嗫?暁雲?
范文一：赖世雄 英语语法
第1章 句子的构成
最后，来翻译英文观止里面的句子。
弄完了以后，打印出来，装订好。
看懂句子，分析句子的结构，这是学习语法的终极目标。 语法的目标:
修饰的时候不一定是连接在一起的, 要分清格局, 用大块结
构的形式来分析.
动词块, 不定式块….
1.句子由主语，subject，+谓语(verb)构成; 2.主语省略时,构成祈使句。
Work hard!
Be quite!
Don’t be silly.
1.1 可充当主语的词类
1.名词
2.代词
3.动名词，不定式短语
Seeing him makes me angry.
其实应该是动名词短语做主语或不定式短语作主语 To see him makes me angry. 但是，这种动名词或不定式短语做主语时，一般用形式主语。 It makes me angry seeing him.这里不是修饰angry。 It makes me angry to see him. 分析句子时，先看一看是不是形式主语。 4.名词从句做主语
That he doesn’t work hard makes me angry.
三种形式:that从句，whether从句，疑问从句(when what how where why)
Where he lives is still a doubt. 一、名词从句:
名词从句作动词宾语
I know that he will go abroad in the nearest future(名词从句作动词宾语) I don’t know how he’ll handle it.
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名词从句作介词的宾语
I am worried about whether he can do it
I am sure of how he’ll cope with the problem
I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.
I am worried about the fact that he can do it.
这里因为介词+ that从句，所以，需要在介词后加the fact ,that 从句变为the fact的同位语，
都是介词的宾语。
I am worried about his playing around all day.
I am worried about his not studying.
这里，介词后边的还是宾语，其实是由that 引导的。但是介词加that从句，需要变换，所
以变成这样了。
原句是:that he plays around all day.->his playing around all day.
that he not study.-> his not studying.
变化的过程中，去掉that,助动词，变所有格，动词变成动名词。 that he doesn’t study-> his not studying. That the team will win the game,the team’s winning the game.
be + adj. + that 从句
I am worried that he plays around all day.(状语从句，修饰形容词) I am sure that the team has won the game(状语从句).
有时，介词后也可以直接加that从句。
是固定的。
In that = because
Except that
He is great in that he can speak five different languages.
二、名词短语做主语
名词短语:疑问词+不定式短语
Where to live
Whether to try again.
When to talk to hime
三、表距离的地点副词短语做主语
From ...to …
It is about 160 kilometers from Beijing to Xiamen.
1.2 动词的种类及其用法
完全(complete) 及物(intransitive) 两种修饰，出来4个形态，还有一个是授予动词(Dative)，
所以总共有5种动词。
A transitive verb has a direct object. (动词) 及物的;传递;及物动词 1. 完全不及物动词
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判断方法:把动词放入中间。
我。。。他
他被我。。
两句都没有毛病的及物，有毛病的，不及物。
如kill 我杀他他被我杀，可以，为及物动词
Dance 我跳他，他被我跳，不及物动词
又是不及物动词。 有的动词既是及物动词，
如kill 有杀某人，也有杀戮的意思，前者是及物，后者是不及物动词
2. 不及物动词+同源名词
有些不及物动词，以同源名词作宾语后，可以变为及物动词 Dream a terrible dream. Live a happy life
Smile a bright smile.
3. 完全及物动词与完全不及物动词
完全及物动词(需要加宾语的动词):即加了宾语后，意思完全。 He killed her. 有一个作用对象的动词。
完全不及物动词(无需加宾语):
He laughed.
The book was written by him
The book :主语，此时，为write的对象。
He wrote a book.
4. 完全不及物动词出现的形态。
Something happened.过去时
Something was happening. 进行时。
完全不及物动词:完整的动词，放在主语后，可单独存在，意义完整，无需任何词类补
充其意思的不足;但，完全不及物动词之后，可接副词或副词对等语(如介词短语，状
语从句)，以修饰该动词。
Something happened yesterday.时间名词作状语，修饰happened. 这里，yesterday做时间状语
He died in an accident. 介词短语，做副词，修饰died. He left because he didn’t want to see Mary again.状语从句，做副词，修饰left
5. 不完全不及物动词
即，系动词，意思不完全，无法单独存在，周后要接名词、形容词的对等语(如代词，
动名词，不定式，动名词从句，名词短语等)，以补充其意思的不足。此类补足语，同
时修饰主语，故称为主语补足语或表语。
He looks happy. Look是系动词，形容词happy做补语，做主语补语。 He became a good student.名词做补语，做主语补语，修饰主语。 My trouble is that I have no money 名词从句做补语，做主语补语。 He is in danger now. 介词短语做补语，做主语补语。
6. 不完全不及物动词的判定方法系动词
我。。。他
他被我。。。
如become
(1)确定及物不及物
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我变成他
他被我变成。
所以为不及物动词
(2)确定完全不完全。
主语+动词
主语+be+动词-ing
我变成
我在变成。。。
所以为不完全动词。。。
综上为，不完全，不及物动词，需要加补语。
什么是完全，即看看要不要加补语。
7. 不完全不及物动词的种类及其主语补语用法系动词
7.1 be动词
be动词后用名词对等语(名词，名词从句，名词短语，动名词，不定式)，形容词
(做形容词的现在分词，过去分词，介词短语，地点副词或地点副词短语)做补语。
Be动词的三种翻译:
名词作补语时，翻译为“是”;
形容词做补语时，be动词，不翻译;
地点副词或地点副词短语做补语时，be动词，翻译为“在”。
。 He is a great hero名词作补语
The problem is whether he can join us 名词从句做补语。
The question is when to set off 名词短语做补语。
My hobby is collecting stamps. 做名词用的动名词短语，即名词，做补语
My purpose is to see him. 做名词用的不定式短语，即名词，做补语。
She is beautiful. 形容词做补语。
The question is interesting. 做形容词用的现在分词做补语。
I am interested in the question.做形容词用的过去分词做补语。
The book is of no use.做作形容词用的介词短语做补语。Of+抽象名词(形容词)
She is there.地点副词做补语。
They are upstairs.地点副词做补语。
Is he home now?地点副词做补语。
Be 动词后的现在分词有两种形式:做形容词，做动词。
形容词时，翻译为“。。。的”
动词时，翻译为“正在。。。”
Be 动词后的过去分词也有两种形式:形容词，动词的被动语态。 形容词时，翻译为:??的。
动词时，翻译为:被??
是哪个词性的判断方法:把be动词后面的和主语互换，看能不能换。 He is washing the car.
换了以后:Washing the car is he.不可以，所以是现在分词，不是动名词。 His job is washing cars.
换了以后:Washing cars is his job。可以，所以，是动名词，动词短语做主语。 Whether从句做及物动词的宾语时，名词从句连接词whether可用if代替。
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I don’t know whether the typhoon will come.
= I don’t know if the typhoon will come. Whether引导的名词从句，作宾语。
介词之后无宾语时，可单独存在做副词使用，和地点副词一样，有形容词的功能，也可以作为be动词之后的补语。
He is in.介词副词。
He is in the house 地点副词短语，有形容词功能，做补语。
强迫/要求/催促。。。
此类动词+宾语+不定式短语。
此时，不定式短语宾语补足语。
I forced him to recite the lesson.不定式短语做宾语补足语，即修饰宾语。 I asked him to write the letter. 不定式短语做宾语补足语，即修饰宾语。 He was asked to write the letter 不定式短语修饰主语，做主语的补语。 任命动词:选举，指派，宾语之后用表支委的名词作补语，通常该名词之前要省略冠词。 Elect ,assign.
We elected him chairman of the committee.
We assigned him platoon leader.
认定动词:
即，表“视??为”的意思，加了宾语以后，用名词或形容词做宾语的补语 We regard him as a genius
We take him for a genius.
We consider him to be a genius.
也可以省略to be
,We consider him a genius.
一般介词之后只能用名词或动名词做宾语，但表示“视??为”意思的动词与介词as或for连用时，该介词之后省略了动名词being,而直接连接形容词与其后。 所以，动词表“视??为”的意思时，后面的介词后直接加形容词。其他情况，加名词或动名词。
I regard him as nice(adj. 介词后的形容词，做宾语的补语)
虚宾语:
Think,believe,find,deem,consider这五个动词做不完全及物动词时，不得直接用不定式短语做宾语，一定要用虚宾语，即it取代。
主语+think+it+宾语补语+to V(真宾语)
I think it necessaryto do the job.
It是形式宾语，necessary 形容词，做宾语的补语，to do the job 真正的宾语。
但find, believe, think, deem, consider也可做完全及物动词，此时要用that引导的名词从句做宾语。
I believe that it is worthwhile to study hard.宾语从句做宾语
有时，that从句做及物动词的宾语时，that可以省略。
I believe it is worthwhile to study hard. 省略that的宾语从句做宾语。 Make 表示“使??成为”时，为不完全及物动词，此时不定式短语不能做宾语，必须要用It做形式宾语。
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He make it a rule to get up early.不定式做真宾语 it做形式宾语，a rule做宾语补语。
授予动词
授予动词有两个宾语:第一个宾语做间接宾语，表授予的对象，第二个宾语做直接宾语，表授予的东西。
I will give you his watch. you 做间接宾语，his watch做直接宾语。 直接宾语与间接宾语倒置的方法:
1. 表“给予”的意思，用to.
I gave him the books.
= I gave the books to him.
2. 表“代劳”的意思，用for
I made him a chair. == I made a chair for him.
3. 表“从??中”用of.
I asked him a question , I aske a question of him.
He required nothing of me. 这里me 和 nothing都是宾语，不是做修饰。
与授予动词并用的of
He robbed me of my money. me和my money是宾语，但是rob时，对象是Of前面的。 表“提供”的授予动词。
Offer,proviede，除offer以外，要和介词with 连用。
He offered meall I needed. Me 间接宾语，all I needed直接宾语。 He provided me with all I needed = He provide all I needed for me. Present时，用to.
He presented a watch to me = He presented me with a watch.
第2章 句子的连接 2.1 破折号
破折号，连接句子或同位语。
第一种用法:补充第一个句子。
用来强调第一个从句，补充意思的不足，翻译为“也就是说”，“换句话说”。 He is a trash—he is good for nothing. 破折号前后都是句子，翻译为:
他是个垃圾，换句话说，他什么都不是。
第二种用法:连接同位语
His hobby—taking pictures—is a far cry from mine. 此时，不能His hobby—taking pictures is a far cry from mine.
He finally made his purpose known to us—to run after Susan
不定式，做purpose的同位语，即，放在修饰后面。不是直接连接一起的。
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2.2 冒号
冒号连接句子时，强调句子中的名词。
He has made his goal known: he wants to be a scientist.
2.3 分号
2.3.1分号=，+连词
He is a man of principle, so we all respect him. , He is man of principle; we all respect him. 2.3.2 句号代替逗号。
He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count on; and
that he expected me to help him.
Because of his ill temper是插入语。
He said that he had no money,that he had no friends to count on, and that he expected me to
help him.
有三个that从句，做said的宾语，叫做，并列从句，用逗号相隔。
时，怎么插呢，插在中间时，因为插入语会引入两加上插入语 because of his ill temper
个逗号，这样就看不出来，哪个是并列从句，哪个是宾语，所以加上分号。这样一看就
看出来是并列的宾语。
, He said that he had no money; that, because of his ill temper, he had no friends to count
on;and that he expected me to help him.
划线的是said的三个that宾语从句。
He enjoys dancing, swimming and jogging.
加上插入语后。
He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming; jogging.
或者:
He enjoys dancing;swimming, which he often does on Sundays; and jogging.
或者:
He enjoys dancing, which is his hobby; swimming, which he often does on Sundays; and
jogging.
2.4 并列连词
And ;or;but;not only..but also;rather than 1.连接单词词，只有三个and or ,but
He is kind and handsome.并列连词做主语补语。
2.连接短语
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He came to see him and tell him the truth.并列的不定式短语。
第二个to省略了，找不到的一般是省略了。
He came to see him and to tell him the truth.
4. 连接句子
He succeeded both because he was intelligent and because he worked hard.并列的状语从
句。
Not only can she sing, but he can dance.并列的句子。
连词的独立用法:此时是根据上下文。
….And he took my advice.
2.5 连接副词
只能用于连接句子和句子之间，即连接从句。
I like him because he is easy to get along with. When he came , I was writinga letter. 这里是，连接副词。
常用的连接副词:because, though, if, unless, as soon as, when, once等等。 连接副词引导状语从句，修饰主句。
该从句就成为一个状语从句，即状语从句。 连接副词冠于任何一个从句前面，
状语从句不能单独存在，需要依赖主句，整个状语从句可视为副词，用来修饰主句。 I like him because he is nice状语从句，修饰主句。
, Because he is nice, I like him.
