―15 Gb/cm2 (100 Gb/in2).‖ An exception is when English units are used as identifiers in trade, such as ―3?-in disk drive.‖ Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the

The SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. However, if you wish to use units of T, either refer to magnetic flux density B or magnetic field strength symbolized as μ0H . Use the center dot to separate compound units, e.g., ―A·m2.‖

V. H ELPFUL H INTS

A. Figures and Tables

Because IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper, you do not need to position figures and tables at the top and bottom of each column. In fact, all figures, figure captions, and tables can be at the end of the paper. Large figures and tables may span both columns. Place figure captions below the figures; place table titles above the tables. If your figure has two parts, include the labels ―(a)‖ and ―(b)‖ as part of the artwork. Please verify that the figures and tables you mention in the text actually exist. Please do not include captions as part of the figures. Do not put captions in “text boxes” linked to the figures. Do not put borders around the outside of your figures. Use the abbreviation ―Fig.‖ even at the beginning of a sentence. Do not abbreviate ―Table.‖ Tables are numbered with Roman numerals.

Color printing of figures is available, but is billed to the authors. Include a note with your final paper indicating that you request and will pay for color printing. Do not use color unless it is necessary for the proper interpretation of your figures. If you want reprints of your color article, the reprint order should be submitted promptly. There is an additional charge for color

reprints. Please note that many IEEE journals now allow an author to publish color figures on Xplore and black and white figures in print. Contact your society representative for specific requirements.

Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Use words rather than symbols. As an example, write the quantity ―Magnetization,‖ or ―Magnetization M ,‖ not just ―M .‖ Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. As in Fig. 1, for example, write ―Magnetization (A/m)‖ or ―Magnetization (A?m -1),‖ not just ―A/m.‖ Do not label axes with a ratio of quantities and units. For example, write ―Temperature (K),‖ not ―Temperature/K.‖

Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write ―Magnetization (kA/m)‖ or ―Magnetization (103 A/m).‖ Do not write ―Magnetization (A/m) ? 1000‖ because the reader would not know whether the top axis label in Fig. 1 meant 16000 A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be legible, approximately 8 to 12 point type.

B. References

Number citations consecutively in square brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple references [2], [3] are each numbered with separate brackets [1]–[3]. When citing a section in a book, please give the relevant page numbers [2]. In sentences, refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Do not use ―Ref. [3]‖ or ―reference [3]‖ except at the beginning of a sentence: ―Reference [3] shows ... .‖ Please do not use automatic endnotes in Word , rather, type the reference list at the end of the paper using the ―References‖ style.

Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert | Footnote). 1 Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it is cited; do not put footnotes in the reference list (endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes (see Table I). Please note that the references at the end of this document are in the preferred referencing style. Give all authors’ names; do not use ―et al.‖ unless there are six authors or more. Use a space after authors’ initials. Papers that have not been published should be cited as ―unpublished‖ [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication, but not yet specified for an issue should be cited as ―to be published‖ [5]. Papers that have been submitted for publication should be cited as ―submitted for publication‖ [6]. Please give affiliations and addresses for private communications [7].

Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [8].

C. Abbreviations and Acronyms

Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have already been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, ac, and dc do not have

1

It is recommended that footnotes be avoided (except for the unnumbered footnote with the receipt date on the first page). Instead, try to integrate the footnote information into the text.

to be defined. Abbreviations that incorporate periods should not have spaces: write ―C.N.R.S.,‖ not ―C. N. R. S.‖ Do not use abbreviations in the title unless they are unavoidable (for example, ―IEEE‖ in the title of this article).

D. Equations

Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First use the equation editor to create the equation. Then select the ―Equation‖ markup style. Press the tab key and write the equation number in parentheses. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations when they are part of a sentence, as in

?

r 20

F (r , ?) dr d ?=[σr 2/(2μ0)] (1)

??

∞0

exp (-λ|z j -z i |) λ-1J 1(λr 2) J 0(λr i ) d λ.

Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the equation appears or immediately following. Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the unit tesla). Refer to ―(1),‖ not ―Eq. (1)‖ or ―equation (1),‖ except at the beginning of a sentence: ―Equation (1) is ... .‖

E. Other Recommendations

Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifiers: ―zero-field-co oled magnetization.‖ Avoid dangling participles, such as, ―Using (1), the potential was calculated.‖ [It is not clear who or what used (1).] Write instead, ―The potential was calculated by using (1),‖ or ―Using (1), we calculated the potential.‖

Use a zero before decimal points: ―0.25,‖ not ―.25.‖ Use ―cm3,‖ not ―cc.‖ Indicate sample dimensions as ―0.1 cm ? 0.2 cm,‖ not ―0.1 ? 0.2 cm2.‖ The abbreviation for ―seconds‖ is ―s,‖ not ―sec.‖ Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: use ―Wb/m2‖ or ―webers per square meter,‖ not ―webers/m2.‖ When expressing a range of values, write ―7 to 9‖ or ―7-9,‖ not ―7~9.‖

A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within quotation marks, like ―this period.‖ Other punctuation is ―outside‖! Avoid contractions; for example, write ―do not‖ instead of ―don’t.‖ The serial comma is preferred: ―A, B, and C‖ instead of ―A, B and C.‖

If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use the active voice (―I observed that ...‖ or ―We observed that ...‖ instead of ―It was observed that ...‖). Remember to check spelling. If your native language is not English, please get a native English-speaking colleague to carefully proofread your paper.

VI. S OME C OMMON M ISTAKES

The word ―data‖ is plural, not singular. The subscript for the permeability of vacuum μ0 is zero, not a lowercase letter ―o.‖ The term for residual magnetization is ―remanence‖; the adjective is ―remanent‖; do not write ―remnance‖ or ―remnant.‖ Use the word ―micrometer‖ instead of ―micron.‖ A graph within a graph is an ―inset,‖ not an ―insert.‖ The word ―alternatively‖ is pr eferred to the word ―alternately‖ (unless you really mean something that alternates). Use the word ―whereas‖ instead of ―while‖ (unless you are referring to simultaneous events). Do not use the word ―essentially‖ to mean ―approximately‖ or ―effectively.‖ Do not use the word ―issue‖ as a euphemism for ―problem.‖ When compositions are not specified, separate chemical symbols by en-dashes; for example, ―NiMn‖ indicates the intermetallic compound Ni 0.5Mn 0.5 whereas ―Ni–Mn‖ indicates an alloy of some composition Nix Mn 1-x .

Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ―affect‖ (usually a verb) and ―effect‖ (usually a noun), ―complement‖ and ―compliment,‖ ―discreet‖ and ―discrete,‖ ―principal‖ (e.g., ―principal investigator‖) and ―principle‖ (e.g., ―principle of measurement‖). Do not confuse ―imply‖ and ―infer.‖

Prefixes such as ―non,‖ ―sub,‖ ―micro,‖ ―multi,‖ and ―ultra‖ are not independent words; they should be joined to the words they modify, usually without a hyphen. There is no period after the ―et‖ in the Latin abbreviation ―et al.‖ (it is also italicized). The abbreviation ―i.e.,‖ means ―that is,‖ and the abbreviation ―e.g.,‖ means ―for example‖ (these abbreviations are not italicized).

An excellent style manual and source of information for science writers is [9]. A general IEEE style guide and an Information for Authors are both available at

VII. E DITORIAL P OLICY

Submission of a manuscript is not required for participation in a conference. Do not submit a reworked version of a paper you have submitted or published elsewhere. Do not publish ―preliminary‖ data or results. The submitting author is responsible for obtaining agreement of all coauthors and any consent required from sponsors before submitting a paper. IEEE T RANSACTIONS and J OURNALS strongly discourage courtesy authorship. It is the obligation of the authors to cite relevant prior work.

