第一章 用词的适当形式填空
要点一 词类概述
英语里词类有12类:名词,动词,形容词,副词,介词,代词,数词, 连词, 疑问词,冠词,感叹词和量词。
1. 名词(Nouns)缩写为n.)是词性的一种,实词的一种。表示人或事物的名称。名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。在句中可作主语,表语,补语,定语,同位语。
those, these, one of, many, few, a large quantity of之后若跟可数名词,只能用可数名词的复数形式。
pleasure, pity, comfort, success, failure等不可数名词,可具体化,指“一件事或一个人”,前面加a。furniture, equipment, advice, fun, information, news, progress,surface等为常考不可数名词。
2. 动词(Verb)缩写为(v) 就是用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。基本上每个完整的句子都有一个动词做谓语,第二个动作的动词可使用不定词、动名词、分词(非谓语)并列连接词、从属连接词或增加句子等方法连结。
3. 形容词( adj. )good, big, beautiful 等。描述人或事物的性质或状态, 可做表,补,定,同。
4. 副词(adverb,简写为adv)是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。
5. 介词(prep.)是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,
6. 代词(pronoun简称pron)是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种,其中物主代词又包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。如:mine为名词性物主代词;my为形容词性物主代词。代替名词或数词。 在句中可作主,表,宾,定,同。
7. 连词(conjunction) 词、词组或句子之间起连结作用的词汇。如:那么、所以、并且、或者等。
8. 疑问词是疑问代词“who, whom, what, which, whose”和疑问副词“when, where, how,
why ”。
9. 冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。表示名词的泛指或特指 10. 数词分为基数词和序数词两种。表示“多少”和“第几”的词。其用法相当于名词或者形容词。在句中可做主,表,宾,定,同。
常见句子成分
1 主语 表示句子描述的是?谁?或?什么?,是谓语的陈述对象。通常由名词,代词,不定式,动名词,或从句担任。 The sun rises in the east. I am a teacher. Getting up early is a good habit.
2 谓语 说明主语的动作或状态,由动词或动词短语担任。We study English. He lives in
Shanghai.
3 表语 说明主语的性质或特征,由名词,形容词,副词,不定式,动名词,或从句担任。
We are students. She is beautiful. He is hard working. 4 宾语 表示及物动词或短语的对象或内容,由名词,代词,不定式,动名词,或从句担
任。I love you. I teach English. He bought a book. 宾语包括直接宾语和间接宾语 I give you lessons.
5 定语 修饰或限定名词或代词的,由形容词,代词,不定式,动名词,或从句担任。 This is a hard job. She is a beautiful girl.
6 补语 补充说明主语或宾语的,由形容词,名词,代词担任。We made him monitor. 7 状语 修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的。通常由副词,不定式,分词或从句担任。
He runs fast. She is very beautiful.
8同位语 对前面的名词,代词做进一步的解释,由名词,形容词担任。This is Mr. zhou, our headmaster.
9 插入语 对一句话做一些附加性的解释。 To be honest, I don?t agree with you.
分析斜体所做句子成分,
1 I am your English teacher, I teach you English. 2 Both he and she are my good friends. We help each other. 3 Father has just bought me a new book.
4 He runs very fast.
5 We love our hometown.
6 My 8-year-old daughter is a primary student. 7 What do you like most?
8 He writes beautifully.
简单句的基本句型
英语简单句主要用3种动词《系动词,及物动词,不及物动词》。
5种基本句型。
1 主语+系动词+表语 She is a teacher. You are beautiful. He looks happy today.
2 主语+不及物动词 Tom died. The son is rising. The price has gone down.
3 主语+及物动词+宾语 We learn English. He bought a book. 4 主语+及物动词+间宾+直宾 I gave him some money. He bought me a book. 5 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补 We think it easy. We made him monitor.
要点二 名词单复数变化
一、规则变化
1) 一般情况加s
例如:map-maps boy-boys girl-girls pen-pens bag-bags car-cars (清辅音后读/s/,浊辅音和元音后读/z/,/s/、/z/、/d?/等音后发/iz/)
2) 以s, sh, ch, x结尾加es,读/iz/。
例如:bus-buses watch-watches box-boxes brush-brushes 3) 以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i再加es,读/iz/。
例如:baby---babies city-cities country-countries 4) 以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s,读/z/
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays Mary---Marys(专有名词)
5)以辅音字母+o结尾的,加es,读/iz/。
例如:potato- potatoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes
7) 有些以辅音+o结尾的名词,直接加s,读/z/.
例如:piano-pianos photo-photos alto-altos soprano-sopranos quarto-quartos(四开本) 8)有些以f或fe结尾的,把f或fe变ve加s,例如:leaf-leaves shelf-shelves。 二、不规则变化
1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,如an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形,如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two
dollars; a meter, two meters。
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:
people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle.
4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如: "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。
7) 有些表示生物的名词,其复数形式与单数相同。如:fish-fish, sheep-sheep, deer-deer。这类名词还有aircraft, means等。
三、名词做定语
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如:
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如: men workers women teachers gentlemen officials 3)有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:
goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
要点三 时态与语态
1.一般现在时
一般现在时的结构
肯定式 疑问式 否定式 否定疑问式 I work. Do you work? I don't work. Don't you work? You work. Do you work? You don't work. Don't you work? We work. Do you work? We don't work. Don't you work? They work. Do they work? They don't work. Don't they work? He(She, It) works. Does he(she, it) work? He(She, It) doesn't work. Doesn't he(she it) work 标志词:often 经常,usually通常,always 总是,every每个,sometimes 有时,at …在几点钟,always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on
Sundays。
2.一般将来时
肯定句:I/We shall/will go. You/He/She/They Will go. 否定句:I/We shall/will not go. You/He/She/They Will not go.
疑问句:Shall I/we go? Will you/he/she/they go? 简略回答:(肯)Yes,主语 shall/will (否) No,主语 shall/will not 特殊疑问句:一般将来时的特殊疑问句是将疑问词放在句首,后接一般疑问句(就主语提问时,以疑问词who开头的疑问词除外) ----- why will you be here on Sunday?
-----I will have a meeting on Sunday(对特殊疑问句要进行具体回答)
There is going to be a football match this afternoon.今天下午将有一场足球赛。
常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few
minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow,in the future(将来)等。
3.过去将来时
一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中
一般过去将来时是由"should / would + 动词原形"构成的。He asked me yesterday when I
should leave for Paris.昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎。
肯定句:主语+be(was,were)going to+动词原形.
否定句:主语+be(was,were)not going to+动词原形.
疑问句:Be(Was,Were)+主语+going to+动词原形,
肯定句:主语+would(should)+动词原形.
否定句:主语+would(should)not+动词原形.
疑问句:Would(Should)+主语+动词原形,
4.一般过去时
1、肯定形式
主语+动词过去式+其他
例句:She often came to help us in those days. 2、否定形式
?was/were+not;?在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
I didn't know you like coffee.
3、一般疑问句
?Did+主语+谓语动词原型+其他, ?Was\Were+主语+表语?
Did I do homework?
标志词ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just
now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
5.现在进行时
现在进行时的构成是:be+动词的ing〔现在分词〕形式。
肯定句:主语+be动词+动词ing+其他。
否定句:主语+be动词+not+动词ing+其他。
一般疑问句:Be动词+主语+动词ing+其他。
肯定回答:Yes+主语+be动词。
否定回答:No+主语+be动词+not。
注:is not可以缩写成isn?t,are not可以缩写成aren?t,但是am not在现代英语中不可以缩写——古英语及诗歌中am not缩写成ain?t。
6.过去进行时
1. 过去进行时由“主语+was/were + 动词ing”构成
EX: We were having supper when the phone rang. 我们正在吃晚饭时电话响了。 2. 过去进行时的否定式由“主语+was/were not +现在分词”构成
EX: This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike.
昨天这个时候,杰克不是在看电视,而是在修理自行车。
EX: Were you playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午四点你们在打篮球吗,
标志词:this morning、the whole morning、all day yesterday、from nine to ten last evening、when、while等等。
at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 7.现在完成时
recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years
already, yet, ever, never, so far(迄今为止) ,for+一段时间, since+时间点, just, in the past/last +时间段
8.过去完成时
描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
When I arrived Ann had just left((我到的时候,安刚刚离开。)
肯定式:I had/I'd worked等
否定式:I had not/hadn't worked等
疑问式:had I worked等
否定疑问式:had I not/hadn't I worked等
9.将来进行时
动词be的将来时+现在分词。
主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时间开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。
Please don't call me between 8:00 and 10:00 tomorrow. I'll be having my classes then. 明天8点到10点之间请不要给我打电话,我那时正在上课。
人称 单数 复数
第一人称 I shall/will be leaving. We shall/will be leaving. 第二人称 You will be leaving. You will be leaving.
第三人称 He/She/It will be leaving. They will be leaving.
10.现在完成进行
1. 现在完成进行时表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的动作,这动作可能仍在进行,也可能已停止。如:
It has been raining since last Sunday. 自上周星期日以来就一直在下雨。 He's been watching television all day. 他看了一天电视了。
2. 现在完成进行时有时表示根据直接或间接的证据得出的结论。如: She is very tired. She's been typing letters all day. 她很累了,她整天都在打信件。 Her eyes are red. She has been crying. 她眼睛红了,她一直在哭。 被动语态构成Sb/sth be done (by +执行者)
要点四 动词第三人称单数
? 在动词后加-s,-es
read - reads,write - writes,say - says
? 以s,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的词加-es
teach - teaches,wash - washes,guess - guesses
? 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es
try - tries,carry - carries
? 特殊变化的词
be (是) - am, is, are
当主语为第三人称单数时,做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or -es, 其构成方式列表如下:
情况 构成 例词
一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes
以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes
以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I,再加-es Tries, carries 但是,动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式:is, has
要点五 动词过去时和过去分词的构成 1) 一般过去时规则动词的构成形式:
规则动词在其原形后面加-ed:
to work-worked
以字母e结尾的规则动词,只加-d:
to love---loved
对所有人称均无词形变化。
否定式均由did not + 动词原形构成
I / you / he / she / they / we did not work.
