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企业成本控制外文翻译参考文献
企业成本控制外文翻译参考文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
译文:
成本控制
成本控制,也被称为遏制成本或管理成本,一个广阔的成本管理技术,它的经济增长目标是降低成本提高企业效率。企业使用的成本控制方法,监测,评价,并最终提升效率的具体领域,如部门、产品线。
20世纪90年代的成本控制措施,受到了美国企业的首要关注。一般而言,外包企业重组、撤资的外围活动,大规模裁员等成本控制
战略被认为是升提升企业利润和维持企业竞争优势的需要。其目的往往是降低企业的生产成本,这样该企业给出的销售价格就比其竞争对手具更大的利润。
一些成本控制的支持者认为,这种战略的成本削减计划必须慎重,因为并非所有降低成本的方法,都会对企业产生有利的影响。在20世纪90年代的一个显著的例子,首席执行官邓拉普,绰号“电锯阿尔”,尽管他大幅降低企业的生产成本,但他领导的小器具制造公司依旧未能盈利。 邓拉普解雇了成千上万的工人和出售企业的业务,在他担任CEO两年内贡献不大,公司的竞争地位和股票的价格大幅下滑。因此,在1998年公司董事会解雇了邓拉普,对他“成本控制一招”的管理方法失去了信心。
成本控制是一个持续的过程,与拟议的年度预算配合使用。该预算有助于:(1)组织、协调生产和销售、服务和管理职能;(2)采取最大程度地利用现有的机会。根据财政历年的进步形式,将预算与实际结果作比,生成新的计划和经验教训,用以评价目前的行动。
控制是指通过管理层的努力来影响个人的行为,由谁负责执行任务,承担成本,并获得收入。 管理是一个过程,将其分为两个阶段: 规划是指管理计划的方式,希望人们人们能够执行的程序,而控制是指受雇于这些计划的程序是否符合实际表现。通过预算过程管理和会计控制、建立全面的公司目标,明确责任中心,确定各责任中心的具体目标,设计的程序和标准报到和评价。
一个分部的业务纳入预算的组成部分,由责任方控制的。责任中
心适用于组织单位和职能部门。通常一个人单独负责的责任中心更具实质性,如果控制活动不彻底,中心控制的人在活动过程中,难以得到预期的活动结果。成本中心只负责管理费用,也就是说,他们不产生收益。例如会计部门,人力资源管理部门,内部服务和类似提供内部服务的部门。利润中心承担利润和费用的收入责任。例如,生产线或一个独立的业务部门可能会被认为是利润中心。如果利润中心有自己的资产,它也可被视为一个投资中心,由此才能确定投资回报。责任中心使用的控制报告使管理者更具责任性,并且有助对利润的计划。
预算案还规定了参考标准,表明了这次活动的级别、各单位负责人、能使用的资源及预期出现的结果。建立一个预算责任中心,规定其责任中心代表所承担的责任,并确定组织内的决策点。
规划过程提供了两种控制机制:
前馈:提供一个在行动点(决策点)控制的基础;
反馈:提供一种测量实施后的控制基础。
管理层的作用是引导公司未来的走向,明确决策,协调和指导员工活动。管理部门还通过发展监督程序,收集、记录、评估反馈。因此,有效的管理控制结果,是通过制定计划,提供资源,进行适当的培训,引导员工的集体组织意识,从而提高评价和反馈的质量及结果。
控制报告是告诉管理者一个实体的活动的管理信息报告。管理层提出控制报告仅供内部使用,因此,指示财务部门发展量身订作的报告格式。会计向管理层提供一种格式来检测管理的变化。此外,管理
层还提到了企业的对外报告和特定行业的常规报告如损益表和资金报表。
控制报告能提供管理层足够的信息量,使管理人员可从最初的预算中分析的成本差异的原因。一个好的控制报告能突出不同管理层所需的重要信息。
由于企业成功的关键因素(如种类和数量)是在变化的,所以会计控制报告必须及时修改。会计期间各不相同的控制报告必须涵盖整个期间,由此管理层才可以采取有效的补救措施。此外,会计控制报告的及时传播,给管理层足够的时间采取行动。
当进行有效的管理,企业达到的目标将和预算确定的目标一致。管理者成功的程度取决于利润,管理人员在行动的时应意识到自己更有效地对费用进行控制取得的收入也会更多。
虽然他们不能预测销售的时间和实际销售数量,他们可以决定他们的大部分资源的利用率,也就是说,他们可以影响成本方面。因此,管理性能的优良可从其运作的成本控制方面进行评价。
出于成本控制的目的,预算规定了企业的标准开支。正如管理结构的预算,它勾画出一个路线图,指导企业的工作。它阐述了一定销售数量的假设条件下,企业的经济关系和互动能力,市场动态,它的销售队伍,及其承载力,以提供正确的数量和质量要求。
会计在企业的规划和控制中扮演了一个关键角色。它渗透在以下四个关键领域:(1)数据收集,(2)数据分析,(3)预算控制和管理,以及(4)整理和审查。
会计师事务所在设计和获取支持程序方面的规划过程中发挥关键作用。此外,他们还收集和传播企业用于销售和预订有关的详细资料。
经营管理人员有责任对企业各元素进行规划、编译和协调,并根据会计科目的可行性及预算利润率的分析来确定符合公认的标准和规范。
管理者依赖会计数据和分析选择不同形式的成本控制方案,管理者可以指导会计部门专门准备这些期权报告的评估。电锯阿尔事件说明,削减大部分费用成本的措施不可作为实施可行目标的途径。例如,在大规模裁员中,该公司可能会失去它的很大一部分人力资本裁掉的老员工可能是他们领域的专家。因此,管理层必须确定哪些成本具有战略意义。
确定削减成本的战略冲击,管理者必须斟酌提出的变动对所有事务区域的实际影响。例如,降低与制造产品直接相关的可变成本,如材料和运输成本,可能是获得更大利润的关键。但管理层还必须考虑节约生产资金是否危害其他战略利益像质量或产品进入市场的时间。如果便宜的材料或其他运输系统会产生负面影响,这种情况下,管理者需要谨记不能因眼前好处而丢失长远利益。
成本控制中的一个趋势是缩小企业责任中心,从而将一些日常的成本控制功能进行整合。这种做法的目的是实施自下而上的成本控制措施,并鼓励达成成本管理战略的广泛共识。
原文:
COST CONTROL
Roger J. AbiNader
Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accountingmethods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations.