The Transactions and Journals Department does not publish conference records or proceedings. The T RANSACTIONS does publish papers related to conferences that have been recommended for publication on the basis of peer review. As a matter of convenience and service to the technical community, these topical papers are collected and published in one issue of the T RANSACTIONS.

At least two reviews are required for every paper submitted. For conference-related papers, the decision to accept or reject a paper is made by the conference editors and publications

committee; the recommendations of the referees are advisory only. Undecipherable English is a valid reason for rejection. Authors of rejected papers may revise and resubmit them to the T RANSACTIONS as regular papers, whereupon they will be reviewed by two new referees.

VIII. P UBLICATION P RINCIPLES

The contents of IEEE T RANSACTIONS and J OURNALS are peer-reviewed and archival. The T RANSACTIONS publishes scholarly articles of archival value as well as tutorial expositions and critical reviews of classical subjects and topics of current interest.

Authors should consider the following points:

1) Technical papers submitted for publication must advance

the state of knowledge and must cite relevant prior work. 2) The length of a submitted paper should be commensurate

with the importance, or appropriate to the complexity, of the work. For example, an obvious extension of previously published work might not be appropriate for publication or might be adequately treated in just a few pages.

3) Authors must convince both peer reviewers and the editors

of the scientific and technical merit of a paper; the standards of proof are higher when extraordinary or unexpected results are reported.

4) Because replication is required for scientific progress,

papers submitted for publication must provide sufficient information to allow readers to perform similar experiments or calculations and use the reported results. Although not everything need be disclosed, a paper must contain new, useable, and fully described information. For example, a specimen’s chemical composition need not be reported if the main purpose of a paper is to introduce a new measurement technique. Authors should expect to be challenged by reviewers if the results are not supported by adequate data and critical details.

5) Papers that describe ongoing work or announce the latest

technical achievement, which are suitable for presentation at a professional conference, may not be appropriate for publication in a TRANSACTIONS or JOURNAL.

IX. C ONCLUSION

A conclusion section is not required. Although a conclusion may review the main points of the paper, do not replicate the abstract as the conclusion. A conclusion might elaborate on the importance of the work or suggest applications and extensions.

A PPENDIX

Appendixes, if needed, appear before the acknowledgment.

A CKNOWLEDGMENT

The preferred spelling of the word ―acknowledgment‖ in American English is without an ―e‖ after the ―g.‖ Use the singular heading even if you have many acknowledgments.

> REPLACE THIS LINE WITH YOUR PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER (DOUBLE-CLICK HERE TO EDIT)

Avoid expressions such as ―One of us (S.B.A.) would like to thank ... .‖ Instead, write ―F. A. Author thanks ... .‖ Sponsor and financial support acknowledgments are placed in the unnumbered footnote on the first page, not here.

R EFERENCES

[1] G. O. Young, ―Synthetic structure of industrial plastics (Book style with

paper title and editor),‖ in Plastics , 2nd ed. vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64.

[2] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems (Book style). Belmont, CA:

Wadsworth, 1993, pp. 123–135.

[3] H. Poor, An Introduction to Signal Detection and Estimation. New York:

Springer-Verlag, 1985, ch. 4.

[4] B. Smith, ―An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work

style),‖ unpublished.

[5] E. H. Miller, ―A note on reflector arrays (Periodical style—Accepted for

p ublication),‖ IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., to be published. [6] J. Wang, ―Fundamentals of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers arrays

(Periodical style—Submitted for publication),‖ IEEE J. Quantum Electron. , submitted for publication.

[7] C. J. Kaufman, Rocky Mountain Research Lab., Boulder, CO, private

communication, May 1995.

[8] Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, ―Electron spectroscopy

studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interfaces (Translation Journals style),‖ IEEE Transl. J. Magn.Jpn. , vol. 2, Aug. 1987, pp. 740–741 [Dig. 9th Annu. Conf. Magnetics Japan, 1982, p. 301]. [9] M. Young, The Techincal Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA:

University Science, 1989.

[10] J. U. Duncombe, ―Infrared navigation—Part I: An assessment of

feasibility (Periodical style),‖ IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34–39, Jan. 1959.