疑问式均由 did + 主语 + 动词原形 构成
拼写注意:
情况 变化 例词
动词为单音节,以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit-admitted
以y结尾的动词,在y 前为辅音字母时 Y 变为 I ,加 - ed Carry -carriedHurry -hurried
以y 结尾的动词,在y 前为元音字母时 加-ed Obey-obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed
在英语当中有一部分动词的过去式变化形式是不规则的,这类动词被称为不规则动词。总数大概不过200多个,但是使用频率很高。主要分成三类:
1》 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形,如:
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hurt hurt hurt
shut shut shut
set set set
注意,有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两中形式,如:
bet bet / betted bet / betted
wed wed / wedded wed / wedded
wet wet / wetted wet / wetted
2》 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形,如:
bend bent bent
bring brought brought
catch caught caught
hide hid hid / hidden
get got got/ gotten(AmE)
lead led led
3》 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同,如:
原形 过去式 过去分词
begin began begun
break broke broken
forbid forbade forbidden
grow grew grown
ring rang rung
wake woke / waked woken / waked 此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同,如:
come came come
become became become
run ran run
要点六 动词的现在分词形形式
现在分词的构成,是在动词原形上加-ing, 但是应该注意:
情况 变化 例词
动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing 动词以 -ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing 动词为单音节:以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping 动词为双音节或者多音节:最后一个音节为重读音节,以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Be?gin be?ginningAd?mit ad?mitting
以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying
要点七 常用构词法
构词法
英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法. 二.相关知识点精讲
1.转化法
英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
1)动词转化为名词
很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化(如下?);有时意思有一定变化(如下?);有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如下?)。例如: ?Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
?He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
?Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2)名词转化为动词
很多表示物件(如下?)、身体部位(如下?)、某类人(如下?)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词(如下?)也可作动词。例如:
?Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?
?Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
?She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
?We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
3)形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如:
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。 4)副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。 5)形容词转化为名词
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下?);某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded,
injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数(如下?)。例如: You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 2.派生法
在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀
除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
例如:appear出现?disappear消失 correct正确的?incorrect不正确的 lead带领?mislead领错 stop停下?non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。 例如:alone单独的antigas防毒气的 autochart自动图表 cooperate合作enjoy使高兴
internet互联网reuse再用 subway地铁telephone电话
2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:
differ不同于?difference区别 write写?writer作家 Japan日本?Japanese日本人 act表演?actress女演员 mouth口?mouthful一口 music音乐?musician音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。例如:wide?widen加宽 beauty?beautify美化 pure?purify提纯 real?realize意识到 organ?organize组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:nature自然?natural自然的 reason道理?reasonable有道理的 America美国?American美国的 China中国?Chinese中国人的 gold金子?golden金的 east东?eastern东方的child孩子?childish孩子气的snow雪?snowy雪的
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表
?angrily生气地 to到?towards朝……,示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如: angry生气的
向…… east东方?eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。
例如:six六?sixteen十六?sixteenth第十六 four四?forty四十?fortieth第四十 3.合成法
1)合成名词
weekend周末daybreak黎明handwriting书法 pain-killer止痛药editor-in-chief总编辑 she-wolf母狼 typewriter打字机 reading-room阅览室 flying-fish飞鱼gentleman绅士 outbreak爆发 afternoon下午
2)合成形容词
snow-white雪白的 English-speaking讲英语的 face-to-face面对面的 man-mad人造的 one-way单行的 two-year-old两岁的 five-storeyed五层的 see-through透明的 high-class高级的 noble-minded高尚的 light-blue浅蓝色的 good-looking相貌好看的 ever-green常青的 hard-working勤劳的 well-known著名的 fast-food专门提供快餐服务的 downhill下坡的
3)合成动词
sleep-walk梦游 white-wash粉刷 overthrow推翻
4)合成副词
hotfoot匆忙地 everywhere到处 however尽管如此 beforehand事先 forever永远 5)合成代词
herself她自己 myself我自己 anything任何东西
6)合成介词
inside在……里面 within在……之内 into进入
4.截短法(缩略法)
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone?phone aeroplane?plane omnibus?bus
2)去尾
mathematics?maths co-operate?co-op examination?exam
kilogram?kilo laboratory?lab taxicab?taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza?flu refrigerator?fridge prescription?script
5.混合法(混成法)
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表
示属性。
news broadcast?newscast新闻广播 television broadcast?telecast电视播送
smoke and fog?smog烟雾 helicopter airport?heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读
音;作为一个单词读音。
very important person?VIP (读字母音)要人;大人物 television?TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language?TOEFL托福
巩固练习
1. That man was________ enough to tell the manager that he would not do the job. He should
have been more_______(care).
2.The soldier died for saving the child,so his________(dead) is heavier than Mount Tai. 3. The child looked________ (sad) at his brother who was badly wounded. 4. He is an expert at_______. We all call him a ________ (chemistry). 5. Stephenson became the________(leadership)railway engineer in the world. 6.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack
looked________(proud)about at his classmates.
7.To everyone?s ________(satisfactory),the girl finished the job quite well.
8. No one should enter the spot without the________(permit)of the police. 9. Letting that animal escape was no accident;you did it ________(intention).
10. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________(practice)smile. 11. The________(judgment)ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
12. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the________(late)news about Iraq War?
13. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________(long). 14.To my ________(joyful),I passed the exam easily.
15. How________ he is! He is always acting________. He is really a ________(fool). 16. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It?s of great ________(valuable).
17. There were________(danger)fish in the river in South America. 18. The black people were against slavery and fought for their________(free)bravely. 19. What you said sounded________(reasonably) but in fact it was untrue. 20. We have to learn________(advance)technology from other countries. 21. You?d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________(health).
22.________ (honest)speaking,I didn?t do it on purpose.
23.Reguarly_______is necessary for young trees, so the boy_______ (water)the tree from time to
time.
Keys:
1.careless, careful 2.death; 3. sadly; 4.chemistry, chemist 5. leading; 6. proudly; 7. satisfaction; 8.
permission; 9. intentionally; 10. practical; 11. judge; 12. latest; 13. length; 14. joy; 15. foolish;
foolishly; fool 16. value 17. dangerous 18. freedom 19. reasonable 20. advanced 21. healthy 22.
Honestly 23. watering; waters
第二章 直接填空
要点一 代词
人称代词和物主代词
人称代词 第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数 第一人称复数 第二人称复数 第三人称复数
主格 I you he/she/it we you they
宾格 me you him/her/it us you them
汉语 我 你 他/她/它 我们 你们 他(她、它)们
形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs
汉语 我的 你的 他的/她的/它的 我们的 你们的 他(她、它)们的 提示
主格:放句首。
宾格:放动词之后。
形容词性物主代词:后面加名词。
名词性物主代词:后面不加名词。
词的用法
人称代词是用来表示人的代词,有单数和负数之分,有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语;人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语,是作动词或介词的宾语。
主格:I, we, you, he, she, it, they在句子中作主语
宾格:me, us, you, him, her, it, them在句子中作宾语
He and I are in the same class. 我和他在同一个班级。
Can you see them in the street? 你能看见他们在街上吗?
易错点
我们会认为人称代词是一个很简单的语法考点,高考是一般不会设题,或者认为,即使设题也不会有什么难度。其实这是我们一个认识的误区,请看看下面这道题:
To save class time, our teacher has _________ students do half of the exercises in class and
complete the other half for our homework.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
此题答案选A,你会认为这道题很容易吗,估计不少学生会做错。下面我们为同学们归纳几个人称代词的备考盲点,希望引起同学们的注意。
易错点一 忽略人称代词后接名词作同位语的用法
? It?s necessary for ______ students to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings.
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
答案选A。students为代词us的同位语,us students的意思是“我们学生”,由于是用作介词for的宾语,所以要用宾格。全句意为:有必要让人经常给我们学生提醒我们的缺点。
? The boss wants _________ girls to go to the airport to pick up the company?s guests.
A. you B. your C. yours D. yourself
答案选A。girls为代词you的同位语,you girls的意思是“你们女孩子”,由于是用作动词wants的宾语,所以要用宾语。全句意为:老板要你们女孩子去机场接公司的客人。
易错点二 忽略人称代词在口语中的特殊用法和固定表达
口语中表示“我也一样”时,可用me too;表示“我也一样不……”时,可用me either或me neither。如:
—I?d like to go back in here. 我想回到这里来。
—Me too. 我也想。
—I don?t like horror movies. 我不喜欢恐怖片。
—Me neither. 我也不喜欢。
—I don?t have any money right now. 我目前没有一分钱。
—Me either. 我也一样。
类似地,若要表示“我们也一样”,则可用us too。如:
—I?m glad it?s Friday. 我很高兴今天是星期五。
—Us too! 我们也高兴!
请看下面一道题,答案选A:
—I don?t feel like going out this evening.
—Me neither.
A. Me too B. Me also C. Me other D. Me neither.
易错点三 忽略人称代词与名词性物主代词的细节区别
从意义上看,名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,所以,同学们在分不清该用人称代词还是名词性物主代词时可以看看它是否可以根据上文分解成“形容词性物主代词+名词”。请看下面几道题:
? —Whose telephone rang?