任何一个连接副词引导的状语从句置于主句之后，两句间不置逗号，若，状语从句置于
主句之前，则两句间通常置逗号。
Though he did poorly on the exam, his father didn’t blame him.
= His father didn’t blame him though he did poorly on the exam.
偶尔，当然，有的人也可以加逗号的，只是不专业。
His father didn’t blame him, though he did poorly on the exam.
连接性副词:
即，副词有连词的意味，但却不能做连词用，此类副词称为连接性副词;此类副词前要
有分号，用以连接两个句子，即不加分号时，看着就不对。
He is nice; however I don’t like him.
He is kind; we, therefore, like him. 一样的，此时把however插入到句子中。
即。He is nice; however I don’t like him=
He is nice; I , however, don’t like him. 就是把逗号换成分号而已。
While做连接副词及并列连词
表“当??”时，while视为连接副词，引导状语从句;表“而??”时，视为并列连
词，引导主句。
He is nice,whilehis brother is bad. 并列连词。
, While he is nice, his brother is bad. 把while提前了，但意思时一样的，都是引导主句。
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He is nice 和his brother is bad都是两个主句。
While I was writing a letter, she was doing dishes.
While I was writing a letter做状语从句
She was doing dishes 主句。
第3章 关系词
3.1 关系代词
relative pronoun关系代词;相对的代词。
关系代词有连词的功能，用以引导定语从句。
He is a man who always means what he says. Who指代a man这个词。
That’s the bookwhich I like.
Which 指代the book这个词。
He works hard, which is a fact that we all know. Which前有逗号，所以which指代的是he works hard这个句子。
That指代的是a fact.
指代人时，主格用who，即在who引导的定语从句中做主语，宾格用whom，即，在所引导的定语从句中做宾语。
Which主格宾格都是which,代替事物和句子时也都是which
关系代词之前要有它要代替的先行词;
关系代词在所引导的定语从句中要做主语、宾语或be动词的补语(补语只有be动词有); 否点关系代词之前一定要用介词。
He is a good student who studies hard. Who指代student,在所引导的定语从句who studies hard中，who是主语，studies是谓语，hard做状语。
He is a boy whom everyone loves.
Whom指代 a boy，在所引导的定语从句whom everyone loves中whom做及物动词loves的宾语，everyone做主语。
He is a man for whom I enjoy working.
Whom指代a man ,所引导的定语从句for whom I enjoy working中I做主语 enjoy 做谓语，working做宾语，所以for whom什么都不做，即关系代词之前有介词即表示，只是一个连接词，什么成分都不做，但翻译时要翻译出来。
He is a man for whom I enjoy working
他是一个我很乐意为他工作的人。
, He is man with whom I enjoy working.
The house in which we live is very large
Which指代the house ，引导的定语从句we是主语，in which we live中，live为不及物动词，所以which什么都没做，就需要在前面加上介词，怎么在关系代词前面加介词呢，看后面的谓语live而加上去。
关系代词之前有介词时，介词可移动到所引导的定语从句末尾，此时可省略关系代词。
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即关系代词的省略。只是移动到所引导定语从句的末尾，而不是整个句子。 还原的时候找先行词的位置，加上去即可。
He is a man I enjoy working with. A man 是先行词，在后面加上关系代词即可，疑问是，什么都不做，为什么要用宾格呢，有介词要用宾格,,
,He is a man whom I enjoy working with.
, He is a man with whom I enjoy working.
The house we live in is very large. 找到先行词the house在后面加上which , The house which we live in is very large
, The house in which we live is very large.
有些固定的动词短语，即动词+介词/动词+名词+介词，在定语从句中出现时，介词不能置于关系代词之前，以保持该动词的完整性。
如，pay attention to ; call on; take over; warm up等有介词的动词短语。
This is a question you should pay attention to .
, This is a question which you should pay attention to .
, This a question to wich you shoud pay attention.但这个句子不好，不要这么写。
John, who was lazy, scored quite high marks on the exam, which somewhat surprised me.
Which前面有逗号，所以代表整个句子。
那中间的插入语时怎么回事呢，只要是个句子，或者短语都可以做为插入语，或者看着像非限制性定语从句。
We spread our clothes in the sun to dry, whichthey did very quickly. 这里有逗号which, they 指代our clothes, which代替了dry的概念，这里，which指代了前句中的部分概念。
所以逗号+which可能是指代前面的一整句，或者指代前句中的部分概念。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即独一无二的就不能限定，比如妈妈，爸爸只有一个就不能限定。专有名词或独一性名词本身就有特殊性，不用再用形容词来限定。 I met John, who is my classmate.
I went to the train station this morning,写到这里，下边一句可以用非限制性定语从句来修饰其中的某个概念，这样就不用直接加which，还不知道修饰的什么。当不知道要定语从句要怎么加在后面时，这时，可以用非限制性定语从句来修饰。
所以这里我想修饰一下the train station就可以用非限制性定语从句。
I went to the train station this morning, which was crowded witch passengers.
限定修饰:一些名词本身未具有特殊性，可用定语从句加以限定修饰，以加强其特殊性。限定修饰的定语从句，其关系代词前不用逗号。翻译时，限制性的定语从句要先翻译定语从句部分，再翻译被修饰的部分。当时是直到翻译名词时，再用修饰来修饰名词。 He is a boy who works hard.
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限定性的定语从句，翻译时先翻译后面的定语从句部分，而who就不要翻译。 他是工作认真的一个男孩。
当然也可以用非限制性定语从句。限制的可以用非限制，非限制的不能用限制。\ 为什么呢，因为这时，一般名词已经有形容词在修饰了。
比如。
He is a good boy, who works hard.
关系代词的省略。
This is the boy I saw yesterday. , This is the boy whom I say yesterday.即，关系代词做宾语时，可以省略。 还有就是关系代词是介词的宾语，介词移动到句尾时，关系代词也可以省略。 This is the house we lives in.
, This is the house which we lives in. , This is the house in which we lives.
3.1.1 That做关系代词
That可以做关系代词，去到who whom which，但that做关系代词时，不能有逗号，即只能用在限制性定语从句中，也不能用于有介词的定语从句中。
I like the girl that is sitting there. , I like the girl who is sitting there. 为限制性定语从句 that is sitting there是修饰作用的，不
止是一个句子，还是一个定语从句。
He is a man that we all respect. , He is a man whom we all respect.
还有一种情况是定语从句中不能用who whom which，只能用that.
The first man that came here was Peter. That came here was Peter是一个限制性定语从句，这里前面有一个first，即序数词，所以后面只能用that做定语从句的引导词。 Who is the man that is standing there? 这里前面有疑问词who，所以用who, which ,whom的话会重复，只能用that.
这里that引导的that is standing there做定语从句修饰 man.
还有what where how 之后也只能用that. 除了who之外，
He is the best student that I’ve ever taught.
这里有最高级，后面也只能用that.
He is the very manthat I met yesterday.
The very+名词后面也只能用that.
…..还有几种情况，但不了解了，我的目的是看懂文章，不用理那么多，只要记住，that还可以引导定语从句。
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限定修饰的定语从句简化为分词短语:
The girl dancing here yesterday is my sister.
其实原来是一个定语从句
== who danced here yesterday.
所以分词短语有时也是一种定语从句。
非限制性定语从句不可简化为分词短语。
I met John, who said that he loved Mary very much.
这里不可等价于 saying that…
但是，非限制性定语从句可简化为先行词的同位语
I met John, a good friend of mine. , I met John, who is a good friend of mine.
这里，a good friend of mine是John的同位语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句。 即去掉who或which+和be动词之后就可以变成同位语。
He works hard, a fact known to us. , He works hard, which is a fact known to us. , He works hard, a fact that is known to us.
, He works hard, which is a fact that is known to us.
A good friend of mine, John came to see me yesterday. , John, a good friend of mine, came to see me yesterday.
这里a good friend of mine是John的同位语。
主语的同位语可置于主语前或者后的位置。
3.1.2定语从句与插入语
什么是插入语,即主语+表认知的动词。其他的都是非限制性定语从句，或其省略。 I believe ; I think; I fell; I know; I consider; I find.
He is a man who I think never breaks his word. I think 是插入语，who没有变成whom 因为who还是never breaks his word的主语。 He is the man whom I believe I met yesterday.
当然有时，还是可以做后面的宾语的。
He is a man whom I think to be nice. Whom做think的宾语 to be nice做whom的宾语补语。
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3.1.3定语从句变为不定式短语
He has no house to live in. 这里to live in实际上是一个定语从句。
= He has no house in which to live.
Lend me your pen to write my address with.
= Lend me your pen with which to write my address. To write my address with是定语从句。
3.2 关系代词的所有格
关系代词所有格和关系代词一样，引导定语从句，修饰前面的名词。
She has an unclewhose name is Peter
, She has an uncle. His name is Peter. 可以断句，即关系代词的所有格，基本上可以断句处理。
但是翻译的时候也可以一句话一起翻译。
他有一个名叫做Peter的叔叔。
还是定语从句。
其实是这样的，想要在先行词后再接一个名词时，就可以用关系代词的所有格来进行处理。
I like that house, whose location looks good to me.
, I like that house. Its location looks good to me.
关系代词所引导的名词要做定语从句中的主语或宾语。
I hate John, whose words are seldom true.
Whose words做定语从句中的主语。
I hate John, whose words I don’t believe.
Whose words做定语从句中的宾语。
I hate John, whose words I have no trust in
Have及物动词 no trust 宾语 whose words 什么都不做，所以需要在关系代词之前要加介词in.
, I hate John, in whose words I have no trust. 即，关系代词引导的什么都不做时，要在前面后末尾加上介词，分析的时候要注意，什么都不做的这种情况，其实一种做法就是看看有没有介词，有介词的话，基本上都是这一种情况，即可认为，关系代词引导的名词什么成分都不做。
虽然不做成分，但是翻译的时候需要翻译出来的。
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I like to study in this school, of whichthe faculty and facilities are topnotch. , I like to study in this school, the faculty and facilities of which are topnotch. , I like to study in this school, whose faculty and facilities are topnotch.
Whose可代替人和物。
当代替物时，whose+名词= the+ 名词+ of which=of which +the+名词。
This is a fancy car, whose color I like very much. 这里whose指代的物，所以可以做替换。
, This is a fancy car, the color of which I live very much. , This is a fancy car, of which the color I like very much.
所以以后看到of which+the+名词时，可以直接理解为whose+名词。
This is Tom, whose father is an English teacher. 非限定定语从句。
Tom独一无二，所以无需再修饰。
I met a boy whose father is an English teacher. 限定修饰。
Boy没有最终确定是谁，所以可以加上限定的定语从句，进行修饰。
3.3 关系副词
关系副词有四个:where when why how 即除了what that which之外都是。 关系副词都可由，介词+which替换而来。
Where = in which; at which; on which When = in which ; at which; on which Why = for which
How = in which.
即地点，时间，原因，方式;这4种为状语，或副词。
This is the city where I met Mary.
He came on Friday, when it was raining very hard. I don’t know the reason why he cried.
That’s the way how he handled the thing. 关系副词引导的定语从句用于修饰前面修饰的词。
Where:大地点时用in, 小地点用at ;
内部时用In, 外面时，比如在??上面时用on
This is the city where I met Mary.
, This is the city in which I met Mary.大地点。
When:表那一天时，用on;表一段时间时用In,表时刻时用at. He came on Friday, when it was raining hard.
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, He came on Friday, on which it was raining hard.
Why:只有for which
Hoe:只有in which
I shall never forget the day he came. , I shall never forget the day when he came.
That’s the reason he left
, That’s the reason why he left.
即when why how都可以省略引导词，还是定语从句。
所以定语从句的几种情况:
Who;whom;which ;that; when; where;why;how;介词+which 引导，分词短语引导，不定式短语，省略的情况。
这都是定语从句。
定语从句省略名词的情况:
有be动词，定语从句做补语时就是省略掉了名词，而我们看不到。
That’s where he was born.
, That’s the place where he was born.
That’s when he’ll come.
, That’s the day when he’ll come.
That’s why he left.
, That’s the reason why he left.
That’s how he did it.
, That’s the way how he did it.
Where; when; why ;how也可以视为疑问代词，引导名词从句，做及物动词的宾语。
I don’t know when he’ll come. When引导的名词从句做宾语。
Put it where you found it. Where做副词，做连接副词。
, Put it at the place where you found it.