[11] S. Chen, B. Mulgrew, and P. M. Grant, ―A clustering technique for

digital communications channel equalization using radial basis function networks,‖ IEEE Trans. Neural Networks, vol. 4, pp. 570–578, Jul. 1993. [12] R. W. Lucky, ―Automatic equalization for digital communication,‖ Bell

Syst. Tech. J., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 547–588, Apr. 1965.

[13] S. P. Bingulac, ―On the compatibility of adaptive controllers (Published

Conference Proceedings style),‖ in Proc. 4th Annu. Allerton Conf. Circuits and Systems Theory, New York, 1994, pp. 8–16.

[14] G. R. Faulhaber, ―Design of service systems with priority reservation,‖ in

Conf. Rec. 1995 IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, pp. 3–8.

[15] W. D. Doyle, ―Magnetization reversal in films with biaxial anisotropy,‖

in 1987 Proc. INTERMAG Conf., pp. 2.2-1–2.2-6.

[16] G. W. Juette and L. E. Zeffanella, ―Radio noise currents n short sections

on bundle conductors (Presented Conference Paper style),‖ presented at the IEEE Summer power Meeting, Dallas, TX, Jun. 22–27, 1990, Paper 90 SM 690-0 PWRS.

[17] J. G. Kreifeldt, ―An analysis of surface -detected EMG as an

amplitude-modulated noise,‖ presented at the 1989 Int. Conf. Medicine and Biological Engineering, Chicago, IL.

[18] J. Williams, ―Narrow-band analyzer (Thesis or Dissertation style),‖ Ph.D.

dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, 1993. [19] N. Kawasaki, ―Parametric study of thermal and chemical nonequilibrium

nozzle flow,‖ M.S. thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Osaka Univ., Osaka , Japan, 1993.

[20] J. P. Wilkinson, ―Nonlinear resonant circuit devices (Patent style),‖ U.S.

Patent 3 624 12, July 16, 1990.

[21] IEEE Criteria for Class IE Electric Systems (Standards style) , IEEE

Standard 308, 1969.

[22] Letter Symbols for Quantities, ANSI Standard Y10.5-1968.

[23] R. E. Haskell and C. T. Case, ―Transient signal propagation in lossless

isotropic plasmas (Report style),‖ USAF Cambridge Res. Lab., Cambridge, MA Rep. ARCRL-66-234 (II), 1994, vol. 2.

[24] E. E. Reber, R. L. Michell, and C. J. Carter, ―Oxygen absorption in the

Earth’s atmosphere,‖ Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, CA, Tech. Rep. TR-0200 (420-46)-3, Nov. 1988.

[25] (Handbook style) Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed.,

Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, 1985, pp. 44–60.

[26] Motorola Semiconductor Data Manual, Motorola Semiconductor

Products Inc., Phoenix, AZ, 1989.

6

[27] (Basic Book/Monograph Online Sources) J. K. Author. (year, month,

day). Title (edition) [Type of medium]. Volume (issue). Available: http://www.(URL)

[28] J. Jones. (1991, May 10). Networks (2nd ed.) [Online]. Available:

[29] (Journal Online Sources style) K. Author. (year, month). Title. Journal

[Type of medium]. Volume(issue), paging if given. Available: )

[30] R. J. Vidmar. (1992, August). On the use of atmospheric plasmas as

electromagnetic reflectors. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. [Online]. 21(3). pp. 876–880. Available: http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar

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范文四：投稿格式

作 者, 作 1 邮编；2.摘要：摘要内容．概括地陈述论文研究的目的、方法、结果、结论（也可不采用四段结构式摘要），要求200～300字．应释和评论．不得简单重复题名中已有的信息．用第三人称，不使用“本文”、术语，新术语或尚无合适的汉文术语的，可用原文或译出后加括号注明．除了无法变通之外，一般不用数学公式和化加括号说明．结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切． 关键词：关键词1；关键词2；关键词3；关键词4

中图分类号：(作者可在常用查询中查中图分类号) Name1，Name2

Abstract一般过去时，采用被动语态或原型动词开头．避免用阿拉伯数字作首词.