—_________.
A. Me was B. Me did C. Mine was D. Mine did
答案选D。其中的mine指my telephone,did指rang。
? _________ a partnership based on mutual respect, trust and understanding.
A. They were B. They being C. Theirs was D. Theirs being
答案选C。其中的theirs相当于their partnership。句意为:他们的合作是建立在互相尊重、信任和理解基础上的。
易错点四 忽略人称代词与关系代词的区别
若同学们在一个考题中对于该用人称代词还是关系代词拿不定主意,则可以这样分析:若选关系代词,则它引导的一定是定语从句,那么它的前就肯定不可能有像and或but这样的并列连词,所以,若句子已经用了并列连词and或but,则不可能选用关系代词。如:
? Last week, only two people came to look at the house,_________ wanted to buy it. (安徽卷)
A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
答案选D。由于前面提到的是两个人,故后面只能用表两者的both或neither,据此可排除A和C。由于空格前用的是逗号,且没有连词,故只不能选B,而要选D,因为neither of whom为非限制性定语从句,用以修饰two people。
? It is reported that two schools,_________ are being built in my hometown, will open next
year.
A. they both B. which both C. both of them D. both of which
答案选D。both of which are being built in my hometown为非限制性定语从句,其中的
which指代前面的two schools。
比较
? He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
? He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
这两个句子的不同之处在于,第二句多了一个并列连词and,所以第一句应选关系代词
which,第二句应选人称代词them。
要点二 常用连词和副词
a.表示开场to begin with , in the first place , in general , generally speaking
b.表示总结to summarize , to sum up , to conclude , in conclusion , finally
c.表示举例a case in point , a good illustration / example of … is …,
d.表示原因because , since , for , the cause of , the reason for , now that
e.表示结果as a result , as a consequence , consequently
f.表示比较both , like , likewise , similarly , in common , in the same way
g.表示对照on the contrary , on the other hand , despite , in spite of , however
h.表示列举first , firstly , in the first place , first of all , to begin with
i.表示强调especially , particularly , certainly , surely , chiefly , actually
j.表示让步even though , although , in spite of , however , but ,yet
.增补(Addition)
in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally. eventually
2.比较(Comparison)
in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast)
whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the
contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and effect)
because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result (of), accordingly, hence, so,
thus
5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially,
primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....
7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of
illustration.
8.总结(Conclusion)
to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in
summary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise
10.时间和空间(Time and space)
afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in
the middle, opposite, in front of
要点三 常用短语及搭配
apart from, to one?s joy,with one?s help, object to, adopt…to, addict…to, walk the dog, appeal to
sb, put it, cannot help but do sth,
如何做“用词的适当形式填空”题
(以下观点均属我个人的经验总结,仅供参考~) “用词的适当形式填空”题是小学阶段一种重要题型,它的难度较大,大多数孩子经常在这道题上丢分。请家长指导孩子理解并尽可能把以下做题技巧记熟:
(一)如果给出的是名词就要考虑该词是可数或不可数名词,如果是可数名词则要考虑单复数问题。
(二)如果给出的词是形容词,则要考虑是用原形、比较级或是最高级,也有可能要把它变成副词。
1、very, so, as, too,后接形容词原形。
2、有than,有much,或明显的两者的比较,用比较级。
3、有介词+范围,如in+范围,of+范围,则用最高级,一定要记得加the。
(三)如果给出的词是动词,则可按以下方法去做。
1、找有没有可直接决定动词形式的词。
(1)直接决定动词用原形
? to后按动词原形
?情态动词后接动词原形。
?祈使句动词用原形(祈使句可分以下几种)
A、以Let开头
B、以Don?t开头
C、以动词开头
D、以please开头
?前面有助动词do, does, did, 后面的行为动词用原形
2、直接决定动词用ing形式
? enjoy, like 后接动词ing形式
? go后接动词ing形式,如:go shopping
?前有be ( am, is, are ),后面的动词用ing形式(小学阶段适用)如:
My mother is cooking (cook) dinner.
(二)找可决定时态的词。
1、有Look, Listen, now, 用现在进行时,动词形式是be(am, is, are)+动词ing (注意以下情况也用现在进行时)
? In this picture, he is riding a bike. ? Where is your mother ? She is cooking dinner in the kitchen.
2、有always, usually, often, sometimes, every 时间短语,用一般现在时,动词用三单
或原形
3、有tomorrow, next 时间短语,this时间短语(this morning 常用一般过去时),或
明显表示将来的时间,用一般将来时,动词形式为be(am, is, are),going to+动
词原形,或will+动词原形
4、有yesterday, last 时间短语,just now, 时间段+ago,用一般过去时,动词用过去式,
要特别注意,特殊变化的动词过去式。
专题28 语法填空
2014全国高考汇编阅读之广告应用类
一(2014福建卷)
第一节短文填词(共 10小题;每小题 1分,满分 10分)
阅读下面短文,根据以下提示:1)汉语提示, 2)首字母提示, 3)语境提示,在每个 空格内填人一个适当的英语单词, 所填单词要求意义准确, 拼写正确, 并将该词完整地写在 答题卡中相应的横线上。
Many of us were raised with the saying
Any kind of waste is thoughtless. Whether we waste our potential talents, our own time, our ,our money, or other people's time, each of us can become more . It's a good feeling to in a world that is in serious trouble. By focusing on( 80) oil, water, paper, food, and clothing, we are playing a part (81) cutting down on waste.
We must keep reminding (82) that it is easier to get into something (83) it is to get out of it. Actually, severe damage( 84)d ____to our land is fairly recent in the history of our evolution. It's time for us to( 85)____no to waste so that our grandchildren’s children will be able to develop well. We can't solve all the problems of waste, but we can encourage mindfulness.
Waste not!
76. 【答案】 however
【试题解析】很多人都知道:勤俭节约,吃穿不愁。然而几乎没有人能够做到不浪费。根据 句义可知上下文之间是转折关系,所以使用副词 However 表示转折,前后都需要使用符合 隔开。
77. 【答案】 resources
【试题解析】通常使用复数形式 resources 表示具体的资源,在本句中作为动词 waste 的宾 语。
78. 【答案】 difference
【试题解析】 固定搭配 make a difference起作用, 有影响; 小习惯会产生很大的作用和影响, 所以我们一定要注意自己的一些微小的习惯,以避免浪费。
79. 【答案】 best
【试题解析】固定搭配 do one’s best全力以赴,努力,尽最大的努力。
80. 【答案】 saving
【试题解析】动词短语 focus on 聚焦于 … ;其中的 on 是介词,后面要接动名词或者名词作 宾语。句义:通过聚焦节省石油,水,纸等,我们在减少浪费方面起着很大的作用。
81. 【答案】 in
【试题解析】考察固定搭配。 Paly a part in… 在 … 中起作用;本句告诉我们,通过节约,我们 可以在减少浪费方面起很大作用。
82. 【答案】 ourselves
【试题解析】本句中的反身代词 ourselves 在句中作为 remind 的宾语,起强调作用。我们 一定要提醒我们自己形成浪费的习惯要比戒除这个习惯更容易。
83. 【答案】 than
【试题解析】 本句前面有形容词比较级 easier ,说明应该使用 than 与之对应。我们一定要 提醒我们自己形成浪费的习惯要比戒除这个习惯更容易。
84. 【答案】 done
【试题解析】 固定搭配 do damage to… 破坏 … ;本句把名词 damage 提前,后面的过去分词 短语 done to our land作为定语修饰名词 gamage 。
85. 【答案】 say
【试题解析】固定搭配 say no to… 对 … 说不 …. ;句义:是我们对浪费说不的时候了。
二(2014广东卷)
阅读下面短文, 按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求, 在空格处填入一个适当的 词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空, 并将答案填写在答题卡标号为 16— 25的相应位置上。 Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before was a wonderful holiday destination. Before we went, we had planned for months. When the day came, we were ready.
After our plane landed, we went to the hotel. We had made our reservation six (early ) , but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We 18_____(tell ) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, 19_____ for the week after. I
didn’t understand 20____ this would happen. What’s worse, the hotel had been fully booked. When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was 22_____(surprise ) helpful. She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23_____ top floor. We had never stayed in such an amazing room, and we weren’t charged extra.