Where 做连接副词时，等语in/at the place where .
Where there is a will, there is way. Where 做副词。
哈哈，这下终于明白了有时候为什么句子分不清楚是什么成分了，原来是在做副词呀。 , In the placewhere there is a will ,there is way.
The time he came, I was sleeping. 下划线部分做状语，修饰主句。
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, The time when he came, I was sleeping.这里省略了when.
The moment;the instant ; the minute;后省略了when时，都相当于as soon as,引导副词从句。 看不懂的成分一般都是状语。
有时，that代替when,why,how做关系副词使用，特别是口语中，但是其实这种用法很不正式。
比如:
That’s the way that he handles thing.that引导的定语从句。
为什么需要关系副词，即修饰时间，地点，原因，方式时，就用关系副词，其他情况时，就有关系代词。
关系指示代词:
关系指示代词就是由代词变化过来的关系词，即，引导定语从句修饰前面的名词。 Which可做关系指示代词。
指示代词:that this those these
He speaks German, which language I don’t understand.
即关系指示代词which+n，可代表先行词或前面的部分概念，在所引导的定语从句中做主语或宾语。
即，which language代表前面的German.
He is arrogant, which attitude I am sick of
, He is arrogant, this attitude I am sick of. His car is blue, which color I like very much.
He stayed there for a week, during which time he did nothing.
复合关系代词:
即复合的关系代词
Whoever = anybody who.
Whomever = anybody whom
Whichever = any one which/who三者以上
= either which/who 二者以上
What = the thing/things which
Whatever = anything which…
因此，复合关系代词由两个词类复合而成:先行词和关系代词。
Whoever makes such a mistake should be punished.
, Anybody who makes such a mistakeshould be punished.
, 主语定语从句及物动词的被动语态
Give it to whomever you like
, Give it to anybody whom you like
What bother me is that I have no time.
, The thing which bother me is that I have no time.
However做连接性副词及连接副词。
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He is nice; however, I don’t like him.
== He is nice. However, I don’t like him.
== He is nice. I ,however, don’t like him.
准关系代词:
有than, as ,but 三个
Than/as/but做准关系代词时，前面必须有一个名词作先行词。 Than之前有名词时== than+前面名词+who/whom/which I have more money than is needed.
, I have more money than the money which is needed. As:若as之前有名词，as=as+前面名词+who/whom/which. As做准关系代词时，只能用于这三个短语sucn+名词+as The same+名词+as
As+adj+名词+as
I don’t like such a man as tells lies.
, I don’t like such a man as the man who tell lies.
即as后面时一个完整的句子。
I have the same dictionary as is you bought yesterday.
I have the same dictionary as the dictionarywhich is you bought yesterday.
As we all know, he is nice.
单独使用as时，as可做关系代词，等语which.
He is nice ,as mentioned before
, He is nice ,as was mentioned before.这里省略了be动词。
He is nice, which was mentioned before.
第4章 非谓语动词
非谓语动词: 不定式, 分词, 动名词
4.1 不定式
不定式的功能:
To take a trip around the world has been my dream. 名词性, 作主语 I have something to do. 充当形容词, 修饰something I came to see her充当副词修饰came
名词性不定式的用法
1. 名词性不定式做主语
To see him is my purpose.
2. 名词性不定式做主语时, 用it作为虚主语取代
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It is my purpose to see him.
3. 名词性不定式做及物动词的宾语
I want to see him. 名词性不定式做动词的宾语.
I find it interesting to climb mountains.这里的不定式不是修饰, 是做宾语.
名词性不定式做不完全及物动词的宾语时,用it做虚宾语,不定式做真宾语. 所以, 有it时的句子要学会分析.
4. 名词性不定式做be动词的补语
My plan is to see him.
To see is to believe.
主语补语
形容词性不定式结构的用法
形容词性不定式全都是采用后置修饰.
I have some work to do. 修饰work
I have no desire to enter into a controversy with him. 不定式结构修饰desire.
副词性不定式结构的用法
副词性不定式可以修饰, 动词, 形容词, 副词
He cameto see me. 修饰动词
He has agreed to do it修饰动词
He is able to handle the problem. 不定式结构修饰形容词
He is old enoughto go swimming alone. 修饰副词enough old 形容词 enough 副词
He sang a song to please her. 修饰sang, 所以修饰的时候不一定是连接在一起的,要分清格局, 用大块结构的形式来分析.
副词性不定式修饰动词, 表目的时, 此时副词性不定式同时修饰含该动词的整个从句.
He sang a song to please her.修饰sang
等价于, 修饰前面含有动词的整个句子.
He sang a songto please her.不定式修饰前面的完整句子, he sang a song.
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He rushed all the wayhere to catch the train.
all the way 副词, 修饰rushed
here 副词, 修饰 rushed
to catch the train 副词, 修饰rushed.
所以,副词可以依次叠加.并且可以不用出现其他的词.
4.2 分词
分词做形容词, 做补语, 名词,分词做副词.
做副词的一般是现在分词, 有副词very的意味,修饰之后的形容词.
It’s biting cold today. cold, adj. biting, 现在分词, 修饰cold.
He was exceeding glad to hear it. 现在分词, 做副词, 修饰形容词.
4.3 动名词
动名词形态与现在分词一样.
差别就是, 动名词具有名词性质, 名词在句中做主语, 宾语, 补语. 动名词做主语, 动名词做主语补语, 动名词做动词的宾语 动名词做介词的宾语.
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范文二：赖世雄英语语法1-30.doc
第一课:主语(名词、代词)
She is my mother.
They are beautiful.
1、动名词(作主语):做过的、有经验、已经事实
动词ing
Studing english it is fine. 2、未作的事情、目的、梦想、计划、理想用不定式(作主语) To 动词原形
To buy sth is one of plans. To see him is my purpose. To study abroad is my dream. 3、(不定式)主语太长，用it代替，不定式短语放在后面(动名词改成to不定式)
It is my plan to study abroad with my friend jone.
4、句子作主语要变成名词从句----前面用that
That she studys hard is true. That he doesn't agree with me makes me angry.
5、句子长时(作主语)用it代替
It makes me angry that he doesn’t agree with me. 名词从句有三种:戴慧怡:that引导;whether(yes、no回答的，问句变成的句子做主语)引导;疑问词开头(不能用yes、no回答的疑问句---特殊问句) That she studys hard is true. Is she beautiful ?
Whether she is(不能倒装) beautiful remains to be seen.
Where will he go?
Where he will go(不能倒装) is still a question. To bo a teacher is my dream. Mingic daici budingshi juzi wenju zuoshuyi
第三课
1、及物动词两种语态:主动或被动
我。。。他 I love her. 主动
他被我。。。her is loved by me. 被动(be+过去分词)
(1)完全及物动词:动词加宾语(名词、代词)后意思完整
I hate him.
(2)不完全及物动词:动词加宾语后意思不完整
叫、让、强迫。。。sb do sth
Make:
完全及物动词:I make a chiar.制作
不完全及物动词(+补语):I make him happy.使……
2、完全不及物动词(不能被动语态):两种用法
(1)主语+完全不及物动词
Dance:I dance.
(2)主语+be+完全不及物动词ing(现在分词):(当时正在、现在正在)进行时
I am dancing.
He was running.
3、不完全不及物动词(be、become、get):+补语(名词、形容词)
He became beautiful.
He got angry(med).变得
4、授予动词(dative verb):有两个宾语。第一个宾语指人为间接宾语，第二个宾语指
物为直接宾语.
Give:I give him a car.
I bought him abook. 我买了一本书给他
I will give him something.我将会给他些东西。
I ask him a question. 我问了他一个问题。
当直接宾语在前，间接宾语在后时，通常要加一个介词“to” “for(有劳务性)”等。
(1)I give a book to him.
I told him a story.?
I told a story to him.我给他讲了一个故事。
(2)I bought a book for him. (有劳务性)不能用to
I made a chair for him. (有劳务性) 不能用to
(3)表示“从……中得取……”时用“from”
I have heard a lot from John.我跟约翰了解了很多。
(4)Ask、“demand”要求、requre 从.....要求、rob抢劫……要与of并用
From now on I will expect nothing of him.从现在起我不对他有任何指望了。
He rob me of my money.
He asked a question of me.他向我问了一个问题。
“require”要求
He requires nothing of me.他对我没有什么要求了。
“deprive”剥夺(公民权)、ease减轻(形容词为easy)要与of并用
The task is not easy.这个任务不容易。
I feel uneasy.我感到不安
Lesson 4
She became beautiful.她变得美丽了。
He got angry.他变得生气。
“get”表示“被”的意思时，后面用过去分词作补语。
She got hurt.她受伤了。
Charming妩媚
“turn”表示“变成”为不及物动词。
The leaves are turning yellow.树叶正变成黄色。
完全及物动词:指加了宾语意思很完全。
Don’t hit me.不要打我。
I made a chair.我制造了一把椅子。
出现的形态有三种。
1)主语+完全及物动词+宾语
I love him.我爱他。
2)主语+be动词后面有宾语时，此及物动词用ing的形态。(即:现在分词的形态)
I was hitting him.我当时正在打他。
“have”表示“有”。(及物动词没有进行时即为————瞬间动词)
I had dinner an hour ago.一个小时前我吃晚饭了。
3)及物动词如果后面没有宾语时，主语+be动词+过去分词的形态
不完全及物动词:指动词是一个及物动词，但是意思没有完全。
I made him happy.我使他快乐。
“make”+宾语+原形动词作宾语的补足语。
“bid”吩咐(过去时“bade” )
Cause促使、迫使、强迫(此类动词加宾语后，通常放不定式短语作宾语补足语)
I will force him to do it.我将会迫使他做那件事。
Lesson 8
五大句型(五种动词)
1)主语+完全及物动词
“faint”晕倒(完全不及物动词)
He fainted.他晕倒了。
He fainted when he heard the bad news.听到这个坏消息他晕倒了。
“past away”过世
I don’t know when he will come.我不知道他什么时候来。
2)主语+不完全不及物动词+补足语(名词、形容词)
I’m a teacher.我是一个老师。
He is handsome.他很帅气。
He is energetic. “energetic”精力充沛a。
He looks happy.他看起来很高兴。感官动词look、taste、
3)主语+完全及物动词+宾语
“dump”垃圾堆，甩
his girlfriend just dump him.
I want to see him.我要见他。(表示plan计划、愿望、期望的完全及物动词用to不定式做
宾语)
I think that he is nice.我想他是一个好人。(名词从句作宾语)
I wonder why she is crying.( wonder 后面不可以+that的从句，而用疑问词引出的从句)
我想知道她为什么哭。
I like to dance.我喜欢跳舞。
I like dancing.
Hate、Like 后可用动名词或不定式
enjoy、 dislike后面只能用动名词
I dislike doing it.我不喜欢做它。
Lesson 10
把两个句子连在一起，注意以下两点:
1)注意标点符号
2)注意连词(并列连词、连接副词……)
She is a good student;I like him very much.她是一个好学生，我很喜欢她。
“dash”破折号
He is a good student——he studies hard every day.他是一个好学生——他每天学习很努力。
She is a good student，so(and) I like her very much.她是一个好学生，因此(同时、而且)我也很喜欢她。
I like him very much because he is a good student.我很喜欢他，因为他是一个好学生。
Because he is a good student，I like him very much.
He is a good student，so I like him very much.
他是一个好学生，我很喜欢他。
英语中“because”(因为)与“so”(所以)不可以连用。
“familiar”熟悉的
“though”(虽然)与“but”(但是)不可以连用。
Though he is nice，I don’t like him.
He is nice，but(yet)I don’t like him. 虽然他很好，但是我不喜欢他。
Lesson 12
连词:包含并列连词，连接副词。
并列连词:指可以连接两个对等的单词、短语、从句等。最基本的有三个——and，or，but。
John and I enjoy singing.约翰和我喜欢英语。
Are you right or wrong?你是对的还是错的呢,
主句:指开头是主语，后面加动词的句子。可以搭配连词引导的从句。
She failed because she was lazy.她失败了因为她很懒。
She failed because she was lazy. She failed because she was lazy and ugly. He is in Beijing but Dalan.