Key words：keyword1; keyword2; keyword3; keyword4

（正文不必双栏排版，建议单栏排版即可）

引言内容．引言作为论文的开场白，应以简短

的篇幅介绍论文的写作背景和目的，以及相关领域内前人所做的工作和研究概况，说明本研究与前人工作的关系，目前研究的热点、存在的问题及作者工作的意义．1、开门见山，不绕圈子．避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程．2、言简意赅，突出重点．不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容，确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时，只需以引用参考文献的形势标出即可．在引言中提示本文的工作和观点时，意思应明确，语言应简练．3、引言的内容不要与摘要雷同，也不是摘要的注释．4、引言要简短，最好不要分段论述，不要插图、列表和数学公式．

体；使用新标准规定的符号；量的符号为单个拉丁字母或希腊字母；不能把量符号作为纯数使用；不能把化学符号作为量符号使用，代表物质的符号表示成右下标，具体物质的符号及其状态等置于与主符号齐线的圆括号中．

注意区分量的下标字母的正斜体：凡量符号和代表变动性数字及坐标轴的字母作下标，采用斜体字母．

正文中引用参考文献的标注方法，在引用处对引用的文献，按它们在论著中出现的先后用阿拉伯数字连续排序，将序号置于方括号内，并视具体情

1.1 pH采用正收稿日期：xxxx-xx-xx.

基金项目：基金项目名称（编号）.

作者简介: 姓名(出生年-),学历,职称,主要研究方向，电话和邮箱。

正文内容．单位符号无例外的采用正体字母．注意区分单位符号的大小写：一般单位符号为小写体，来源于人名的单位符号首字母大写．体积单位升的符号为大写1.1.1 正文内容．表格的设计应该科学、明确、简洁，

具有自明性．表格应采用三线表，项目栏不宜过繁，小表宽度小于7.5 cm，大表宽度为12～15cm ．表必须有中英文表标题，表内均用英文或数字．表身中数字一般不带单位，百分数也不带百分号，应把单位符号和百分号等归并在标题后的括号内．表身中数值有效位数必须相同，如2.34±0.68．

3 数学符号和数学式的编排规范

正文内容．变量、变动附标及函数用斜体字母表示．点、线段及弧用斜体字母表示．在特定场合中视为常数的参数也用斜体字母表示．对具有特殊定义的函数和值不变的数学常数用正体字母表示．具有特殊定义的算子也用正体字母表示．矩阵符号用大写的黑斜体字母表示，矩阵元素用白斜体字母表示．

公式及公式中的符号说明尽量接排以节省版面．把带有复杂上角标的指数函数et写成expt．公式的主体应排在同一水平线上；繁分式的主辅线要分清．长公式在运算符号后回行；长分式转行时，先将分母写成负幂指数的形式，然后转行；矩阵和行列式不能转行．矩阵元素包含式子时，每一列应以中心线上下对齐，行要左右排齐；元素为单个字母或数字时，每列应使正负号对齐．对角矩阵中对角元素所在的列应明显区分，不能上下重叠．

简单的和常识性的运算公式和推导过程不必列出．

2 图的规范化

正文内容．图必须保证清晰，满足印刷要求。

小图宽度小于7.5 cm，大图宽度为12~15 cm．图必须有中英文图序、图题，图坐标、图病等用英文表达．数据转化的条图或曲线图须有横、纵坐标名称（尽量用Excel制作），以及坐标所代表的量及单位（如t/s）．图注放在图序、图题的下方．

4 讨论或结语

正文内容．结论不应是正文中各段小结的简单重复，它应以正文中的实验或考察得到的现象、数据的阐述分析为依据，完整、准确、简洁地指出以下内容：1）由对研究对象进行考察或实验得到的结果所揭示的原理及其普遍性；2）研究中有无发现例外或本论文尚难以解释和解决的问题；3）与先前发表过的研究工作的异同；4）本文在理论上和实用上的意义及价值；5）进一步深入研究本课题的建议．图1

图1 （中文标题）

Fig.1 Title

a: (

. 文献题名[J].刊名,出版年,卷(期):xxx－.