The next day, my brother and I went to the beach 24____ we watched some people play volleyball. We got a little_____(sunburn ) , but the day had been so relaxing that we didn’t mind. 16. 【答案】 it
【试题解析】考察代词。在英语中通常使用 it 指代上文说过的同一个事物,以避免重复。 本句中的 it 就是指第一句里提及的 Miami 。 句意:一些去过那里的朋友告诉我说那是一个很 理想的度假的地方。
17. 【答案】 earlier
【试题解析】本句使用比较级,虽然没有直接出现 than 等表示比较级的词,根据上下文可 知我们早在 6个月前就预定好了宾馆。
18. 【答案】 were told
【试题解析】本句是一个被动语态,主语 we 和动词 tell 之间构成被动关系,故使用被动语 态, 根据文章第一句可知本文叙述的是我们去年度假的事情, 所以使用一般过去时的被动语 态。
19. 【答案】 but
【试题解析】句意:我们被告知我们的房间没有被预定在这个星期,而是在下一个星期。本 句中使用的是 not…but… 不是 … 而是 … 的结构来连接。
20. 【答案】 why
【试题解析】 本句是一个宾语从句。 我不明白为什么会发生这样的事情, 而且为了这次预定 我的信用卡已经被收费了。 名词性从句的连词的选择主要通过上下文的语义实现。 根据句意 说明使用 why 。
21. 【答案】 for
【试题解析】考察固定搭配 charge…for… 因为 … 收费 … ;其中的 for 表示目的。我的信用卡被 收费,是因为我预定了这个房间。
22. 【答案】 surprisingly
【试题解析】副词 surprisingly 在句中做状语,修饰形容词 helpful 。本题要特别注意词性的 转换, surprise 可以作为名词,也可以作为动词。句意:她是出人意料地乐于助人。
23. 【答案】 the
【试题解析】本句使用定冠词 the 表示特指,特指她给了我们一个在顶楼上的 VIP 的套房。 24. 【答案】 where
【试题解析】本句是一个定语从句,先行词是 the beach,后面的定语从句 we watched some people play volleyball.的句子结构很完整, 所以要使用关系副词来引导定语从句, 因为先行词 是指地点的名词,所以使用 where 。
25. 【答案】 sunburned/ sunburnt
【试题解析】本句考察的是过去分词的一个特殊用法 “get+过去分词 ” 表示被动或者状态。如 “get paid/burnt” 获得报酬 /被烫伤。前面的 a little修饰 sunburnt ,指我们有一点点晒伤了。
三 (2014湖北卷)
第一节:完成句子(共 10小题;每小题 2分,满分 20分)
阅读下列各小题,根据汉语提示,用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子,并将答案写在 答题卡上的相应题号后。
71. The community college has to cut down on staff ______. (save)
为了省钱,那所社区学院只好裁员。
72. So far the well-known journalist ______ more than 4,000 interviews with famous people. (accumulate)
迄今为止这位著名记者采访名人已累积达四千余人次。
73. Sometimes ______ to use examples to explain abstract concepts. (helpful)
有时候举例也许有助于解释抽象的概念。
74. The police will reward ______ useful information to catch the robber. (provide)
任何人提供有用信息帮助抓住劫匪,警方将予以奖励。
75. He’s the only student in the class ______ to take part in the Model United Nations conference.
(select)
他是班上唯一被选上去参加模拟联合国大会的同学。
76. No other technological development has had ______ as the growth of electronics on so many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development. (impact)
没有哪项技术的发展像电子技术这样,对我们的社会、经济以及文化等诸多方面产生过 如此重要的影响。
77. You ______ the meeting to tell me that; you could have come to tell me afterwards. (interrupt)
你不该打断会议来告诉我那件事,你本可以会后告诉我。
78. This novel was once the ______ book in high schools in the United States. (read)
这部小说曾经是美国高中阅读最广泛的书。
79. The Public Square is an eye-catching sight of the city. ______ many stone sculptures of famous historical figures. (stand)
大众广场是这个城市引人注目的景点,许多历史名人的石雕像矗立在那儿。
80. It was several minutes ______ what he was saying. (take)
过了好几分钟,我才理解他说的是什么。
71. 【答案】 (in order) to save money
so as to save money
【试题解析】本句考察的不定式作为目的状语,不定式做目的状语是不定式最重要的用法, 可以单独放在句首,也可以放在句末。
72. 【答案】 has accumulated
【试题解析】本题的关键词是 so far到目前为止,该时间状语经常要和现在完成时连用,表 示到目前为止所发生的事情。
73. 【答案】 it might/may be helpful
【试题解析】本句考察的是 it 作为形式主语,而把真正的主语 to use examples to explain abstract concepts放在句末。同时使用情态动词 may/might表示不提爱确定的可能性。 74. 【答案】 whoever provides/has provided
【试题解析】本句考察的是名词性从句中的宾语从句, “ 特殊疑问词 +ever” 既可以引导名词 性从句,也可以引导让步状语从句。本题中的 whoever 引导的是宾语从句, whoever 在句中 做主语。
75. 【答案】 that has been selected
【试题解析】 本句考察的是定语从句, 当定语从句的先行词是指物的名词, 且前面有 the only修饰的时候,要使用的关系代词是 that ,本句的先行词是 the only student是一个单数形式, 使用使用现在完成时的单数形式表示已经被选中。
76. 【答案】 such a great impact
as great an impact
【试题解析】 本句是一个定语从句, 当先行词前面有 such 或者 as many/much等修饰的时候, 可以使用关系代词 as 指代先行词引导起定语从句。
77. 【答案】 shouldn’t have interrupted
oughtn’t to have interrupted
【试题解析】本句考察的是对过去情况的虚拟,使用 “ 情态动词 +have done” 的形式。本句中 的 shouldn’t have done表示本不应该做某事,实际上却做了。
78. 【答案】 most widely read
【试题解析】本句考察的复合形容词组的构成法, most 修饰 wildly read ,其中的 read 是一 个过去分词表示被动。
79. 【答案】 There stand
【试题解析】本句是一个全部倒装句,当副词 there 位于句首,且主语是名词的时候,要把 谓语动词移到主语的前面,形成全部倒装的形式。因为本句中的动词是矗立,所以使用了 stand 。
80. 【答案】 before I could take in
before I took in
【试题解析】本句考察的是固定句式:It be+一段时间 +before从句,表示一段时间以后某事 才发生。有两种时态的构成法。前后读使用过去时,或者 before 后面使用一般现在时,前 面的主句使用将来时。
四 (2014湖南卷)
We can choose our friends, but usually we cannot choose our neighbors. However, to get a happy home life, we have to get along with
will disturb their neighbors unnecessarily. For example, television sets need not be played at full
volume (音量)
An equally important quality is tolerance. Neighbors should do all they can to avoid disturbing other people, there are times when some level of disturbance is unavoidable.
neighbors want to get along well with each other, they have to show their tolerance. In this way, everyone will live
48. 【答案】 them
【试题解析】考察上下文串联。本句中的 them 就是指第一句中的 neighbors 。句义:我们可 以选择朋友,但是我们不能选择邻居。然而, 为了幸福的家庭生活,我们不得不要和邻居尽 可能地好好相处。
49. 【答案】 others
【试题解析】考察代词。 Others 其他人;句义:在邻里相处方面一个很重要的品质就是要为 他人做考虑。 Others 是没有范围限制的其他人,本句中没有提及范围限制。
50. 【答案】 which/that
【试题解析】 考察定语从句。 本句是一个定语从句, 先行词是 things , 使用关系代词 that/which指代先行词在句中做主语。句义:人们不应该做一些打扰他们邻居的事情。
51. 【答案】 and
【试题解析】考察句子结构。本句是一个并列句。句义:订书机不需要开到最大的音量,吵 闹的音乐也不应该在很晚的时候播放。 本句中的两句都是说明我们不应该做一些打扰邻居的 事情,所以使用 and 连接这两个并列句。
52. 【答案】 a
【试题解析】考察冠词。本横线后面的名词 relationship 是一个可数名词,使用 a 修饰表示 泛指。句义:通过避免做这些让邻居难受的事情,你可以和邻居有很好的关系。
53. 【答案】 but
【试题解析】考察连词辨析。句义:邻居要做所有能做的事情来避免打扰他人,但是有时候 一些打扰又是不可避免的。根据句义可知上下文之间存在着转折关系,故使用 but 。 54. 【答案】 If/When
【试题解析】考察连词辨析。句义:如果邻居想要友好相处, 他们就不得不表示出他们的容 忍。本句可以使用 if 也可以使用 when ,在条件句或者时间状语从句中,都可以使用一般现 在时代替将来时。
55. 【答案】 in
【试题解析】考察固定搭配 in peace安静,宁静;句义:通过这种方法,每个人都可以生活 在安宁之中。
五 (2014辽宁卷)
阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于 3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 Jonny:Hey! I’m just practicing Tai Chi(太极 ). Would you like to join me?
Peter: I know nothing about it. Is it difficult?
Jonny: It seems easy, but you need a lot of practice. You just follow me like this.
Peter:OK. Don’t laugh
Jonny:Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally
(soft). Try to keep your body straight. Move slowly, then be sure to keep your balance and don’t let your body shake.
Peter:
Jonny: (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility.
Peter: I feel my legs shaking. I cannot do this any longer.
Jonny:
likely you will get hit. He controls you!
Peter: you don’t mind, I’ll stop and take a deep
61. 【答案】 at
【试题解析】考察固定搭配 laugh at… 嘲笑 … ;根据下面一句 I may look funny也许我看上去 很滑稽,所以先提醒对方不要嘲笑我。
62. 【答案】 softly
【试题解析】 本句应该使用副词 softly 与前面的 naturally 一起作为状语修饰前面的动词。 要 很自然柔和地弯曲膝盖伸展胳膊。
63. 【答案】 painful
【试题解析】本句横线前面是系动词 become ,说明横线上应该使用形容词构成系表结构,
所以使用形容词 painful 。
64. 【答案】 holding
【试题解析】固定搭配 keep doing sth一直做某事;本句表示要一直维持住这个位置一段时 间,会帮助发展你的力气和灵活性。
65. 【答案】 it
【试题解析】这里的 it 就是指前面的 raise your leg中的 your leg。用 it 指代上文提及的同一 事物。
66【答案】 is called
【试题解析】本句是一个被动语态的形式。句义:在英语里,太极被称为 “shadow boxing” 。 根据句义可知表示被动语态。
67. 【答案】 as
【试题解析】本句是一个固定搭配 as well as… 和 … ,也 … ;太极要求你像水英语行动,灵活 也要强大 … ;
68. 【答案】 harder
【试题解析】 本句是一个固定句式:the 比较级 …, the 比较级 …“ 越 … 就越 ….” ; 你越来用力击 打他,你越可能被击中,他能够控制你。因为对方会借力打力。
69. 【答案】 if
【试题解析】句义:这真是难以相信,如果你不介意,我项停下了深呼吸一下。
70. 【答案】 breath
【试题解析】 Peter 认为这样的事情是不可能的,所以他想深呼吸让自己平静下来。故使用 take a deep breath深呼吸。
六 (2014陕西卷)
第一节 单词拼写(共 10题;每题 1分,满分 10分)
根据下列各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示词,在答题卡指定区域的横线上写出对应单 词的正确、完整形式,每空只写一词。
66. The first few weeks of this __________________(春天) were unusually cold.
67. Take the lift to the __________________(第十) floor, and you will find the gym.
68. We can eat out if you like, but I would __________________(更喜欢) to stay in.
69. Keep in mind that it is a shame to __________________(浪费) food.
70. It was __________________(勇敢的) of Mary to quit her job and start her own business. 71. I’m happy that my 80-year-old grandma has learned how to __________________(下载) from the Internet.