During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestmentof peripheral activities, mass layoffs,or outsourcing,cost control strategies were seen as necessary to preserve—or boost—corporate profits and to maintain—or gain—a competitive advantage. The objective was often to be the low-cost producer in a given industry, which would typically allow the company to take a greater profit per unit of sales than its competitors at a given price level.
Some cost control proponents believe that such strategic cost-cutting
must be planned carefully, as not all cost reduction techniques yield the same benefits. In a notable late 1990s example, chief executive Albert J. Dunlap, nicknamed "Chainsaw Al" because of his penchant for deep cost cutting at the companies he headed, failed to restore the ailing small appliance maker Sunbeam Corporation to profitability despite his drastic cost reduction tactics. Dunlap laid off thousands of workers and sold off business units, but made little contribution to Sunbeam's competitive position or share price in his two years as CEO. Consequently, in 1998 Sunbeam's board fired Dunlap, having lost confidence in his "one-trick" approach to management.
Behavioral management deals with the attitudes and actions of employees. While employee behavior ultimately impacts on success, behavioral management involves certain issues and assumptions not applicable to accounting's control function. On the other hand, performance evaluation measures outcomes of employee's actions by comparing the actual results of business outcomes to predetermined standards of success. In this way management identifies the strengths it needs to maximize, and the weaknesses it seeks to rectify. This process of evaluation and remedy is called cost control.
Cost control is a continuous process that begins with the proposed annual budget. The budget helps: (1) to organize and coordinate production, and the selling, distribution, service, and administrative
functions; and (2) to take maximum advantage of available opportunities. As the fiscal year progresses, management compares actual results with those projected in the budget and incorporates into the new plan the lessons learned from its evaluation of current operations.
Control refers to management's effort to influence the actions of individuals who are responsible for performing tasks, incurring costs, and generating revenues. Management is a two-phased process: planningrefers to the way that management plans and wants people to perform, while controlrefers to the procedures employed to determine whether actual performance complies with these plans. Through the budget process and accounting control, management establishes overall company objectives, defines the centers of responsibility, determines specific objectives for each responsibility center, and designs procedures and standards for reporting and evaluation.