He is not handsome but ugly.他不帅，而是丑。
连接副词:又称副词连词。除了三个基本并列连词之外，其他通常为连接副词。不能连接对等的单词、短语，只能放在主语前面，使整个句子变成副词从句(状语从句)。
Lesson 13
Is he kind or mean,他到底是好呢，还是坏呢,(连接两个对等的单词)
“mean”邪恶的，坏的，小气的
“stingy”吝啬的，小气的
She is nice but I don’t like her.她很好但是我不喜欢她。(but连接两个对等的主句)
He is not kind but mean.他的心肠不好而是卑鄙。(but连接两个对等的单词，与not连用)
“fond”喜欢的
Peter and I are fond of music. (and连接两个对等的单词—主语，用复数are)
Peter as well as I is fond of music.彼得和我喜欢音乐。(as well as连接两个对等的单词—主语，动词跟第一个单词用is)
“as well as”以及
“rather than”而不是
Peter rather than I is fond of music.彼得喜欢音乐而我不喜欢。(rather than连接两个对等的单词，动词跟第一个单词用is)
He is ugly，not handsome.他很丑，而不是帅。(rather than可用not代替，但前面加‘，’)
Lesson 14
动词跟最近的主语作变化:
“not……but……”并非……而是……
“not only……but also……”不仅……而且……
“either…… or……”要不……
“neither…… nor……”既不……也不……
Not he but I am wrong.不是他，而是我错了。
Not only she but also I am wrong.不仅是她连我都错了。
Either you or he is wrong.要不就是你，要不就是他错了。
Neither you nor she is wrong.既不是你也不是她错了。
连接副词:又称副词连词。除了三个基本并列连词之外，其他通常为连接副词。不能连接对等的单词、短语，只能放在主语前面，使整个句子变成副词从句(状语从句)。从句不是主句，从句不能单独存在(没有主句)。常用的副词连词:because，though，if，unless，when，once……
Because of me she studies very hard.她因为我学习很努力。
I love Linda because she often helps the poor.我爱琳达因为她经常帮助穷人。
Lesson 15
When he came I was singing.他来的时候我在唱歌。(when引导状语从句)
“when”当……时候“while”在……时候“once”一旦“though”虽然“if”如果……这些连词引导的副词从句如果它的主语跟主句的主语一致，那么这些从句可以变成分词短语。
When I saw her，I felt happy.(相同主语)
When seeing her，I felt happy.当我看到她的时候我感到高兴。(变成分词短语，相同主语去掉一个------动词变成分词，be动词省略)
While I was in Beijing，I had a good time.
While in Beijing，I had a good time.我当时在北京过得很愉快。(同上，但省略being)
When I’m unhappy，I don’t feel like talking.
When unhappy，I don’t feel like talking.当我不高兴时，我不想说话(同上，但省略being)
<副词从句>简化的例外情况——
A.由When / While开头的<副词从句>，简化成<现在分词短语>时，<副词从句>中使用了
什么<动词>是不受限制:
例1 我有钱的 When I am rich，I’ll buy a car.
时候就买 --,--(being),，------,------. ?
例2 部 车。 When I have money，I’ll buy a car.
--,--(having) --,--，-------,-----. ?
B.由if开头的<副词从句>，简化成<现在分词短语>时，<副词从句>中使用了什么<动词>是 有受限制的，只允许是 例1 如果我有钱 If I am rich，I’ll buy a car. 就买部车。 --(being)--，------,-----. ? 例2 如果我(感到)累 了， If I am tired，I take a rest. 就休息一会儿。 --(being) ---， -----,-----. ? 3 如果我有钱就买 If I have money，I’ll buy a car. 部车。 --(being) --,--， ------,-----. × 有关其它方面的用法，见书，这里只是概念性的提示给你。 2-5，<连接性副词>—— <连接性副词>，它有<连接词>的味道，但是，它却不能当<连接词>，只能当<所谓的副 词=""> 来用。因为用它的时候，无法连接两句～最常用的有: “因此therefore”——跟“so(<连接词>)”很像 “然而however” 例1 He’s nice, so I like him. ----,----，therefore I like him. × ----,----;therefore I like him. ? ——要把逗号改为分号 Lesson 17 上一课谈到了连接副词，这次谈论下连接性副词:像连接词但是无法连接两个句子，只能当副词使用，在两句子中则要用分号';'，有时在副词后再加个逗号','。 'therefore' He's nice,so I like him. He's nice;therefore,I like him. He's nice;I,therefore,like him. He's nice.Therefore,I like him. 类似的有'thus因此'，不过'thus'一般不加逗号','. 接下来谈关系词(第三个大项)第一大项单句，第二大项两个句子如何连接。包括 关系代词，关系副词，准关系代词，复合关系代词。 ear 和 year 的语音差别 Please be all ears.请大家把耳朵准备好。 Don't turn a deaf ear to me.不要对我的话充耳不闻。 关系代词常用的有:who,whom,which. who和whom用来代替人，which 用来代替事情或东西。用以上关系词所引导的从句叫做形容词从句。所谓形容词从句其实相当该从句是变成了形容词。同样副词从句则句子变成了副词。 例如He is a student who works hard.翻译的时候则是他是一个用功的学生。 关系代词 我们今天要跟大家谈的那么就是它怎么使用。 我们要晓得，原来这个句法我这样说啊He's a student ;He studies hard.这个时候我们后头打个句点，我们是不是马上就知道我们教过两个开头都是主语he is a student;he studies hard.你看两个都是he，是不是两个都是句子,这个两个句子在一起它没有连词啊，我们已经知道用个分号连接两个句子:He's a student ;He studies hard.两个都是句子，但是之间没有连词，所以要用分号';'连接。同时He's a student ,and He studies hard。也是对的， 但是有时候我们不需要用连词而是用关系词。 首先我们来讲关系代词: He's a student who studies hard.他是一个用功的学生。(主格) He's a teacher whom I repect .他是一个我很尊敬的老师。(宾格) (note:关系代词一定要紧靠在被替代的名字后) 使用关系代词的时候有三个原则，一定要记住哦，用榔头打脑袋都不能忘记(看完后不要敲自己的脑袋哦I'm going to knock on my head;knock on the door 敲门)， 这三个原则是:第一，关系代词前一定要有先行词(先行词指被关系代词代替的名词);第二，关系代词在所引导的从句中必须当主语或者宾语;第三,否则前面一定有介词。 He is a man whom I enjoy working.(错的----已经有动名词做宾语working。work是不及物动词，whom也不能做宾语，应该加介词for、with) He is a man with(for) whom I enjoy working. He is a man whom(可以省略) I enjoy working with(for).(介词放句尾，关系代词可省略) 他是一个我很喜欢共同工作的人。 注意:如果whom前面有逗号的时候，介词即使放在句尾还是不可以省略掉。 He is a nice man，with whom I enjoy working. He is a nice man，whom I enjoy working with.都对。 是一个好人，我愿意与他共同工作。 Lesson 20 非限定修饰:关系代词前面有逗号。指被修饰(逗号前面的名词)本身有特殊性(专有名词--—独一性)后面的形容词从句不需要限定(可要可不要) 限定修饰:关系代词前面没有逗号(先翻译形容词从句)。 This is my father，who is nice to me.这是我的爸爸，他对我很好。 Here comes Mary.玛丽来了。 He is a boy who is handsome and kind.他是一个很英俊善良的男孩。 Which 代替东西或动物(代替人用who、whom) 关系代词that可以代替who、whom、which。前面一定不能用逗号‘,’(限定修饰)，而且前面不能有介词(否则不能用that)，因为介词后面有受格。 This is a book which I enjoy reading.--, This is a book that I enjoy reading. He is a man that we all respect.==He is a man whom we all respect. 他是个我们都很尊敬的人。 He is a man who never lies.==He is a man that never lays. 他是个从不说谎的人(限定修饰:先翻译形容词从句) 注意:被修饰的名词前面有最高级的形容词，后面有形容词从句时，关系代词只可以用“that” He is the best student that I have (ever) taught.他是一个我所教过的最棒的学生。 She is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.她是我曾经见过的最美丽的女孩子。 That is the first thing that I do.这是我首要做的。(序数词后面，只可以用“that”) Who is the boy that(代替who)is talking to Linda?那个与琳达说话的男孩子是谁。 (疑问词who后面，关系代词who可以用“that”) What is the thing that(代替which) you using?你正在用的那个东西是什么东西, (疑问词what后面，关系代词which可以用“that”) 23插入语的用法(I think……;I belive……;I found……);不影响关系代词的格 He is a man who I think never lies. 他是个我认为从不说谎的人 He is a man whom I think we should all respect.他是个我认为我们都应尊敬的人 24 关系代词所有格whose的用法(同样遵循三原则) He turns me on. 令人兴奋 He turns me off. 令人倒胃口 This is mr. Wang，whose(代替 his) daughter is my girlfriend. This is Mr. Zhang，whose daughter I love very much.这是张先生，我很爱他的女儿。 “familiar”熟悉的 This is Mr. Zhang，whose daughter I’m familiar with.这是张先生，他的女儿我很熟悉。 (whose daughter不能作主语，也不能作宾语—familiar是形容词，所以用with) “content”内容 I just bought a book whose content is interesting.(whose代替人也可代替东西) I just bought a book，the content of which is interesting.我买了一本书，内容十分有趣。 Lesson 26 关系副词:有四个，分别是“when”修饰时间;“where”修饰地方;“why”理由用“how”(都是由“介词+关系代词which”变来的)。(同样遵循三原则) I was born in nanjin，in which I met merr. I was born in nanjing，where I met merry.我出生在南京，我见到了麦芮。 I went to the station，at which I met John. I went to the station，where I met John.我去了车站，我见到了约翰。 I climb to the top of the hill, on which I met peitt我爬到了山丘的山顶见到了皮特。 I was born on October 17st 1948,on which it was raining. 我出生在1948年10月17日，那天正在下雨。 I was born on October 17st 1948, when it was raining. Lesson 27 at 几点钟;on 哪天;in 年、月 I was born in nanjin，in which(when) it was getting warmer. 我出生在南京，天气变温暖了。 “resigned”辞职 I know the reason for which(why) he resigned.我知道他辞职的原因。 I don’t like the way in which he talks.我不喜欢他谈话的方式。 the way不能与how并用(省略how) I don’t like the way he talks. (how省略) Lesson 28 准关系代词:有两个，分别是“than”(前面是名词)、“as”。 Mary is more beautiful than Jean玛丽比珍漂亮多了。 (then作为连词—比较级:前面是形容词) I have more money than you do. (then作为准关系代词:前面是名词) 上句应为:I have more money than you have. (have与前面重复，改为do才对。do相当于have，避免重复) 作为关系代词then相当于than the money which。 I have more money than the money which you do.我的钱比你的多。(作宾语) I have more money than is neede. 我有的钱比需要的多。(作主语时，is也可省略) “amiable”友善的 throw a party :开Party(固定用法) Come one，come all.欢迎大家来。 More friends than have been invited came.来的朋友比邀请的多。 作为准关系代词then相当于than the friends who I have more money than do you.我的钱比你的多。 (do相当于have，避免重复do可倒装，也可省略---相同的动词)。 作为准关系代词as:通常出现在“such……as”像……这样 I have such a car as you do.我有一辆像你这样的车子。(do相当于have，避免重复) 作为准关系代词as 相当于as the car which(作宾语。若为人时用who) Lesson 30 I don’t like such people as lie.我不喜欢像这样撒谎的人。(作主语) as 相当于as the people who(people为复数，动词用复数lie) “saliva”蔓延 “chocked”塞 I don’t like such a person as lies.我不喜欢像这样撒谎的人。 as 相当于as the person who(person为单数，动词用单数lies) There is no one who doesn’t like him. There is no one but likes him.这里没有人不喜欢他。 But代替who not和There is no搭配，去does，like变单数likes There is no music which I am not fond of. There is no music but I’m fond of.没有什么音乐我不喜欢。 But代替which not和There is no搭配 31 Test 1 1 ( A) Can you __the word in English? A say B speak C tell D talk 2 ( B ) There __a stamp show next Saturday. A is going to has B is going to be C is going to is D is going to have 3 ( B ) What are you __ ? A listening B listening to C hearing D hearing to 4 ( C ) __they going to plant trees tomorrow ? A Do B can C Are D Does 5 ( C ) A: __is Mr . Gray ? B: He is a teacher. A Who B Who’ s C What D Whose 6 It ’ s cold and _rainy _today ? (rain) 7 对划线部分提问 ) 改:_How __do _they go to work everyday ? 8 There is a lot of in his hand. (否定句 ) 改:There _isn ’ t __much _paper in his hand. Test 2 1 ( D )Tell the children_____in the street. A don’ t play B not play C not playing D not to play 报 1 1( C )Here’ s a photo ___my family members and me. A at B in C of D on 2 ( D ) __my grandmother and __my uncles. A These are, this is B This is, these are C She is, this is D This is;this is 3( D )Alice gose shopping with ____. A he and I B I and he C me and him D him and me 4 I 通常骑自行车 )with my cousins at weekends. 5( B )The man over there is ____headmaster of our school. A a B / C an D the 6( B )Mike is new here,let’ s help _____each other and learn____each other. A from;from B /;from C with;from D with;/ 7 I’ d like to make friends with my classmates.(改为一般疑问句 ) 改:_Would__ you like to make friends with your classmates? Test3 1 W(not run) 5 Y Test 4 1 ( A )Hangzhou is_____Shanghai. A near B near to C far away D far away to 2( C )Let’ s ___swim___in the river. A to swim B swimming C go for a swim D go to a swim 3( D )There are _____of students waiting out of the museum. A hundred B two hundred C one hundred D hundreds 4 Mary can read and write.(改为否定句) 改:Mary _can’ t_____read __or_____write. 报 2 1( C )Jason doesn’ t need ______ to the doctor’ s this afternoon. A going B go C to go D goes 2( B )Do you know how to___complete___ the sentence?What does the underlined part mean? A end B finish C write D read 3( C )There is_____milk in the fridge.Could you go and buy some? A few B a few C little D a little 5 It’ s about ___ten minutes’ walk__ from my school to my home.(划线 ) 改:__How____ __far___ is it from my school to my home? 6 Alice got up early this morning __to catch the first bus__.(划线 ) 改:___Why____ __did_____Alice get up early this morning? 报 2 1( D )The girl’ s name is Louis Vinton.Vinton is her_____name. A full B first C given D last 2( D ) Are you in_____? A Six Garden,One Class B Grade Six,Class one C One Class,Grade six D Class One,Grade Six 3( C )We can keep in touch with each other______letter. A in B with C by D use 4( C )______will you keep in touch with your friends? A What B Where C How D What time 5( D )Where do you live,Peter? I live_____1816 Garden Street. A on B in C next to D at 6 What’ 7Can you help me to carry the bag?(保持句意不变 ) 改:Can you _help____ me_with____ the bag? 对划线部分提问 ) 改:Where_do__ _you___ live? Test 5 1 W 5 Do you want to have a picnic with us?(保持句意不变 ) 改:_Would____you_like____to have a picnic with us? 6 How about taking a picture in front of the mountain?(保持句意不变 ) 改:__Let’ s_____ __take_____ a picture in front of the mountain,shall we? 报 3 1 ( B) What does your aunt look like? She B is pretty C is an engineer D looks carful 2 (C) cold weather it is! The river is covered with thick ice. A What a B How C What D What an 3 (C) your housing estate like before? A How did B What did C What was D How was 4 (B) do you work for? A What B Who C When D How 5 (C) Alice always goes shopping A in the weekends B at weekend C on the weekend D at a weekeend 6 (A) Kitty’ s family are going to fly to Japan next Friday. A / B on C in D at 7 We are to have a trip to Hong Kong.(plan) 8 What about having a shower before you go to bed? (保持句意不变 ) have a shower before you go to bed? 9 What do you usually do 10 I 11 我们怎么去 )there ? 