72. They failed to reach a settlement, because they __________________(不同意) too much with each other.
73. Men and Women must be treated __________________(平等地) in education and employment.
74. On June 27, 2012, the Jiaolong reached a __________________(深度) of 7, 062 meters in the Pacific Ocean.
75. The advertisement for engineers in the local paper attracted many __________________(申 请人) .
66. 【答案】 spring
【试题解析】名词春天 spring ;句义:今年春天的前几个星期在不同寻常地冷。
67. 【答案】 tenth
【试题解析】本句中的 tenth 是一个序数词,表示第十个。句义:乘坐电梯到十楼,你就会 找到那个健身房!
68. 【答案】 prefer
【试题解析】 动词更喜欢 prefer , 构成固定搭配 prefer to do sth更喜欢做某事; 如果你喜欢, 我们就出去吃饭,但是我更喜欢在家里吃饭。
69. 【答案】 waste
【试题解析】本句考察的是动词浪费 waste 。句义:请记住浪费食物是可耻的事情。
70. 【答案】 brave
【试题解析】形容词勇敢的 brave ,该词表示的是人的性格,所以后面可以加 of sb。句义:辞职自己做生意, Mary 真是很勇敢。
71. 【答案】 download
【试题解析】动词下载 download 。句义:我很高兴我 80岁的奶奶学会了从网上如何下载。 72. 【答案】 disagreed
【试题解析】动词不同意 disagree ,该词是一个不及物动词,后面接介词 on/to/with等等。 73. 【答案】 equally
【试题解析】副词平等地 eaqully 修饰动词 be treated。句义:在教育和就业方面男性和女性 必须被平等对待。
74. 【答案】 depth
【试题解析】名词深度 depth ,是由形容词 deep 转换而来。句义:在 2012年 6月份,蛟龙 号到达了太平洋底部 7062米的深度。
75. 【答案】 applicants
【试题解析】名词申请人 applicant 。前面有 many 修饰,所以使用复数形式 applicants 。句 义:当地报纸上招收工程师的广告吸引了很多申请人。
七 (2014新课标 I )
Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix?
In 1969,the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio. It __61____(be ) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it ____62____(actual)caught fire and burned. Now, ears later, this river is one of _63___most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
But the river wasn’t changed in a few days __64____even a few months. It took years of work__65______(reduce ) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is___66_____(clean) than ever.
Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you leave a habit __67___is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation ,don’t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately?
While there are ___68_______(amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the___69_______(change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a (patience).
61. 【答案】 was
【试题解析】 根据本段第一句 In 1969,the pollution was terrible可知本段叙述的是过去发生的 事情。 the Cuyahoga River Cleveland在过去被污染地如此地严重,过去没有人能够想象倒这 条河被清理干净。
62. 【答案】 actually
【试题解析】 本句中使用副词 actually 做状语修饰谓语动词 caught fire, actual 是形容词, 不 能在句中做状语,通常只做定语或者表语修饰名词。
63. 【答案】 the
【试题解析】 本句横线后面的 most 是最高级的形式, 所以使用 the most outstanding的形式。 64. 【答案】 or
【试题解析】句义:但是这条河流的改变不是几天或者几个月的事情。本句中的 or“ 或者 ” 表示选择的意思。
65. 【答案】 to reduce
【试题解析】考察固定句式:It takes sb some time to do sth做某事花了某人 … 时间;句中的 不定式 to reduce he industrial pollution and clean the water是句子真正的主语。 前面的 it 是形 式主语。
66. 【答案】 cleaner
【试题解析】句义:最后人们的努力得到了回报, 现在这条河比以前更干净了。横线后面有 than ,说明横线上应该使用比较级的形式。
67. 【答案】 that/which
【试题解析】本句是一个定语从句,先行词是 a habit,定语从句中使用关系动词 that/which指代先行词在句做主语。
68. 【答案】 amazing
【试题解析】 现在分词转换的形容词常常修饰事物, 过去分词转换的形容词常常修饰人或者 与人有关的事物。横线后面是名词 story ,说明应该使用现在分词转换的形容词。
69. 【答案】 changes
【试题解析】本句中谓语部分是系动词 are ,说明主语应该是一个复数形式的名词,所以使 用 changes 。
70. 【答案】 Patient
【试题解析】 横线前面有系动词 be , 说明本句是一个祈使句 be patient耐心一点。 因为很多 变化都是逐渐发生的,需要很多努力,我们要耐心一点。
2016高考专题语法填空
2016高考专题语法填空
封冬斌
2016-03-03
教学目标
一.知识与技能
1. 让学生了解高考语法填空题的试题特点及命题规律
2. 让学生掌握做好语法填空题的应试技巧与方法
3. 提高学生做语法填空题的能力
二.过程与方法
1. 带领学生一起了解高考语法填空题的特点
2. 让学生在高考真题中探索语法填空题的命题规律
3. 课堂小结对这堂课所学知识归纳整理
三.情感、态度与价值观
1. 帮助学生掌握做好语法填空题的“三步骤”和“技巧”
2. 帮助学生树立做好高考语法填空题的信心
教学重难点
一.教学重点 高考语法填空题的命题规律
二.教学难点 如何提高学生做语法填空题的能力
教学时间 45分钟
教学步骤
Ⅰ. 考纲解读:
1. 一篇200词左右的短文或对话
2. 能力考查: 阅读理解语篇; 分析句子结构;
熟练运用语法; 正确拼写单词。
3. 空格类型:
纯空格一般3空,只填一个词(多为虚词:冠词,连词,介词,代词,助动词,情态动词等)
给提示词一般7空,最多填三个词(多为实词:谓语动词,非谓语动词,名词单复数,形容词副词比较级最高级,词类转换等) Ⅱ. 解题三步骤
一读:通读全文,了解大意,把握空格特征;
二填:分析句子结构,确定句子成分,注意时态语态主谓一致,固定搭配,固定句型,词类转化,人称代词等;
三检查:语法是否正确,逻辑是否合理。
Ⅲ. 解题技巧
无给定词:1. 简单句或并列句缺主语或宾语,一般填代词
Mary began this work four years ago and _____ enjoyed it very much. I like this house with a beautiful garden , but I don’t have enough money to buy _____.
2. 复杂句先确定从句类型:定语从句,名词性从句还是状语从句,再确定代词连词
The person ____ cleaned the restroom found my wallet.
I will never forget ____ he said at the meeting.
So bad things may happen ____ students spend too much time on the
Internet.
3. 两个主谓句之间如果没有分号或句号,很可能填并列连词 Tom is very young , ____ he plays basketball very well.
He worked hard , _____ he succeeded finally.
4. 介词考查多数情况下出现在固定搭配中
I think it’s a good idea ___ you to come back to China.
Though she is a girl , she is interested ____ football.
5. 冠词的考查:多数情况下出现在a/an/the+名词或a/an/the +adj. +名词
Giving rural children a good education is ___ important task in fighting poverty.
When he was saying that , he broke __ branch from the tree that grew near the door.
有给定词:1. 给出动词时,判断句子是否有谓语,如没有谓语或要做并列谓语,填谓语动词;如有谓语动词且又不作并列谓语,填非谓语动词;动词还要注意时态语态和主谓一致
We saw monkeys , ____(visit) temples and told stories.
The baby stayed in the room, ____ (cry) loudly .
The teacher came into the classroom , ____ (follow) by his students .
2. 词形转换:作表语定语补语常用形容词;修饰动词形容词副词介词或句子用副词;根据句意或语境,考查形容词和副词的比较级最高级或是它们的相互转换。
It’s very ____ (kindness) of you to help me to learn English.
I was doing my homework when _____ (sudden) I heard someone crying.
This is the _____ (warm) smile I have ever seen.
Ⅳ. 真题演练(2014全国新课标)
One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about _____(be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the stop, ____ some of them looked very anxious and _________(disappoint). When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next ____ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike ____(catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused ____(stop) until we reached the next stop.
Still the boy kept _____(ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. Finally when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up to the next stop. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked,”____ anyone lose a suitcase?” A women on the bus shouted,” Oh, dear! It’s ______(I).” She pushed her way to the driver and took the suitcase thankfully. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done and the crowd of strangers _______(sudden) became friendly to one another.
Ⅴ. 课堂小结
语法填空考哪些语法项目?