. 析出文献题名[C]//论文集名.出版地：.

.书名.

.文献题名. 文献题名. 文献题名.

范文五：投稿格式

投稿论文格式示范

甜菜碱与 ...... 对 4~7周龄肉仔鸡 ...... 的影响

某某某 1,2,某某某 1*,某 某 3

(1. 某农业大学动物科技学院,山西太谷 03080; 2. 某某出入境检验检疫局,宁夏银川 750001; 3. 某某兽医药品监察所,北京 10008)

摘 要:试验旨在研究甜菜碱和 ...... 对肉仔鸡 ...... 的影响, 并初步探讨二者的互作效应。 选用 21日龄 AA 肉仔鸡 288只, 随机分为 9个处理组, 每组 32只, 设 4个重复, 每个重复 8只。 采用 3×3(甜菜碱、 ......) 2因子 3水平有重复试验设计。 在玉米 -豆粕型日粮基础上添加 ......(0、 400、 600 μg/kg)与甜菜碱 (0、 800、 1 000 mg/kg),以饲喂基础日粮组为对照组试验期 4周。 结果表明:甜菜碱与 ...... 腹脂率、全净膛率均有互作效应 (P <0.01) ,半净膛率无互作效="" 应="" ............="" 效果最佳的为="" 400="" μg/kg......。="" 第="" 7周末,="" 各试验组血清总胆固醇="" (tc)、="" 尿酸="" (ua)、="" ......="" 和葡萄糖="" (giu)均低于对照组="" (p=""><0.01) ;="" ......="" 。="" (用几句精炼简短的话表达结论,="" 250-350字,="" 说明试验目的意义、试验方法分组、结果、结论="" )..="">

关键词 : 甜菜碱; ...... ;肉仔鸡;胴体品质;脂肪代谢

插入脚注

收稿日期 : 2005-05-12(脚注标识项目置于首页下部 )

资助项目:某某自然科学基金资助项目 (981087);某某归国留学基金资助项目 (99044)(项目 编号必须填写)

作者简介:某某某 (1975-), 男, ××人, 工程师, 硕士, 主要从事 ...... 疫研究。 E-mail: abcd@...... 手机:1234 567 8900;电话:010-1234 5678

*通讯作者:某某某, E-mail: abc@xxx.edu.cn

近年来, ...... 。一些学者及笔者的前期研究表明甜菜碱 [9]有 ...... 的作用 ...... 。 ...... 。因此 有必要进一步研究 ...... 。 , (引言部分控制在 400~500字,阐明试验背景、研究进展、研究目 的意义)

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料 盐酸甜菜碱:纯度 ≥98%,购自北京 ...... ,实测值为 98.15%。 ...... 为美国 ...... 公司提供的饲料用产品 ......(yeast chromium),含铬量实测为 1 000 mg/kg。

1.2 试验动物及日粮 选用 ...... 提供的 1日龄艾维茵 (Avian) 商品代公母混合雏, ...... , 基 础日粮配方见表 1。

表 1 基础日粮组成和营养成分

项目 0~4周 5~7周 日粮组成 /%

玉米 50.10 55.55 豆粕 35.10 31.20 鱼粉 5.10 3.00 豆油 6.50 6.70 磷酸氢钙 CaHPO 4 1.00 1.20 石粉 1.00 1.40 食盐 0.25 0.30 DL-蛋氨酸 0.15 0.10 L-赖氨酸 0.05 预混料 ① 1.00 1.00 合计 100.00 100.00 营养成分 ②

代谢能 / (MJ·kg -1) 13.26 13.31 粗蛋白 /% 22.31 19.82 蛋氨酸 /% 0.56 0.41 蛋 +胱 /% 0.87 0.72