大金、小金 ( B )1. We should the rules . A. to obey B. obey C. obeying D disobey ( C )2 The student of Class One reading a book . A. are B. do C. is D does ( B )3 You should tell people spit on the ground . A. not B. not do C. don’ t to D don’ t to do ( C )4. The student of Class One reading a book . A. are B. do C. is D does ( B )5 You must be when you cross the street . A. care B. careful C. carefully D more careful ( C )6. He has his meals at home every day . He eats out . A. usually B. often C. never D sometimes ( D )7. We should learn English our English teacher . A. for B. to C. an D. from 就画线部分提问 ) 改:What kind of stamps do you collecting ? 9.It ’ th 就画线部分提问 ) 改:What day is it today ? 10.Finish your homework first . (改为同义句 ) 改:Do your homework first . 11.He often comes to school late . (改为同义句 ) 改:He doesn’ t come to school early . 12.Everyone in school should obey the rules . (改为同义句 ) 改:All the students in school should follow the rules . 13 What a nice cake it is !(改为同义句 ) 改:How nice the cake is ! 14I don’ t have any colour pencils in my pencil-box . (改为同义句 ) 改:I have no colour pencils in my pencil box . 就画线部分提问 ) 改:What does he think of the Chinese people ? 报 4 (D1Can you say it English , Lucy? A on B at C for D in ( C )2. Please take it . A. to home B. here C. there D. school ( B )3. Tom usually goes to school his father’ s car. A. under B. in C. on D. by ( A )4 When you see a banana skin on the ground , you should . A. pick it up B. pick up it C. give it him D. give it to him 5 They are (group) leaders . 6. She (write) some home rules for her son . 7 Tell the driver (stop) the car . 8. There are some (hippo) in the zoo . Test 5 ( B )1 She can learn more farming . A. to B. from C. / D. on ( C )2 He often makes interesting things painting. A. at B. for C. by D. of ( B )3. Can they finish pictures. A. draw B. drawing C. to draw D. draws 4 Can you answer my (nine) question ? 5. September 10th is (teacher) Day . 6 (say) is one thing and (do) is another . 7. We should speak to old people (polite). 8. Could you let me (have) supper ? 报 5 ( B )1 She can learn more farming . A. to B. from C. / D. on ( C )2He often makes interesting things painting. A. at B. for C. by D. of ( B )3. Can they finish pictures. A. draw B. drawing C. to draw D. draws ( D )4. The farmers want to learn the most corn. A. how to do B. which tp get C. where to get D. how to get ( A )5. Can you it in French , Peter ? A. say B. talk C.listen D. speak ( A )6. We should the law. A. obey B. break C. listen to D. made 7 Tom is doing his homework (改为祈使句 ) 改:Tom, do your homework . 8.Set the dinner table , boy . (改为现在进行时 ) 改:The boy is setting the dinner table . 9.I like watching TV . (改为一般疑问句 ) 改:Do you like watching TV ? 就画线部分提问 ) 改:Which boy is Tom ? Test 6 ( D )1. I live Tianjin . Where do you live ? A. in , in B. in , on C. on , on D. in , / ( B )2. Will they come Saturday morning ? A. on this B. this C. in thisD. at this ( B )3. I want to buy a cake and some things for my birthday party . A. others B. other C. the other D. the others ( C )4. It begins to rain . Take the umbrella you . A. to B. and C. with D. for 5.Why don’ t you come here a little earlier ? (改为同义句 ) 改:Why not come here a little earlier ? 6.He usually has lunch late . (改为同义句 ) 改:He is usually late for lunch . 7.It takes us one and half an hour .(改为同义句) 改:It takes us one hour and a half . 8.I want to go shopping (改为同义句 ) 改:I want to go to buy things . 9.Do you want to have a glass of juice ? (改为同义句 ) 改:W ould you like to have a glass of juice ? 就画线部分提问 ) 改:What kind of stamps do you collecting ? 11. When the twin (finish) the three (paint), she looks very happy . 12. It’ s my father’ s (forty – three ) birthday . 13. Keep your eyes (close) . Don’ t look at me . 14. Jim , (trace) the shape of the leaf . 报 6 ( C )1. Monkeys like the trees . A. play on B. playing on C. climbing up D. climbing in ( A )2. Take this bag of eggs home. A. / B. to C. in D. of ( C )3. morning my father drinks a cup tea breakfast . A. In , of , on B. On , of , for C. Every , of , for D. One , for , of ( B )4. Can he it in Japanese ? A. speak B. say C. tell D. talk ( A )5. I don’ t like meat fish . A. or B. and C. but D. sol ( B )6. There is “ s ” in the word restaurant . A. a B. an C. the D. / ( A )7. — in the boxes ? — There are some apples . A. What’ re B. What’ s C. How many D. How much ( B )8. The students play games Tuesday afternoon . A. in B. on C. at D. of ( B )9. Can they finish pictures ? A. draw B. drawing C. to draw D. draws ( C )10. We don’ t know . I have nothing to do . A. how to do B. which to do C. what to do D. where to do ( D )11. I feel afraid. A. a few B. few C. little D. a little 好题真卷 ( B )1. What is with Mrs. Brown ? A. matter B. wrong C. the wrong D. matters ( B )2. Oh, your pen is on the ground . Let me for you . A. to pick it up B. pick it up C. pick up it D. to pick up it ( D )3. We are going to celebrate New Year ’ s Day January 1st . A. in B. for C. at D. on ( B )4. She must the work in two days . A. finishes B. finish C. finished D. finishing 好题 ( B )1. Tom mustn’ t play a busy street . A. with B. in C. of D. for ( A )2. Who do you usually go camping ? A. with B. to C. and D. for ( D )3. English food is quite different from . A. we B. us C. our D. ours ( D )4. He is fat. He can’ t go fast . A. very B. so C. too D. A and C ( D )5. I’ ll read this book first . Tomorrow I’ ll borrow . A. others B. other C. the other D. another ( B )6. Mother’ s Day is the second Sunday May . A. on, on B. on, of C. on, for D. /, in 7. Jim , (trace) the shape of the leaf . 8. He must (be) here . 9. Our city is (difference) from hers . U4~U5卷 ( A )1. Her brother is very . A. smart B. beautiful C. beautiful boy D. friend ( C )2. I don’ t know . A. who is he B. who is he C. who he is D. he is who ( B )3. Children’ s Day in Singapore is . A. on May 5th B. on November 23rd C. on October 1st D. on June 1st ( C )4. of you is Mr. White ? A. Who B. Which C. What D. What colour ( C )5. beautiful girls they are ! A. How B. What a C. What D. how 报 7 ( C )1. They all me good luck in the new year . A. hope B. want C. wish D. wishes ( B )2. China spring time begins February . A. at B. around C. under D. up ( A )3. The boy Little Tiger is my son . A. named B. name C. naming D. is named ( D )4. I’ m working hard my exam . A. for B. over C. on D. at ( D )5 I would like to drink something orange. A.to B. juice C. of D. like ( A )6. Mini and his classmates are going a field trip . A.on B. for C. with D. to ( A )7. What do you like , tea or water ? A. better B. good C. best D. much ( C )8. — Do you get up early in the morning ? — . A. Yes, we don’ t B. No, we aren’ t C. No,we don’ t D. Y es, we are ( A )9. My father isn’ t home .He is work . A. at, at B. at, to C. in, at D. in, in 10 Here is an (invite)for you . 大伴 1 (say) is one thing and (do) is another . 2. We should speak to old people (polite). ( C )3. It’ s 7:15 .Wei Fang must to school . A. do B. does C. go D. goes 大金 ( C )1 My father goes to work 7:30 in the morning . A. in B. on C. at D. to ( C )2 Mini’ s hobby is fish . A. eat B. eats C. eating D. eating ( B )3 What do you think the book ? A. in B. of C. with D. to ( D )4. Let your kite high, Jim . A. to fly B. flies C. flying D. fly 大伴 ( A )1. The shop sells many things books and pens . A. like B. for C. with D. as ( B )2. We want to know . A. how old is he B. how old he is C. how old he’ s D. how old his ( C )3. Is your birthday same day as mine ? A. on B. in C. on the D. in the ( B )4. Her mother is a nurse , what about ? A. he B. his C. he’ s D. him ( A )5. We are going to have a sports meeting October . A. in B. on C. for D. at ( B )6. I’ ll get some ice cream my little brother . A. to B. for C. on D. from ( B )7. elephant has a long nose . A. / B. An C. A D. The 卷 ( B )1The women a child likes shopping . A. and B. with C. for D. to ( C )2 Thank you to my party . A. come B. to come C. for coming D. comes ( B )3. Would you like milk ? A. any B. some C. some bottles D. many 4.His uncle is a farmer . (改为同义句 ) 改:His uncle works on a farm . 5.What else can you see ? (改为同义句 ) 改:What other things can you see ? 6.My mother does housework a lot every day . (改为否定句 ) 改:My mother doesn’ t do housework a lot every day 7.Why don’ t you go to the toy shop ? (改为同义句 ) 改:Why not go to the toy shop ? 卷 ( D )1. is good for us . A. Do exercise B. Do exercise C. Doing exercise D. Doing exercises ( B )2. Can I your bike for two days ? A. borrow B. keep C. ride D. drive ( B )3. I think he right . A. not, is B. don’ t, is C. do, isn’ t D. not, is ( C )4. John and the twins Beijing very much . A. are all like B. all are like C. all like D. are like all ( D )5. Let that boy supper now . A. has B. has to C. to have D. have ( B )6. I come to school . A. by my bus B. on my bike C. by a bike D. on bike ( C )7. I’ m reading a letter my friend . A. of B. for C. from D. to ( C )8. They go to Dalian . A. by a ship B. by the ship C. by ship D. in ship 小伴 ( B )1. you often late for school ? A. Do B. Are C. Can D. Don’ t ( C )2. It’ s very nice you . A. eat B. eats C. eating D. eating 好题 ( B )1. He is friend of . A. my B. mine C. I D. me ( D )2. Students shouldn’ t go to bed . A. too early B. early C. lately D. too late ( B )3. Can the boys come this afternoon ? A. on B. / C. in D. of 大金 ( B )1. Let’ s go swimming , ? A. will you B. shall we C. can you D. could you ( B 2. He the coat me . A. is making, to B. is making, for C. make, for D. makes, to ( B )3. The girl with some boys playing the piano . A. like B. likes C. liking D. liked ( B )4. The boy Peter . A. call B. is called C. calls D. calling 小金 ( C )1. He school . A. late for B. is never late C. is never late for D. never lates for 2. Tell the driver (stop) the car . 第二章 两句的连接方法 （lesson10-17） 第一节 连接符号 把两个句子连在一起，注意以下两点： 1）标点符号：“；”“－”dash 破折号 “, ”：用“，+连词”，连接两个句子。 “；”“－”：具有连词的功能，用于连接两个句子。 “－”破折号：英文最常用的意思是“也就是说”，用来解释前面的句子。 She is a good student. I like him very much. She is a good student；I like him very much. 她是一个好学生，我很喜欢她。 She is a good student－I like him very much.她是一个好学生，我很喜欢她。 He is a good student－he studies hard every day.他是一个好学生，他每天学习很努力。 every day 是副词adv. 放在句尾 everyday 是形容词adj. 后面放名词 eg ：That is his everyday life. 那就是他日常生活。 2）“，+连词”：连接两个句构 and 而且，同时 because 因为、so 所以、since 因为，as 因为 though 虽然、but 但是 →She is a good student，so I like her very much.她是一个好学生，因此我也很喜欢她。 She is a good student，and I like her very much.她是一个好学生，而且我也很喜欢她。 I like him very much because he is a good student.（because 前面没有“，”）我很喜欢他，因为他是一个好学生。 →He is a good student，so I like him very much.他是一个好学生，我很喜欢他。 He is a good student，and I like him very much. 我很喜欢他，而且他是一个好学生。 英语中双重连接词（双重连词）是不可以的 （1）“because ”（因为）与“so ”（所以）不可以连用。 Because he is a good studentShe is a good student，so I like her very much. Since 相当于because Since you are here I can tell you the truth. Because 引导的从句放在前面，后面要加“，” Because 引导的句构放在后面，后面不要加“，”习惯用法 I like him very much because he is a good student. Since 引导的从句放在前面，后面要不加“，” （2）“though ”（虽然）与“but ”（但是）不可以连用。 Though he is nice，I don’t like him.虽然他很好，但是我不喜欢他。 He is nice，but I don’t like him. Though he is nice，yet I don’t like him. Yet 在这里不是连词，当副词的概念，这样是可以，但是习惯不这么说。 He is nice，yet I don’t like him. Yet 在这里可以当连词使用 第二节 并列连词 定义： 连词分类：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if, as if, as though（不充当从句的任何成分，但绝不能省略） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever. 连接副词：when, whenever, where, wherever, how, however, why 连词：并列连词、连接副词（副词连词）。 