1、名词; 2、代词; 3、数词; 4、介词和介词短语; 5、连词;
6、形容词; 7、副词;8、冠词; 9、动词; 10、时态; 11、被动语态; 12、非谓语动词;13、构词法; 14、句子种类;
15、句子成分; 16、简单句基本句型; 17、主谓一致; 18、并列复合句;19、主从复合句; 20、间接引语; 21、省略;22、倒装;
23、强调; 24、虚拟语气。
备考策略
1.不断记忆,积累词汇。
语法填空题对单词提出了比以前更高的要求,它不但要求考生认识单词,还要求能写出一些要求的单词。这就要求我们平时不断地记忆单词,不断地积累词汇,千方百计地把我们的词汇量提高上去。考试时才能随心所欲的写出单词,填出固定搭配。
2.夯实基础,学好语法。
英语的基础知识琐碎繁杂,不是一朝一夕就能掌握的,它要求我们平时多听,多读,多记,夯实自己的基础知识;我们还要坚定不移地加强语法的学习,尤其是长句、难句、复杂句的分析。只有这样,才能为综合能力的提高打下坚实的基础。
3.大声朗读,培养语感。
语感是一种对语言、语段或词句的感受能力,是一种看不见摸不着的东西,但在做完形填空题时又是必不可少的东西。娴熟的语感的形成不是一蹴而就的,要在平时的学习过程中多听,多读,尤其是大
声朗读犹为重要。在早读或晚读时间,抛开顾忌,放开喉咙,大声朗读,对培养语感是非常重要的。如果通过朗读能够多背诵一些课文是再好不过的了。语感在你的朗读和背诵课文的过程中,不知不觉地逐步形成了。
4.坚持不懈,多做练习。
语法填空是一种新题型,我们在前几年都不曾练过。但是高考中又占了总分的十分之一,非常重要。因此要求我们在考前一段时间要大量练习这种题型,不断练习,不断总结,不断提高,高考时才能处变不惊,轻松应对。
Ⅵ. 课时作业(2015全国新课标)
Yangshuo, China
It was raining slightly when I ______ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours _______, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with ___(it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _______ (painting).
Instead, I’d headed straight for Yangshuo.
For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away ____ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo ___(be) really beautiful. A study of travellers ______ (conduct) by the website Trip
Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie&Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it ________ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people ______ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
Ⅶ. 课后反思
高考英语专题——语法填空
语法填空是近几年出现的新题型,以广东、湖南题型为主。考查学生对于英语的综合应用,包括文章结构,大意,语法,词性,时态,句型等。
题型设置:
以下为真题要求:
语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,在空格处填入一个适当的词或者括号中词语的正确形式填空,并将答案填写在答题卡标号为16~25的相应位置上。
200字左右的语篇(两大类型:短文或对话),留出10处空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式(题型分类:纯空格型+单词提示),要求填写正确形式,且不得多于3个单词。
考查语法,及文意理解。分为词性,时态,单复数,连词,代词,冠词等。
解题步骤:
理解短文:Skimming类型,结构,及大意。
注意首句原则:第一句一般不设空,必须看懂其人物+时间+大意。
寻找依据:
依据通常有:句型、搭配、逻辑关系、句子结构,上下文等。
复查答案:拼写,大小写,及词性等。
高考语法填空专题训练
高考语法填空专题训练
一
第二节 语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
阅读下面短文,在空格处填入适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空,每空不得多于3个单词,出现拼写、大小写、词性错误不给分。
Once there lived a rich man wanted to do something for the people of his town. first he wanted to find out whether they deserved his help.
In the centre of the main road into the town, he placed very large stone. Then he behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.
“Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, but he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way. man came along and did the same thing; then another came ,and another. All of them complained about the stone but not tried to remove . Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, (say) to himself: “The night stone.”
Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! the stone, he found a bag of money.
第二节:语法填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
(surprise), isn’t it? Factually, the custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest China’s Sichuan Province, and the end of the Qing Dynasty. Though not so popular as before, the custom is still observed by people in many places, especially Tujia people, who view it as a (necessary) to marriage procedure.
It is very much same in different places of the province. According to elderly people, every bride had to cry at the wedding. as a poorly
cultivated girl and she would become the laughingstock of the village. In fact, there were cases which the bride was beaten by her mother for not crying at the wedding ceremony.
In a word, crying at wedding is a by custom to set off the happiness of the wedding through falsely sorrowful words. However, in the (arrange) marriages of the old days of China, there were indeed quite a lot of brides who cried over their unsatisfactory marriage and even their miserable life.
语法填空:
31. who 32. But 33. a 34. hid 35. Another 36. it 37. saying 38. will be 39. strength 40. Under
31. Surprising 32.remained 33. until/till 34. necessity 35. the
36. Otherwise 37. her 38. in 39. way/means 40. arranged
技巧一:名词形式变化。名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。
例1:There are many students living at school,the(child)houses are all far from schoo1. 由
students (是一个复数形式的单词,后面要和他保持一致)可以判断出横线处应填复数,且作 为houses 的定语,意思是孩子们的房子,所以应用其所有格形式,故答案为child 的复合
变化形式—— 复数的所有格children’s。
技巧二:动词形式变化。动词的形式变化比较多,有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气) ,有非
谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词) 。
例2:A talk——(give)tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is 是整句的谓语,所
以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow (明天)可以看出,报告是“将来”作的,
故用不定式(用不定式表将来);且报告是give 动作的承受者,故可以判断出横线所在处
用give 的不定式被动式——to be given。
技巧三:代词形式变化。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类,即人称代词
(主格和宾格) 、物主代词(形容词性和名词性) 、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化, 如no one/none 、other /another 等。
例3:The king decided to see the painter by——(he). 由介词by 可以看出,横线处应填反身
代词himself 。(一般像这样的句子,看到by 并且括号里面给出一个代词就要想到用
反身代词 )且by 后面要加名词或(动名词v+ing)或者加反身代词。
技巧四:形容词、副词比较级变化。英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级
和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式,或通过加后缀一er 和est ,或在词前加more
/less 和most /least ,且形容词的最高级前面还要加the 。
例4:I am— —(tall)than Liu Wen.He is the tallest students in my class. 此题后句交代
了Liu Wen是班上最高的学生,那“我”肯定比他矮,所以不能用taller ,只能用表示程度不
如的“less tall”。 看到句子里面含有than 就到想到用比较级
技巧五:数词形式变化。数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词,或加后缀一teen 、ty 的变化, 甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式,以及one /two 的特殊变化形式 once /twice
例5:To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses.My eldest son shall take a half,my second
son shall take a(three)... 从上下文连续起来理解,这是一个分马的计划,大儿子分得a half, 也就是“一半”或“二分之一”,那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”,所以要填入作分母的序数
词“third”才能命中目标。
技巧六:词的派生。词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的,派生现象主要发生在名词、
动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。 例6:Lious lost his wallet yesterday,SO he was very____(happiness). 在这道题中,
学生很容易判断出该用形容词,由此可知将happiness 变成happy ;钱包丢了,人应该是不开 心的,所以要再加个前缀un ,就成了unhappy(不开心的) 。(一般very 后面一定加形容词)
二、未给单词提示题型的技巧 此类题难度较大,但也是有方法对付的。 技巧七:固定短
语结构。根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语,但有时要对横线
前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。
例7:The children were playing on the ground,enjoying____,dirty but happy.