赖氨酸 /% 1.23 1.00 色氨酸 /% 0.30 0.27 钙 /% 0.92 0.96 有效磷 /% 0.55 0.47 注:①每千克预混料中含有 (或预混料可为每千克全价料提供 ) ::维生素 A IU ,维生素 B 1 mg,维生 素 B 2 (核黄素 ) mg,泛酸 mg ,维生素 B 6mg ,维生素 B 12 mg ,维生素 D 3 ...IU,维生素 E... mg (IU),维生 素 K 3 ... mg,生物素 mg ,叶酸 mg ,烟酸 (尼克酸 ) mg ,胆碱 g ;铜 mg ,铁 mg , 锰 mg ,锌 mg ,碘 mg , 硒 mg 。②营养成分中哪些是计算值,哪些是实测值

1.3 试验设计与饲养管理 将 288只 1日龄 AA 商品代健康肉仔鸡 (公、母混合 ) 随机分成 9个处理组, …… 。

1.4 屠宰指标测定 于第 7周末每个处理组随机抽取 8只鸡 (每复 2只 ) , ....... ,按文献 [11]方 法测定屠体重 …… 。

1.5 血液生物化学指标测定 第 7周末每个处理组随机抽取 8只鸡 (每重复 2只 ) , ...... , 3 000 r/min 离心取得血清于-30℃冰箱保存备用。 测定血清中血清总胆固醇 (TC)、 尿酸 (UA) ......。 血清游离脂肪酸测定方法为 ...... ,试剂盒为 ...... 提供,用紫外可见光分光光度计 (.....仪器有限 公司产 WF2 W-2102C) 进行测定。其它血清生化指标用 ...... 分析仪 (德国产 PHOTOMETER 5010, ROBERT RIILE GmbH & Co KG)进行测定,试剂盒为 ...... 公司产品。

1.6 组织样品采集 第 7周末 ...... ,-30℃保存备用 ...... 。

1.7 统计分析 用 SAS 统计软件按 2因子 3水平 (2×3) 有重复程序对各项数据进行 F 值方差 分析。差异显著时采用 Duncan 氏方法对各组间平均数进行多重比较,结果表示为平均值 +标准误(或标准差) 。 (采用软件、什么过程、结果表示 )

2 结 果

2.1 对肉仔鸡屠宰性能的影响 ...... 添加 ...... 对肉仔鸡的 ...... 作用比较明显 (表 3) 。 ...... 各试验 组分别下降 62.85%、 34.68%和 45.19%。 ....... 。但从结果看 ...... (表 4) 。

2.2 对 ...... 中 ...... 的影响

3 讨 论

3.1 甜菜碱和 ...... 对胴体品质的影响

Peter 等 [12]报道, 1 250 mg/kg甜菜碱可降低肥育猪的背膘厚。 ...... 。

3.2 甜菜碱对肉仔鸡脂肪代谢的影响

...... ,这与笔者以前的研究结果一致 [5-6]。

3.3 ......对肉仔鸡脂肪代谢的影响

.......

3.4 甜菜碱和 ...... 互作对肉仔鸡脂肪及蛋白质代谢的影响

本试验结果 ...... 与 Saunderson 的结果一致 [18]。 ...... ,从而促进蛋白质的合成 [31]。 4 结论

从本试验可得出甜菜碱与 ...... 对肉仔鸡的屠宰率、腹脂率、全净膛率均有互作效应。添 加 1 000 mg/kg甜菜碱+600 μg/kg......对提高屠宰率效果最佳; 单独添加 1 000 mg/kg甜菜碱 组对降低腹脂率效果最好。甜菜碱和 ...... 对肝脏、胸肌、腿肌 TG 、 TC 均有互作效应。综合 考虑效果最佳的为 1 000 mg/kg甜菜碱+400 μg/kg......组。甜菜碱和 ...... 有抗脂肪肝的作用。 致谢 :.......