并列连词：指可以连接两个对等的单词、短语、从句等。 最基本的有三个——and ，or ，but 。 John and I enjoy singing.约翰和我喜欢英语。 I am working in Beijing and Tianjin at the sometime. I enjoy working in Beijing and in Dalian.（介词短语） Are you right or wrong? 你是对的还是错的呢？ 主句：指开头是主语，后面加动词的句子。自成为一个句子。可以搭配连词引导的从句。 主语+动词+. =句子=主句 主句+连词引导的从句=主句+连词+句子 She failed because she was lazy.她失败了因为她很懒。 She failed because she was ugly. She failed because she was lazy and she was ugly. She failed because she was lazy and ugly. But 连接两个对等的单词时需要与not 连用：“Not …but …”不是…而是…；这里的but 不能翻译“但是”。 He is not handsome but ugly.他不帅，而是丑。 He is not in Beijing but in Dalian. She failed not because she was lazy but because she was ugly. 第三节 连接副词 定义： 连接副词可分为两类： 一类是用于连接句子或从句，常见的有therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, still, thus, meanwhile等； 另一类是用于引导从句或不定式，主要的有when, why, where, how 等。 连接副词：又称副词连词。除了三个基本并列连词之外，其他通常为连接副词。不能连接对等的单词、短语，只能放在主语前面，使整个句子变成副词从句（状语从句）。 She is kind and beautiful. （连接两个对等的单词） Is he kind or mean？他到底心肠是好呢，还是坏呢？（连接两个对等的单词） “mean ”邪恶的，心术不正的，坏的，小气的 “stingy ”吝啬的，小气的 She is nice，but I don’t like her.她很好但是我不喜欢她。 （but 翻译“但是”，连接两个对等的主句，作为连词前面要加“，”）“，+连词” He is not kind but mean.他的心肠不好而是卑鄙。 （but 连接两个对等的单词，与not 连用） →“fond ”喜欢的 Peter and I are fond of music. （and 连接两个对等的单词，两个主语用复数are ） →“as well as ”以及，也可以视为并列连词，连接两个对等的单词。 Peter as well as I is fond of music.彼得和我喜欢音乐。 （as well as连接两个的主语，动词始终跟第一个主语走，用is ） →“rather than”而不是，也可以视为并列连词，连接两个对等的单词。 Peter rather than I is fond of music.彼得喜欢音乐而我不喜欢。 （rather than连接两个主语，动词跟第一个主语，用is ） →not 代替rather than，not 本来是adv. ，可以视作连词，但not 前面要加‘，’ Peter, not I , is fond of music. He is ugly rather than handsome. He is ugly , not handsome.他很丑，而不是帅。 总结：“，+ not” = “rather than” 这些连词连接主语的时候，动词跟最近的主语作变化： “not ??but ??” 并非?而是? “not only??but also??” 不仅?而且? “either ?? or ??” 要不就是?要不就是? “neither ?? nor ??” 既不?也不? Not he but I am wrong.不是他，而是我错了。 Not only she but also I am wrong.不仅是她连我都错了。 Either you or he is wrong.要不就是你，要不就是他错了。 Neither you nor she is wrong.既不是你也不是她错了。 1）连接副词：又称副词连词。除了三个基本并列连词之外，其他通常为连接副词。不能连接对等的单词、短语，只能放在一个主语前面，使整个句子变成副词从句（状语从句）。从句不是主句，一个单一的句子可以叫做主句，主句是可以单独存在的，叫做句子。句子去掉句点做主句。 句子=“主语+动词+??+.” 去句点变 主句=“主语+动词+?+” 主句可以打句点变成句子，但从句无法单独存在。从句就是跟从主句而走的，是由句子变过来的，就是在主语前面加连词。 连词+句子=从句 常用的连接副词（副词连词）：because 因为，though 虽然，if 如果，unless 除非，when 当，once 一旦? 可以放在主句的前面或者后面，放在前面时，从句后面加“，”。 主句+从句+. 主句+连词+句子+. 连词+句子+，+主句. 从句+，+主句. She because me studies very hard.（×） Because of me，she studies very hard.她因为我学习很努力。 I love Linda because she often helps the poor.我爱琳达因为她经常帮助穷人。 副词从句永远不要单独存在，依赖主句而生。 If you are nice，I marry you. 副词从句可以放在主句的前面，也可以放在主句的后面。 I like him because he is nice. Because he is nice, I like him. 2）连接副词（副词连词）引导的副词从句（状语从句）是副词的概念，用来修饰主句用的。 When he came，I was singing.他来的时候我在唱歌。（when 引导状语从句，用来修饰I 形成的主句。） 以下这些连词引导的副词从句如果它的主语跟主句的主语一致，那么这些从句可以变成现在分词短语。这是写作的要求，口语中还是要把句子说完整才会听得懂。 “when ”当??时候 “while ”在??时候的那一刻 “once ”当…一旦 “though ”虽然 “if ”如果 省略的步骤： （1） 把从句中与主句相同的主语去掉 （2） 被去掉的主语后的动词变成现在分词 （3） 如果遇到Be 动词则省略 →When I saw her，I felt happy. 当我看到她的时候我感到高兴。 When （I ） saw her，I felt happy.（相同主语） When seeing her，I felt happy.（变成现在分词短语） →While I was in Beijing，I had a good time. 我当时在北京过得很愉快。 While （I ）was in Beijing，I had a good time. （相同主语） While （being ）in Beijing，I had a good time.（变成现在分词） While in Beijing，I had a good time.（be 动词省略） →When I’m unhappy，I don’t feel like talking. 当我不高兴时，我不想说话 When unhappy，I don’t feel like talking.（去掉主语，省略being ） 3) 副词从句中关于限制性动词的情况 由When 、While 、once 、though …开头的副词从句跟主句并用的时候，如果主语相同时可以简化成现在分词短语时。这些都适合在写作的时候，口语里面还是要把主语说出来。 →When I am rich，I ’ll buy a car. 我有钱的时候就买。 When rich，I ’ll buy a car.√ （写作） 这些连词引导的副词从句，它的动词在变化的时候是不限的。 →When I have money，I ’ll buy a car. When having money，I ’ll buy a car √ 但是由if 开头的副词从句，简化成现在分词短语时，副词从句中使用的动词是有受限制的，只允许是be 动词；其它动词是不可简化成现在分词短语的。不可按公式来套用，就得尊重英美语言形成的习惯。所以是有限定的。 →If I am rich，I ’ll buy a car. 如果我有钱就买部车。 If rich，I ’ll buy a car.√ →If I am tired，I take a rest. 如果我(感到) 累了就休息一会儿。 If tired，I take a rest. √ →If I have money，I ’ll buy a car. 如果我有钱就买 If having money，I ’ll buy a car. × 有关其它方面的用法，见书，这里只是概念性的提示给你。 4）连接性副词： 连词里的连接性副词不同于连接副词（副词连词when ，if ，because ）。 连接性副词，它有连接词或连词的味道，但是它却不能当连接词，只能当所谓的副词来用。它很像连词但是是副词。因为用它的时候，无法连接两句！最常用的有： （1）“因此therefore ”-很像-“因此so （连接词、连词）” （2）“然而however ” He ’s nice，so I like him. √（，+连词） He ’s nice，therefore I like him. ×（不是连词） He ’s nice，therefore ，I like him. × He ’s nice；therefore ，I like him. √ （；therefore ，） He ’s nice；I ，therefore ，like him. √ （插在句中时，插在主语和动词之间，两旁加，主语前面加；） He ’s nice. Therefore，I like him. √（Therefore ，） 类似的有“thus 因此”，不过“thus ”一般不加逗号“, ”，这是习惯性的用法： He ’s nice；thus I like him. （ ；thus ） however 但是 He's nice, so I don’t like him. He's nice; however, I don’t like him. He's nice; I, however, don’t like him. He's nice. However, I don’t like him. 连接性副词：像连接词但是无法连接两个句子，只能当副词使用，在两句子中则要用分号“ ; ”，有时在副词后再加个逗号“ , ”。 连接性副词：放在“；”或”. “后面 连 接 词: 放在“，”或“. ”后面 英语语法 反意疑问句 一、 反意疑问句的构成 前一部分是一个陈述句，后一部分是一个简单的问句。 前肯定后否定，前否定后肯定。 You have been to Beijing, haven’t you? He hasn’t been to Shanghai, has he? 二、 反意疑问句的运用 1. 陈述句部分的主语是名词时，反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。 ? Your brother has gone to the library, hasn’t he? 2. 陈述句的主语是指示代词this, that 时，反意疑问句的主语用it 代替；指示代词是 these, those时，反意疑问句的主语用they 代替。 ? That isn’t a useful book, is it? ? These are important reading materials, aren’t they? 3. 陈述句部分是I am…时，反意疑问句部分通常要用aren’t I；如陈述句部分的主语是 I am not时，反意疑问句部分通常要用am I ? I’m late for the meeting, aren’t I? ? I’m not doing well, am I? 4. 陈述部分的主语是everything, anything, something, nothing等表示物的不定代词时， 反意疑问句部分的主语用it ? Everything has gone wrong today, hasn’t it? 5. 陈述部分是everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none等表 示人的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语多用they ，但也可用he ? Nobody came when I was out, did they? 6. 陈述部分的主语是one 时，反意疑问句部分的主语在正式场合用one , 在非正式场合 用you One should be happy in this situation, shouldn't one/ shouldn't you? 7. 陈述部分带有表示“所有”含义的have 时，反意疑问句部分可用have 或do 引导，但 当have 不表示所有含义时，附加疑问句必须用do 引导。 ? You have a good friend, haven't you / don't you? ? We had a good time in the city, didn't we? 8. 陈述部分是 “had better +动词原形 时，疑问部分用“had\ hadn’t +主语” ? You’d better go to school now, hadn’t you ？ 9. 陈述部分为used to 时，反意疑问句部分动词可用used to 或did ? Your father used to drink a lot, usedn't he / didn't he? 10. 陈述部分动词为“wish”时，反意疑问句部分用may ? I wish to go there with you, may I? 11. 陈述部分有hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom, few, little, never, nobody, nowhere 等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。 ? You seldom go to visit your parents, do you? 12. 陈述句部分的动词或形容词带有否定前缀或后缀时，反意疑问句部分仍用否定结构。 ? It’s impossible for him to make such a mistake, isn’t it? 13. 陈述部分为ought to 时，反意疑问句部分用should 或ought to 形式 ? He ought to go by train, shouldn't / oughtn't he? 14. 陈述部分带有情态动词need, dare时，反意疑问句部分一般由need, dare 等构成 ? The boy needn't make such a loud noise, need he? ? 但当need, dare 作行为动词时，则加助动词来构成反意疑问句部分。 15. 陈述句含有情态动词must 时： 1) must 表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustn’t或needn’t They must hand in their papers right now, mustn't they? 2) Must 表示推测“一定，肯定” ，反意疑问句部分与must 后面的动词呼应 You must be joking, aren’t you? He must be ill, isn’t he ? 3) must 推测过去的动作时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did 或have, 而对过去的状态 推测，反意疑问句部分的be 动词用was: She must have finished her work, hasn’t she ? / didn’t she ? 4) must 表示" 有必要" 时，反意疑问句部分用needn't ? He must go now , needn't he? 5) 当陈述部分为mustn't 表示" 禁止" 时，反意疑问句部分用must ? You mustn't smoke in the room, must you? 16. 陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其它”结构时，反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there” 结构 ? There are some bananas in the basket, aren’t there? 17. 动词不定式，动名词短语或其他短语作陈述句部分的主语时，反意疑问句的主语通 常用it ? To get rid of a bad habit is not easy, is it? 18. 祈使句构成反意疑问句时： 1) Let’s 开头的祈使句疑问部分用shall we ? Let’s go to see the film together, shall we ? 2) Let us 开头的用 will you ? Let us go to see the film together, will you? 3) Let me 开头的用will you或may I ? Let me have a try，will you／may I？ 4) 其他动词引导的祈使句，如果陈述部分为肯定，我们可以根据语气的不同选用will you ，can you，would you，could you，won‘t you，can’t you，表达委婉的语气。 ? Come here please，will you？ Do it now，won‘t you？ ? 如果陈述部分为否定形式，疑问部分只能用肯定的形式。 ? Don't take the book away，will you？ ? Don't open the window，will you？ 19. 感叹句的反意疑问句一律使用否定式，并用be 的一般现在时形式。 ? What a foolish child (he is), isn’t he? 20. 反意疑问句用于主从复合句结构中时 : 1) 陈述句部分是主从复合句时，反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应与主句中的主语和 动词保持一致。 ? This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isn’t it? 在宾语从句中，如果陈述句部分是“I think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect 等) + 宾语从句”， 反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致，并要注意否定转移。 ? I don’t think you have heard of him before, have you? ? 当think 等这些动词的主语不是第一人称时，反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主 句保持一致。 ? Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesn’t she? 三、 反意疑问句的回答 根据事实回答：无论问题的提法如何，事实是肯定的，就用yes ，事实是否定的，就用no 。 特别注意：陈述句部分是否定结构，反意疑问句部分用肯定式提问时，回答yes 或no 与汉语正好相反。这种省略回答的yes 要译成“不”，no 要译成“是”。 ---He likes playing football, doesn’t he? ---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。 ---His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? ---Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加。 四、 特殊形式的反意疑问句 1. 陈述部分与附加部分同时都是肯定或否定，则表示说话人怀疑、嘲讽的态度。 ? Your car is outside, is it? ? He doesn't like his job, doesn't he? ? 2. 有时，反意疑问句部分主语为you, 与陈述句主语不同，此时，反意疑问句相当于How about you? What do you think of it? 其谓语也跟主句谓语一致。 ? I hope they won't have to wait all day, don't you? 倒装句 一、 全部倒装 ? 将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前 ? 通常用于一般现在时和一般过去时 ? 常见结构有： 1. here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常为be, come, go, lie, run等表 示来去或状态的动词。 ? Then came the chairman. 那时总裁来了。 ? Here is your letter. 你的信。 2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语为表示运动的动词。 ? Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机肚底下窜出一枚导弹。 ? Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐着一个老妪。 ? 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 ? Here he comes. 他来了。 ? Away they went. 他们走开了。 二、 部分倒装 1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 ? Never have I seen such a performance. ? Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. ? Not until引导主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装 ? Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. ? 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 ? I have never seen such a performance. ? The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. 2. 以否定词开头的一些固定搭配结构，如Not only…but also, Hardly…when, Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等 ? Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. ? Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. ? No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. ? 只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于 句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列主语，不可用倒装结构，如Not only you but also I am fond of music. 3. so, neither, nor表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装 ? Tom can speak French. So can Jack. ? If you won't go, neither will I. ? 当so 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，意为“的确如此”，不可用倒 装结构。 ? Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. ? — It's raining hard. — So it is. 4. Only 放在句首如果修饰的是主语之外的其它成分，则句子要倒装 ? Only in this way can you learn English well. ? Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. ? 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。 ? Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 5. as/though引导的让步从句中省略as/though时，必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副 词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。但需注意： ? 1）句首名词不能带任何冠词。 ? 2）句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义 动词一起放在主语之前。 ? Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 6. so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。 ? So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 7. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中： ? May you all be happy. 8. 在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 ? Were I you, I would try it again. 从句 1. 名词性从句 1）主语从句 2）宾语从句 3）表语从句 4）同位语从句 2. 定语从句 3. 状语从句 主语从句 ? 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 ? That she was chosen made us very happy. ? Whether he will come is not clear. ? It is not important who will go. ? It is still unknown which team will win the match. 1. 用it 作形式主语的结构 ? (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that … It is an honor that ? (2) it is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that… It is strange that… ? (3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that… It happened that… (4) it ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that… It has been proved that… ? It 作形式主语和it 引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that 。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。 ? It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. ? It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. ? It is in the morning that the murder took place. ? It is John that broke the window. 2. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句 (2) It is said / reported, …结构中的主语从句 It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (√) That President Bush will visit our school next week is said. (X) (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句 It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (√) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (X) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句 It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (√) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时 Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (√) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (X) 宾语从句 ? 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词） 或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that 引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略） I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句 She did not know what had happened. I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句 She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. ? That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content, etc. 4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 可以作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 We heard it that she would get married next month. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive, etc. 这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that 引导的宾语从句。 I admire their winning the match. (√) I admire that they won the match. (X) 6. 不可用that 从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that 从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。 He impressed the manager as an honest man. (√) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (X) 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定词，一般把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。 I don’t think this dress fits you well. 表语从句 ? 作表语的名词性从句，在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。 ? 接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that 常可省略。 ? 常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。 ? The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. ? But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. ? The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 同位语从句 1. 同位语从句的功能 对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that 引导 The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。 He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的that 代替先行词，同时在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位 语从句中的that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述）其性质 或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。 The news that he told me is about Tom’s new decision.（定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语） The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分） 定语从句 ? 用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定 语作用的句子叫作定语从句。 1. 关系代词引导的定语从句 ? who, whom, which, that, whose (=of whom /of which) ? This is the detective who came from London. ? The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. ? The desk whose leg is broken is very old. ? This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. ? 关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代 词，关系代词一般只用that ，不用which 。 All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修 饰，关系代词常用that, 不用which, who或whom 。 (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that, 作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。 There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which 还可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概 念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。 He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that 可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who ）仅用于限制性定语从 句中。 (6) which 可作表语，可指人或物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性 或才能的人。Which 引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 (7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which; 若是指集体中的各 个成员，则用who 。 (8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that 。 The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. (9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应 该用 who 或whom ，不用 which 。 Is there anyone here who will go with you? ? “介词＋关系代词”结构 (1) “介词＋关系代词”可以引导限制性或非限制性定语从句。介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom 或 which 。 (2) from where为“介词＋关系副词”结构，也可以引导定语从句。 We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town. (3) listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从 句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。 This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 2. 关系副词引导的定语从句 ? 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因。 ? 关系副词when, where, why 的含义相当于" 介词+ which" 结构，因此常常和" 介词+ which" 结构交替使用。 There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? ? that 有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why 引导定语从句表示时间、地点或 原因，在 that 引导的这种定语从句中，that 可以省去。 ? His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. ? He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 3. as 在定语从句中的用法 1) 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 a) as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 b) as 可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which 。 The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. c) the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。 2) as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which 所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 As is expected, the England team won the football match. The earth runs around the sun, as is known 4. 关系代词that 的用法 ? 不用that 的情况 1) 引导非限定性定语从句时。 2) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. ? 只能用that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 1) 在there be 句型中，只用that ，不用which 。 2) 在不定代词anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用 that ，不用which 。 3) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that 。 4) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that 。 5) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 All that is needed is a supply of oil. 状语从句 ? 状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地 点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。 1. 时间状语从句 ? 常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until ? 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately, directly, no sooner…than, hardly…when, scarcely…when ? Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2. 地点状语从句 ? 常用引导词：where ? 特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere ? 3. ? ? Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. 原因状语从句 常用引导词：because, since, as 特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as ? Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference. ? The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. 4. 目的状语从句 ? 常用引导词：so that, in order that ? 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that ? The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5. 结果状语从句 ? 常用引导词：so…that, such…that, ? 特殊引导词：to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that ? To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6. 条件状语从句 ? 常用引导词：if, unless, ? 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that ? You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. ? Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7. 让步状语从句 ? 常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though ? 特殊引导词： as / though (要倒装), while (用在句首), no matter…, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever ? Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 8. 比较状语从句 ? 常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) ? 特殊引导词：the more…the more… ; just as…, so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no…more than; not A so much as B ? The house is three times as big as ours. ? The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 9. 方式状语从句 ? 常用引导词：as, as if / as though (多用虚拟), how ? 特殊引导词：the way ? She behaved as if she were the boss. ? Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. Non-finite verb非限定性动词 I. 概念 非限定动词: 即动词的非限定形式, 包括 不定式 infinitive 现在分词 –ing participle 过去分词 -ed participle 1. 2. 结构形式 简单形式: to + v., v to write, to buy 其它: to be writing to have written to have been written 否定形式: 在to + v./ v前加not not to write 1.3. 不定式的补足成分 及物动词的不定式后须带宾语, 如: to buy me a gift to send me a book 系动词的不定式后须带补语 如: to get warm to become strong 不及物动词的不定式后可带状语, 如:to snow heavily to live with his son II. 不定式的句法功能 1. 主语 To develop agriculture is very important. 习惯上不定式作主语时通常以先行it 取代, 不定式后置. It is our duty to offer good service. It’s very kind of you to have done me a great favour. 2. 主语补语 主语与补语均为不定式. 两者为条件与结果的关系. To protect forests is to keep natural balance. To promise too much is to promise nothing. 当主语为:aim, business, hope, idea, job, mistake, plan , suggestion或what-分句时, 不定 式充当的补语起说明作用. His ambition is to become a physicist. What the guide suggested is to make a fire. 3. 宾语 当动词为agree, decide, forget, manage, mean, prefer, promise, refuse, pretend, learn, offer , remember, try, want 等要带不定式作宾语. I don’t mean to say we are perfect. She preferred to live in the countryside. she refused to attend the ceremony. 如果不定式结构作宾语时后面有补语, 要用先行的it 作形式宾语, 不定式放到补语后. I think it possible to complete her essay in two week. I will make it my business to help her. 动词不定式结构之前还可以带疑问词. Have you decided when to go? I wonder whether to invite him or not? I don’t know whom to rely on? 4. 宾语补足语 I advice him to send for a doctor at once. We warned him not to do that again. He expected his son to be a dentist. 但在feel, hear, see, listen, notice, watch, make, let, have 等之后, 不定式不带to. He heard the clock strike twelve. We’ll have Tom repair the machine. 在被动态中, 随后的不定式须带to. The clock was heard to strike twelve. The boy was seen to climb up the tree. 5. 状语 目的:She worked hard to catch up with her. He did a lot of odd jobs ( in order )to get the money for higher education. 