从句中的happy 可以 猜出孩子们是开心的,所以应用enj0y oneself短语,故其答案为
themselves 。(由句子里面的were 是are 的过去式,所以主语the children是复数,
所以后面的反身代词要用复数形式,并且enjoy 后面加反身代词是玩得开心的意
思)
例8:. 如果“跳过”横线后面的angry ,就可以发现这里用到一个关联短语so as to,所以,so 是正解。(so as to是一个固定搭配,要看你自己做题的时候小不小心,有没有发现)
技巧八:从句引导词。从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向,主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。
例9:He did not done _____ his father had asked him to do. 审题可知,横线所在为宾语从句的引导词,此引导词在从句中充当宾语,且指物,所以是what 。(一般用what 来引导宾语从句,关于宾语从句你的书里有,你去问老师,他会解释得比较清楚)
例10:Those _____ want to go to the village must sign here. 经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词,进一步观察可知先行词为those ,且指人,所以只能填入who (以后如果你看到those 那它的后面一定填who )。
技巧九:短语动词结构。短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语,此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。
例11:The US consists ____ fifty states. 根据常识可知,美国由50个州组成,故横线处与前一词组合,表示“由??组成”,所以答案是of 。 (consist … of 是一个固定搭配) 由。。。。组成
例12:Mrs. Baker was ill,so her daughter had to ask for leave to take _____ of her. 生病需要人照顾,所以答案是care ,与前后词构成take care of是照顾的意思。
技巧十:短语介词结构。短语介词即多个词的组合 起介词作用的短语,如:except for期望,due to由于。
例13:Mr. Smith took a plane to London ____ of taking a train. 此题中说到两种交通工具,所以可以理解此句有“坐??而不是坐??”的意思,故答案为instead ,以构成介词短语instead of是而不是的意思。
例14:Just then,he saw a blackboard in _____ of him.细心观察,可以看出填入front 即可构成in front of是在。。。前面的意思,此题得解。
技巧十一:连词、关联短语结构。常用的连词有and ,or ,but ,so ,for ,while 等,常用的关联短语有both??and,either??or,neither??nor,
not only??but also一定要记得,考试时看句子有没有这样的结构,有的话就填进去等。
例15:Little Wang Jun could not go to school,_____his family was too poor. 此处表示原因,引导的分句其实是一种解释说明,不是必然的因果关系,且前面有逗号隔开,所以填for 。
例16:____Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre. 横线处的词与后面可以构成both and,故答案为Both 。(以后如果看到这样的句子,句子里面有and 那么就填both, 因为both…and是。。。两者都的意思)
技巧十二:冠词、介词和常用的副词。冠词只能是在a ,an ,the 之间判断;常用的介词有in ,at ,on ,before ,during 等,通常考查固定搭配;副词的量还是比较多,如:however 然而,never 从不,yet 还没。。。,much 很多 等,但一般不会考查.1y 形式的方式副词(见技巧六——形容词派生副词的情况) 。 (一般形容词后面加上ly 就变成副词,副词用来修饰动词或者形容词来做状语,就是在句子中动词+副词,看到动词,接着后面给了一个形容词的这些题,你就把那个形容词变成副词)
例17:Jackie likes to drive at____ high speed.这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法,答案为a ,构成at a high speed ,“以高速”开车。
例18:Old Tom’s grand daughter used to visit him _____ Saturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午,所以不用介词in ,而用on 才是正解。指定具体的哪一天一定要用on)
例19:Though Liu Qiang did the same work ____ Zhang Wen did,he got a lower pay_比较级_____ Zhang Wen . 第一条横线可由前面的the same断出用as (the same …..as就是。。。和。。。一样),第二条横线则可由lower (更低的,是比较级)断出比较意义,故答案为than 。
例20:It was only one day left,_____,his father had no idea to answer him. 观察上下句,可以看出是转折关系,且横线与前后用逗号隔开,排除but ,所以答案是however 然而。 技巧十三:上下文中出现的相关词。这一招是最为灵活的,但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识,填入某个已出现的词,或其反义词,或其同类的某个词。 答案的线索可能在本句,可能出现在上下相连的一句,还可能出现在比较远的地方——上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句,则线索可能在上下段的首句;如果横线出现在某段的末句,则线索可能在上下段的末句,以此类推。 例21:Tony _注意前后谓语保持一致___ traveling abroad,but dislikes staying home watching TV. 由第二句话中的dislikes (不喜欢)可以判断,此横线处应该是填其反义词likes 用一般现在时。 做题时要注意观察句子,因为很多句子都要求前后的谓语保持一致,就像这道题。
(一)纯空格题
1、缺主语或宾语,一定是填代词或名词(多考代词) 。
例 I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and __38_ gets there almost in a second. (茂名一模) 解析:and 连接前后两个句子,and 后面的句子缺主语,应填名词或代词;结合前一分句,不难推知,“马上可到达那里”的是the message,替代the message用代词it (用it 做形式主语)。
2、名词前是空格,若该名词前没有限定词,很可能是填冠词his, their等形容词性物主代词,或some, any, other(s), another等限定词。
It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty was very anxious to help __33 rice crop grow up quickly. (2008年广东高考)
解析:名词rice crop前还没有限定词,应当填限定词;根据句意,这个急性子人当然是急于使“他的”禾苗长得快,故填形容词性物主代词his 。(就是你看到名词前面有一个空要你填,这时你就要想到物主代词his 他的 her 她的 their 他们的 its 动物的它的或some, any, other(s), another等限定词)
the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to__35_small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage. (2007年广东高考)
解析:因单数可数名词town 前还没有限定词,应填限定词;根据句意,是指将车拉到离那里大约有20公里远的一个小镇上去修理,表示“一个”,用不定冠词,故填a 。
3、名词或代词前面是空格,而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语,也不作动词的宾语时,很可能是填介词。
[例4] The little boy pulled [33]________ right hand out of the pocket ? (his )
[例5] ? who should have the honors of receiving me 33 a guest in their house. (2007年广东高考) 解析:因a guest 在句中不作主语、表语、动词的宾语,前面一定是填介词,使其成为该介词的宾语;又由句意可知,他们“把我当作客人”来接待,表示“当作”,用介词as (as 是作为或者当做的意思 例如as a student 作为一名学生)。
4、若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词,可能是填连词。
two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso 34 Candido Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars. 解析:因与Pablo Picasso (毕加索) 与Candido Portinari (坎迪多?波尔蒂纳里) 这两个名词之间没有连词,一定是填连词;两者是并列关系,应填and 。
All I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me 36 almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about. (2008年深圳一模)
解析:因melted me和gave me两个动宾短语之间没有连词,一定是填连词;两者是并列关系,故填and 。(注意:用and 的话,要注意前后的句子或短语的谓语动词时态保持一致)这道题里面的melted me和gave me就保持一致。
5、若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子) 之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填连接词I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days 32 I was to return to Guangzhou. (2008年广州一模)
解析:因I wanted to?是一个句子,I was to return?也是一个句子,这两个句子之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填连词;根据句意和两句之间的逻辑关系,可知“参观这个城市的尽可能多的地方”应是在“返回广州”之前,故填before 。
[例9] He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, 37 he felt very happy? (2008年广东高考) 解析:因He was very tired?是一个句子,he felt very happy?也是一个句子,这两个句子之间没有连词,也没有分号或句号,一定是填连词;根据句意和两句之间逻辑关系,可知“干了一整天活累极了”与“感到非常高兴”是转折关系,故填but 。
6、若结构较完整,空格后的谓语动词是原形,特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时,很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等) 。
[例10 What is acceptable in one country 31 be considered extremely rude in another. (珠三角五校联考) 解析:句中What is acceptable in one country是主语从句,空格后的be considered是谓语;因其中的be 是原形(只有情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did)加动词原形) ,故空格处必定是填情态动词或助动词does(由语境可知是一般现在时,主语是第三人称单数) ;由句意及作者的语气可知,需填表示“可能”的情态动词may 。
He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he ________ bring home a regular salary.
解析:这是一个由but 连接的并列句,由前一分句的谓语动词had 是一般过去时可知,后一分句的谓语动词bring 也应用一般过去时;可 是,bring 却用的是原形,既与语境的时态不符,也与主语he 不一致,该句不是倒装句,因此,此处必定是填情态动词或表示强调的助动词did ;由句意和 作者的语气推测,应当填对谓语动词表示强调的助动词did(的确) 。(用did 的原因是句子的had 是过去时)
7、若缺状语,一定是填副词(在纯空中考的可能性不大) 。(例句略)
8、由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。
(1)由it is?that?强调结构形式,判断填it 还是that 。(或者it was …that…)
[例12] ?and 40 was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldn’t eat MSG (味精)! (广州一模) 解析:由句式结构可知,本句为强调句,应填it 。
(2)由倒装句式判断,是填构成倒装的条件的only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not, until, had等,还是填do, does, did等。
[例13] _______with hard work can you expect to get pay rise.
解析:由can you expect to?可知,这是倒装句,根据构成倒装的条件可知,应填副词only ,因为“only +状语(with hard work)”放在句首,句子要用倒装。
(3)由it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断,空格处是否填it 。如:
? as 32 took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world-famous artists? (2008年佛山二模)
解析:由句式结构可知,这是it takes, sb. some time to do sth.句型做某事花费某人多少时间,本句的不定式to steal paintings是真正的主语,空格处填形式主语it 。
例: Dating sites also make 36 easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in. (2008年惠州二模) 解析:由句式结构可知,to avoid?是真正的宾语,easy 是宾补,空格处应填作形式宾语的it 。(it easy to do sth做某事狠容易)
(4)so /such?that?句型。如:
[例16] This made the goat so jealous___34___it began plotting against (
付) the donkey. (2007年惠州二模) 谋划对
解析:由句式结构可知,这是so?that?句型(如此…以致于…),应填that 。
(5)more?than? (与其说??不如说??,比??更??)句型。
Cynthia
is story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares 40 how much he pays. (深圳宝安期末)
解析:由句式结构可知,这是more?than?句型,故填that 。句意是与经理所给的报酬相比,雇员更铭记于心的是他的关心。
(二) 给出了动词的试题。 1、动词不在主语或宾语的位置
首先,判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行思考。
若句中没有别的谓语动词(主语后面加谓语) ,或者虽然已有谓语动词,但需填的动词与之是并列关系时,所给动词就是谓语动词;若是谓语动词,就要考虑时态语态。
例 His fear of failure ____36____(keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon. (2008年深圳一模)
解析:因主语His fear of failure后没有别的谓语动词,需填的动词应为谓语动词;因主语与keep 是主动关系,应用主动语态;由从句谓语动词played 可知,要用一般过去时,故填kept 。
That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, 40 (close) my book and walked away. (2008年广州一模)
解析:虽然句中已有谓语动词declined ,但由and walked可知,所填词与declined 和walked 是并列关系,所以也用一般过去式closed 。(你看到句子里面有and 的话,记得前后谓语保持一致,所以close 是动词,而walked 也是动词,但是它们的时态要保持一致,所以填closed )
例 In Logan, three people __38__ (take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. (梅州二模) 解析:因主语three people与take 是被动关系,即三个人被送进医院,故用被动语态;由were treated可知,要用一般过去时,故填were taken。
若句中已有谓语动词,又不是并列谓语时,所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用—ing 形式、—ed 形式,还是用不定式形式,确定的方法主要有:
2、作主语或宾语,通常用—ing 形式表示习惯或一般情况,用不定式表示具体的情况。
[例21] ?but it is not enough only 35 (memorize) rules from a grammar book. (佛山一模) 解析:因it 是形式主语,后面用不定式作真正的主语,故填to memorize。
[例20] _______ (speak) out your inner feeling won’t make you feel ashamed, on the contrary? 解析:句中已有谓语won’t make,所以speak 应为非谓语动词;(这是判断非谓语动词的方法) 谓语前面应为主语,作主语,表示一般情况,要用动名词短语,故填Speaking 。一般用动词ing 形式做主语
3、作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语,一般用不定式。如:
[例22] _______ (complete) the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day. 解析:因句中已有谓语will have to work,所以complete 应为非谓语动词;因“(为了) 按计划完成这项工程”是“我们每天不得不额外多工作两小时”的目的,作目的状语,用动词不定式,故填To complete。(记住:用不定式作目的状语)
例 Some people say that oldest children, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely ___33 (succeed). (2008年佛山一模)
解析:因在形容词likely (很可能的)后作状语,要用动词不定式,故填to succeed。 固定搭配likely to do sth 很可能做某事
4、作伴随状语,常用分词,与逻辑主语是主动关系,用现在分词,是被动关系,用过去分词。这样的题一般要特别注意空格前的逗号。
[例24] He saw the stone, 37 (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.” (2008年东莞一模) 解析:句中已有谓语saw (所以所给的say 是非谓语动词),所给动词与saw 不是并列关系,应当是非谓语动词;又因He 与say 是主动关系,故填saying 作伴随状语。
[例25] The headmaster went into the lab, ________ (follow) by the foreign guests.