参考文献:(研究性文章参考文献控制在 15篇左右,综述文献控制在 30篇左右,反映近期 研究内容,国内外研究成果)

[1] 刘彩贯 , 呙于明 , 涂荣秀, 等 ...... 对肉仔鸡脂类代谢及生产性能影响的研究 [J]. 动物营养 学报 , 1997, 9 (4): 24-30. (中文杂志 )

[x] Wang J D, Du R, Qin J, et al. Effect of L-carnitine and yeast chromium on lipid metabolism of broiler chickens[J]. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 2003, 16(2): 1809-1815. (西文杂志 )

[x] 王俊东 , 李敬玺 . 食品营养学 [M]. 北京 :中国农业科技出版社 , 1999:120-133. (中文书 籍 )

[x] Nielso F H. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease[[M]. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Education Press, 994: 113. (西文书籍 )

[x] Abell B C, Tagg R C, Push M. Enzyme catalyzed cellular transaminations[A]. In: Round A F. ed. Advances in Enzymology[C]. V o1 2, (3rd ed. ). New Y ork: Academic Press, 954: 125-147. (西文论文集 )

[X] 张铁鹰 . 植酸酶 …… 的研究 [D]. 北京 : 中国农业科学院 , 2002:60-61. (中文论文硕、 博士 论文 )

Effect of Betaine and Yeast Chromium on Carcass Quality and Lipid Metabolism in 4~7 week-old Broiler Chickens

HAO Jun-hu1,2, WANG Jun-dong1*, PANG Quan-hai2, LI Jun-ping1,3, ZHANG Jian-feng1,4, ZHANG Jian-hai1, YAO Hua1, 5

(1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Taigu 030801, China; 2. Ningxia Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of People's Republic of China, Ningxia Yinchuan 750001, China; 3. National Control Institute of Veterinary Byproducts and Pharmaceuticals. Beijing 100084; 4. Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu Nanjing 210095, China ; 5. China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China)

(Abstract: T o study the effects of yeast chromium and betaine on carcass quality and lipid

metabolism of broiler chickens and discuss the interaction between betaine and chromium primarily, an experiment was conducted using a total of 288 three-week-old AA broiler chickens to investigate the effects of adding yeast chromium (0, 400, 600 μg/kg respectively) and betaine (0, 800, 1 000 mg/kg respectively) to corn soybean diets on carcass quality and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens and their interaction. Chickens were randomly divided into 9 treatments (32 for each treatment,8 for each replicate).A 3×3 (chromium×betaine) experiment with replicates was designed. The basal diet was used as control group, and the experiment lasted for four weeks.The result showed there were significant effects of interaction between betaine and chromium on slaughter rate, abdomininal fat rate, the rate of the whole pure thorax (P <0.01) and="" no="" significant="" interactive="" effects="" on="" half="" pure="" thorax="" rate="" (p="">0.05); Betaine and chromium on the content of cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in liver and muscle of chest and leg had interactive effects (P <0.01). analysis="" showed="" that,it="" was="" better="" for="" the="" test="" group="" to="" add="" 1="" 000="" μg/kg="" betaine="" and="" 400="" μg/kg="" chromium="" at="" the="" sane="" time;="" at="" the="" end="" of="" 7="" weeks,="" betaine="" and="" chromium="" significantly="" increased="" the="" concentrations="" of="" serum="" total="" protein="" (tp),="" albumin="" (alb),="" free="" fatty="" acid="" (ffa),="" high="" density="" lipid="" protein="" cholesterol="" (hdl-c)="" in="" serum="" compared="" with="" control="" group="" (p=""><0.01) and="" significantly="" reduced="" the="" concentrations="" of="" cholesterol="" (tc),="" uric="" acid="" (ua),="" low="" density="" lipid="" protein="" cholesterol="" (ldl-c),="" triglycerides="" (tg),="" and="" glucose="">

Key words: btaine;east chromium; broiler chickens; carcass quality; lipid metabolism ———————————————

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