结果: He is so careless as to get everything confused. He is too tired to go any further. 原因: He is greatly excited to hear the news. She seemed surprised to meet me. 6. 名词修饰语 I have a lot of things to deal with this week. =…which I must deal with She has 7 kids to look after. =whom she has to look after. 动词的实施者可以用for 来引导. Is there anything urgent for me to do ? The temperature isn’t high enough for the metal to be melted. 7. 同位语 Our original plan, to spend the night in London, had to be cancelled. His ambition, to be a doctor, was never fulfilled. III. 不带to 的不定式 动词make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel 等所带的复合宾语的不定式不 带to She noticed an old man come out of the building. I will have him do what I say. help:接不带to 的不定式表示其动作由句子主语执行 He offered to help carry her suitcase. 但表示”有助于...”时, 后面多带to The pills will help you to sleep. had better, had rather…than等句型中. You’d better stay at home. I had rather work with Jane than with Mary. 用于一些习惯语中. The house is not what we wanted, but we must make do. She made believe she didn’t hear her mother calling. I hear say that she will come. We all have heard tell of Robin Hood. Don’t let drop a word about the secret. When he let go of her hand, he fell down. It would be a pity to let slip such an opportunity. IV. 不定式的时态 不定式本身不表示具体的时间, 而是表示与句中谓语所表示时间的先后或同时关系. 一般式表示与句中谓语同时发生的行为, 可以表示现在\过去\将来. I was glad to receive your latter. She will be happy to see you again. 进行体强调动作的进行性. She pretended to be listening attentively. They are said to be building a bridge there. 完成体表示动作发生在谓语之前. The city is said to have developed into a cultural center. 完成进行体表示动作在谓语之前已经进行了一段时间了. she seems to have been suffering from headaches. v. 不定式的语态 不定式的语态取决于不定式与逻辑主语的关系, 如逻辑主语是动作的执行者, 采用主 动形式, 否则用被动形式. I don’t like to disturb a person in his work. He hope to be invited to the party. We expect the library to be built this year. 动作的执行者由for 引导, 不定式用主动式. 如: The essay seems difficult for us to understand. He spoke too low for the students to hear him distinctly. For 也可以引导there be 的不定式结构. 如: When we arrived, it was too late for there to be any taxis. It is impossible for there ever to be a conflict between our two families. 不定式的执行者由by 引导, 不定式用被动式, 如: The question to be considered by us is of great importance. There are still serious difficulties to be overcome by you./ for you to overcome. Have you any problems to be solved by us? 如动作执行者不出现, 不定式的主动形式代替被动形式. It is a hard nut to crack. The question is which to select. 在there be 结构中, 作定语的不定式可以是主动或被动形式, 没什么差别. There is nothing to fear/ to be feared. There is only one thing to do/ to be done. 虚拟语气 一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法 1、表示现在或将来情况的虚拟条件句 ? 动词形式为： 条件从句的谓语 主句谓语 相当于过去时的形式 would+动词原形 ? ? ? ? 条件从句表示一个假想的与事实相反的情况，或不太可能发生的情况 If we had enough money, we would buy a computer. (But we haven’t.) If she stayed another day, he would drive her home. (But she wants to go home now.) 在条件从句中，如果谓语动词是be ，一般要用were ，特别是在较正式的文体中： ? If she were trying harder, her parents wouldn’t be so anxious. ? If I were you, I would take that job. ? 但口语中，在第一、三人称后，也可使用was ： ? If I was rich, I would buy you anything you wanted. ? 但在第一人称后，还是用were 好，尤其是在if I were you (in your position)中： ? If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that car. 需要注意的特殊情况 ① 主句中有时可用 could, might, should 或 ought to 构成谓语： ? If he were here, he could help us. ? If he failed he ought to try again. ② ? ③ ? 从句中可用 would 表示“意愿” If Ann would admit this I shouldn’t quarrel with her. 从句中可用 were to 或 was to 构成谓语，表示将来万一发生的情况： If you were to speak to him, it would carry more weight. ④ 从句中可用should 构成谓语，这时主句可用虚拟语气，也可用陈述语气： ? If it should be necessary, I could come at six. ? If she would be interested, I’ll phone her. ⑤ if 可能被省略，这时从句要用倒装语序： ? Were she in charge, she would do things differently. (= If she were in charge) ? Should you change your mind, no one would blame you. (= If you changed your mind) ⑥ 从句可用 “If it were not for…” 这种句型，表示“若不是……” ? If it weren’t for your help, I would still be homeless. ? Were it not for your help, I wouldn’t be doing so well. ⑦ 一些特殊的不完整的条件句： ? Suppose he were lost. ? Imagine your child played truant. 2、表示过去情况的虚拟条件句 ? 动词形式为： 条件从句的谓语 相当于过去时的形式 ? 表示与事实完全相反的过去情况 ? If anything had happened, he would have let her know. (Actually nothing happened.) ? If I had been Jane, I wouldn’t have answered that question. 需要注意的地方 ① 主句中可用 could 、might 或should 构成谓语： ? If she had been here, she could have met my sister. ? ? ② ? If I had gotten up earlier this morning, I might not have been late. If he had apologized, you should have done so too. 省略if 时，从句要改为倒装结构： If I had known your address, I would have written to you before. 主句谓语 would+动词原形 ? Had I known your address, I would have written to you before. ③ 从句中可用 If it had not been for 表示“要不是有”： ? If it hadn’t been for the rain, we would have had a good harvest. ? Had it not been for the doctor’s care, I wouldn’t have recovered so soon. 3、错综时间条件句 ① 条件句中的动词形式多是一般情况，但也有例外情况： ? If I had not got married, I would still have been living abroad. ? If it had been raining this morning, we would have stayed home. ② 有时主句谓语和从句谓语表示的动作发生的时间不同： ? If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. ? If it hadn’t been for her care, I should not be speaking to you now. 4、含蓄条件句 ? 在不少情况下，句子不一定包含一个条件从句，但意思和条件句差不多，这时谓语 仍可用虚拟语气： ? To hear him talk, you would think he was Prime Minister. (= If you could hear him talk…) ? But for his pension, he would starve. (= Were it not for his pension…) ? Without your help, I couldn’t have achieved all this. (= Had it not been for your help…) 二、虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用 1、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用 ① wish 后的宾语从句 ? 一类用相当于过去式的形式，指现在的情况： ? I wish we had more money. ? 动词be 都用were 的形式： ? I wish (that) she were here. ? 另一类用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去的情况，常常有懊悔的意思： ? I wish I had been here yesterday. ? 若宾语指将来的情况，谓语用would/could/might构成，接近一种客气的请求： ? I wish you wouldn’t smoke any more. ? I wish I could do something for you in return. ? She sincerely wished that she might do something to comfort him. ② would rather/sooner 后的宾语从句： ? ? ? ? 谓语用相当于过去式的形式来表示现在或将来的情况： I would rather she sat next to me. 也可用相当于过去完成时的形式表示过去的情况： I’d rather he hadn’t told me about it. ? had rather 和 prefer 后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气表示“宁愿”： ? I had rather you did it. ? I prefer that she drive. ? 在 if only 和 suppose 后用虚拟语气表示惋惜： ? If only I had listened to your advice! ? Suppose your father saw you what would he say? ③ demand, insist, ask 等动词后的宾语从句： ? 用“(should)+动词原形”构成谓语 ? He urges that the restrictions be lifted. ? The doctor advised that he change his job. ? They recommend that this tax be abolished. 2、虚拟语气在主语、表语、同位语从句中的运用 ① 在主语从句中通常使用“(should+动词原形)”： ? It’s vital that we be present. ? It is important that this mission not fail. ? It’s unthinkable that they should deny my request. (含“竟然”的意思) ② 在表语从句中多用动词原形： ? His sole requirement was that the system work. ? Our decision is that the school remain closed. ? Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French. ③ ? ? ? 在同位语从句中用动词原形或带should 的形式： They were faced with the demand that his tax be abolished. The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用 ① 在“be+形容词”后的状语从句： ? 谓语用“should+动词原形” ? I’m surprised that he should feel lonely. ? He was amazed that they should express indignation at this matter. ? They were insistent that we be ready. ② as if 和 as though 引起的状语从句： ? 动词形式和wish 后的宾语从句中的谓语形式差不多 ? He acts as if he knew you. ? She treats me as if I were a stranger. ? We feel as though we had witnessed the whole thing. ? 当主句谓语为look, seem, taste, smell 时，从句的谓语用陈述语气： ? It looks as if it is going to rain. ? It seems as if we shall have to walk. ? This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad. ? The milk smells as if it is sour. ③ ? ? ? 某些让步从句和目的从句中谓语可用虚拟语气： Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity. Try as I would, I could not prevail upon him to follow my advice. They left early for fear that they would meet him. ? They removed the prisoner in order that he would not disturb the proceedings any further. 三、虚拟语气的一些其他用法 1. 在表示祝愿的话语中： ? God bless you! ? God be praised. ? Long live the country! ? Heaven help us! ? May you have a long and happy life! 2. 一些固定说法： ? So be it. 就这样吧。 ? Far be it from me to spoil the fun. 我才不想扫大家的兴呢。 ? Suffice it to say that we won. 我们胜利了，说这一句就够了。 3. It’s (high) time 后的从句中： ? I think it’s time you went to bed. ? It’s high time you bought a new car. 4. would rather/sooner + 不定式 ? I would rather be a miner than a bank clerk. ? She would rather go by car. ? If she had had a chance, she would rather have lived 100 years ago. 5. ① ② ③ 某些成语本身就是虚拟语气 as it were would think would have thought ④ if need be ⑤ (who/what) should…but… “原来是” ? He is an adult, as it were. ? Anyone would think he owns the place, the way he talks! ? Who would have thought of such a thing! ? I will come if need be. ? Who should come in but his wife! The coherence of subject and verb主谓一致精练与解析 1.More than one person here ____ with SARS. A. has been infected B. have been infected C. has been infecting D. have been infecting 2. One or perhaps more books _____ missing. A. is B. are C. has been D. have 3.An expert, together with some assistants, ____ to help in this operation. A. was sent B. were sent C. is sending D. are sending 4.The police ____ the black in winter. A. wears B. wear C. put on D. puts on 5.The number of students that you are teaching ____ the life of the school. A. are B. is C. were D. be 6. To get up early and to go to sleep early ____ good for your health. A. is B. are C. was D. were 7. Last term, more students than one _______ for cheating. A. were punished B. is punished C. was punished D. will punish 8. What they need _____ more sailors. A. is B. are C. has D. have 答案与解析 由more than one 修饰单数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数 又如：More than one man was injured in the car crash. More than one house has been broken down. 由or 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与靠近它的 主语一致。 如： Are you or she to deliver the speech? Was she or you attending the ceremony ? 由 with ，together with，along with，rather than，no less than，as well as, but， besides ，except 等连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词单复数形式应与前一个相一致。 又如：Nobody but Jack and Rose was against the action. I, rather than you, am eager for the proposal. 英语中，一些表示总称意义的名词，如：police ，people ，cattle 等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。 又如: Some people spend a lot of time chatting on line. Cattle are raised here by the farmers to improve their living standard. the number of＋复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。a number of ＋复数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。 又如：The number of private cars is increasing in Nanjing. A number of essays have been published in this magazine. 由and 连接两个抽象名词，包括两个不定式、两个动名词作主语，若指同一件事或一个概念事，谓语动词用单数形式。 又如：Whether to go on or return is not decided yet. Time and tide waits for no man. More ＋复数名词 ＋than one ＋和 more than one ＋单数名词的意义相同，均表示“不只一个”，但前者用作复数，后者用作单数。 又如：More patients than one were rescued. ＝More than one patient was rescued. 名词从句作主语时，通常表示单数概念，谓语动词常用单数， 但所指内容是复数意义时，谓语动词用复数。本句从表语more people 可以得知主语what we need指复数内容。 又如：What we need is more money. What he needs are books on magic show. What she says and what she does do not agree. 范文三：经典英语语法
范文四：赖世雄教你学英语语法第二章
范文五：英语语法(经典,全)