解析:句中已有谓语went ,而follow 又不是与之并列的,故为非谓语动词;又因the headmaster与follow 是被动关系,故用过去分词作伴随状语。
5、不论非谓语动词在句中作何种成分,若判断需要用分词,与逻辑主语是主动关系用—ing 形式,是被动关系用—ed 形式。
[例26] There will be a meeting, __40__ (start) later this year to review the film. (2008年广州二模) 解析:因a meeting与start 是主动关系,用现在分词短语作定语,补充说明a meeting,故填starting 。
[例27] Lessons 39 (learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people. (广东考试说明) 解析:因句中已有谓语can help,所以learn 应为非谓语动词;又因lesson 与learn 是被动关系,要用过去分词短语作定语,故填learned 。 特别提醒
有时给出的动词可能既不是谓语动词也不是非谓语动词,而是要求词类转换。如: [例28] But Jane knew from past experience that her ___36___ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. (2009年广东)
分析:括号中所给词choose 虽然是动词,但在句中作主语,且在形容词性物主代词后,应当填choose 的名词形式choice 。(her 是形容词性物主代词,后面加名词。记住choose 是动词而choice 是名词,即选择的意思)
(三) 词类转换题
根据该词在句子所作句子成分确定用哪种形式。 ①作表语、定语或补语,通常用形容词形式。如: 例 The youngster immediately fell ________ (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes. 解析:因在系动词felt 后作表语,用形容词,故填silent 。 (系动词后面一定加形容词构成系表结构)
[例30] In a ________ (danger) part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to? 解析:在冠词与名词之间,要用形容词,作定语,故填dangerous 。 (这道题里面a 是冠词the sea off the coast of New Zealand是名词)
例 Teachers must try their best to make most of their students ________ (interest) in the subject. 解析:因所填词在句中作宾语most of their students的补足语,用形容词;表示“感兴趣”,填interested 。(be interested in 对…感兴趣) ②作主语,或在及物动词或介词后作宾语,用名词形式。
When china’s ancient scientific and technological 是形容词后面加名词________ (achieve) are mentioned, the nation will generally refer to the Four Great Inventions. 解析:在时间状语从句中,要求填的词作主语,China’s ancient scientific and technological是主语的定语;作主语要用名词,又由are 可知,主语是复数,故填achievements 。
[例31] These people have made great __39 (contribute) to China with their work. (茂名二模) 解析:在句中作及物动词have made的宾语,要用名词形式;表示作贡献,其前面没有不定冠词时,习惯上用复数,故填contributions 。 Great 是形容词,后面加名词
③在形容词性物主代词后,或者在“冠词(+形容词)”后,用名词形式。如: ?the remains date from this period because of their __38__ (similar) to those found elsewhere. (2008年广州二模)
解析:在形容词性物代词(their)后应当用名词,故填similarities 。
例 With the large numbers of students, the ________ (operate) of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.
解析:在冠词后,要用名词,故填operation 。(不定冠词a an 定冠词the )
④修饰动词、形容词、或整个句子, 作状语,用副词形式。
如: [例34] As I looked 32 (close) at this girl, I fount that? (2008年深圳一模) 解析:修饰动词looked ,作状语,用副词,故填closely 。
[例35] There must be something 40 (serious) wrong with our society. (2008潮州期末) 解析:要求填的词修饰形容词wrong ,作状语,用副词,故填seriously 。副词修饰动词,形容词,句子,做状语
例 Singles are flocking(涌向) to the Internet 33 (main) because their busy lifestyles leave them little time? (2008年惠州三模)
解析:修饰because 引导的原因状语从句,修饰整个句子,作状语,用副词,故填mainly 。
⑤有可能是词义转换题,词类不一定要变,主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派生词,需根据句子意思及前后逻辑关系,在词根前加un —, im—等,在词根后加—less 等。如:
例 People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is ________ (use).
解析:作表语要用形容词;又由句意可知,作者是表达“没有什么知识是无用的”,故填useless (无用的)。
[例38] Your mistake caused a lot of ________ (necessary) work in the office.
解析:在名词前作定语,仍用形容词形式;但根据句意,“错误引起了许多不必要的麻烦事”,故填unnecessary 。 (of 后面加名词或者动名词)
⑥括号中所给词为动词时,也不一定是考动词的时态语态或非谓语动词,而是考词类转换;若是形容词或副词,有可能是考查其比较等级。
例 ?there was a lot of information about the city’s well-known tourist 34 (attract)? (2008年广州一模)
解析:尽管attract 是动词,但这是考查词类转换的;在句中作介词about 的宾语,用名词,故填attractions 。(about 后面加名词或者动名词)
[例40] The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could?He jumped even __36_ (hard) and finally made himself out. (2008年期末)
解析:联系前句,又有even(更加) 的提示,可知这里用比较级,故填harder 。
四、点睛技巧
语法填空要求考生阅读一篇短文,然后按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求完成10道语法填空题。做题要求:一是在空格处填入适当的词;二是使用括号中词语的正确形式填空。 1.语法填空的考查范围 (1)语境测试(上下文) ;
(2)语法测试:动词、名词、代词、冠词、介词、固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级与最高级及构词法、倒装等。
①动词:时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词等;
②引导词:一些从句的使用, 如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等;
③形容词、副词、名词、动词之间的词型、词性转换, 形容词与副词的比较级、最高级等; ④介词:一些常用介词的基本用法、介词短语的用法;
⑤名词、冠词:注意名词的单数、复数、可数、不可数以及冠词的特殊性用法; ⑥代词:注意代词所指代的对象和前后对应的关系;
⑦并列词:and, so, or, otherwise等表示并列、对比的词,以及表示承接、转折的副词therefore, however的用法;
⑧句型:要求归纳整理, 并且牢固掌握一些基本常用句型, 如: not...until...; not only...but (also)...; so...that...; not...but...; as...as...; either...or...;more...than...; neither...nor...;such...that... ;hardly...when...; no sooner...than...
例 2 The ______ why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.
解析:因为why 引导的定语从句,前面的先行词一定是reason 。
记住:why 前面一定填
reason
例5 It would be ______ (believe) that such an honest fellow should have betrayed his friends!
解析:因为在系动词be 后作表语,要用believe 的形容词形式believable ;由句意“这样一个老实人竟会出卖朋友,真难以置信!”可知,还要在前面加上表示相反意义的前缀un ,答案为unbelievable 。(系动词后面加形容词构成系表结构,be 是系动词)
4) 根据固定词组进行填充
熟练掌握一些常见的词组,如as a matter of, be proud of, by the way, come from, congratulate?on?, devote?to?, earn one’s living, keep one’s word, make up one’s mind等,对解题很有帮助。
5) 根据句型搭配进行填, 就是根据一些常用的句型搭配,如so/such?that?, it is?(for sb.) to do sth., There is no doubt that?, there is no sense in doing sth.等来解题。
完型填空
1 know知道;熟悉 learn 听说;认识到;了解 notice 注意到
2 sound 泛指各种声音 cry ,voice ,shout 一般都指人的声音 noise 指噪音 3 take place 预料中的发生;happen 意料外的发生 ;occur 两者兼有
4 anxious 渴望的(eager ); 担心的(worried )hurried 匆忙的 nervous 神经紧张的 5 admire oneself自我欣赏 enjoy oneself玩得高兴
6 fun和joke 都有开玩笑之意,fun 不可数,joke 是可数名词、前面要加不定冠词 a play /a joke on sb. 开某人的玩笑;a practical joke=a trick恶作剧;play a trick on sb. 捉弄某人。
7 wonder想知道 ;imagine 想象; notice 注意到; examine 考查
8 means[常用作单]方法;手段,工具; a means to an end达到目的方法;method 方法、办法,与way 可以替换使用。
9 path 小路;人行道 road 公路 way 道路 the way to the station
10 idea 主意;意见 opinion 意见;见解 suggestion 可数 advice 不可数 tip n.告诫,提示;劝告 11 examine 检查;诊察;审查,目的在于想了解有关的情况;check 核实,检查,目的在于判断正误或是否正常;search 搜查
12 instead/however都作副词时,instead" 而是" 含有某种对比,however" 可是"" 仍然" 含有" 转折"" 让步" 的意思。
13 journey长途旅行 travel 广义的旅行 trip 旅行(一次来回)a round trip 14 courage勇气 spirit 精神 strength 力气
15 、introduce sb. to sth. 把某事介绍给某人 explain sth. to sb. 向某人解释某事 help oneself to 擅自带走;自用
16参加 take part in join /join in attend compete in/ for/against 控告 accuse sb. of charge sb. With
建议 advise suggest recommend urge propose demand ( persuade 说服 ) 花费 sth/doing sth+cost sb+spend+ in doing sth Sb+afford +n/to do sth