A budget segments the business into its components or centers where the responsible party initiates and controls action. Responsibility centersrepresent applicable organizational units, functions, departments, and divisions. Generally a single individual heads the responsibility center exercising substantial, if not complete, control over the activities of people or processes within the center and controlling the results of their activity. Cost centersare accountable only for expenses, that is, they do not generate revenue. Examples include accounting departments, human
resources departments, and similar areas of the business that provide internal services. Profit centersaccept responsibility for both revenue and expenses. For example, a product line or an autonomous business unit might be considered profit centers. If the profit center has its own assets, it may also be considered an investment center,for which returns on investment can be determined. The use of responsibility centers allows management to design control reports to pinpoint accountability, thus aiding in profit planning.
A budget also sets standards to indicate the level of activity expected from each responsible person or decision unit, and the amount of resources that a responsible party should use in achieving that level of activity. A budget establishes the responsibility center, delegates the concomitant responsibilities, and determines the decision points within an organization.
The planning process provides for two types of control mechanisms: Feedforward: providing a basis for control at the point of action (the decision point); and
Feedback: providing a basis for measuring the effectiveness of control after implementation.
Management's role is to feedforwarda futuristic vision of where the company is going and how it is to get there, and to make clear decisions coordinating and directing employee activities. Management also
oversees the development of procedures to collect, record, and evaluate feedback.Therefore, effective management controls results from leading people by force of personality and through persuasion; providing and maintaining proper training, planning, and resources; and improving quality and results through evaluation and feedback.
Control reports are informational reports that tell management about an entity's activities. Management requests control reports only for internal use, and, therefore, directs the accounting department to develop tailor-made reporting formats. Accounting provides management with a format designed to detect variations that need investigating. In addition, management also refers to conventional reports such as the income statement and funds statement, and external reports on the general economy and the specific industry.
Control reports, then, need to provide an adequate amount of information so that management may determine the reasons for any cost variances from the original budget. A good control report highlights significant information by focusing management's attention on those items in which actual performance significantly differs from the standard.
Because key success factors shift in type and number, accounting revises control reports when necessary. Accounting also varies the control period covered by the control report to encompass a period in which management can take useful remedial action. In addition, accounting
外文参考文献
本科生毕业设计(论文)专业外文翻译
原 文:Structure and function of the MCS-51 series
译 文:51系列单片机的功能和结构
指导教师 : 马锐 职称: 高级工程师
学生姓名 : 张明明 学号: 1002120342
专 业 : 电气工程及其自动化
院(系) : 机电工程学院
2014年3月20
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers.
A one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031, 8032, 80C, etc... (4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction, may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. (6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source. ( 7) One all depleting serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. (8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahits now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporalities of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate
ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside. The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with an expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter, the order is deposited, the order deciphers the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out. Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.
There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data is stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc... In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 bêtises that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM
too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated from data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) in the slice, arranges blocks of FFFFH, 0000H of location, in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses) took to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.
8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port; call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register); one exports the driver and an introduction buffer. Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of pass way these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four ports these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing
Output grade, P3 of mouth, P1 of P1, connect with inside have load resistance of drawing, every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way. Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing utterly. Mouths are all accurate
two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first. As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer mill ampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base, in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially, make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally, as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective, should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal:
Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produces to restore to the throne signal (RST) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output, Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2, machine of cycle in having one more, then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal in idly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running, should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.
At present, MCU to infiltrate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult
to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, and medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.
SCM is widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment, intelligent management and process control fields, roughly divided into the following several areas:
(1)In the application of Intelligent Instruments
SCM has a small size, low power consumption, controlling function, expansion flexibility, the advantages of miniaturization and ease of use, widely used instrument, combining different types of sensors can be realized Zhou voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elemental, physical pressure measurement. SCM makes use of digital instruments, intelligence, miniaturization, and functionality than electronic or digital circuits more powerful. Such as precision measuring equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analytical instrument).
(2)In the industrial control application
With the MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent control, all kinds of alarm systems, and computer networks constitute a secondary control system.
(3)In the Appliance of Household appliances
It can be said that the appliances are basically using SCM, praise from the electric rice, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV, and other audio video equipment, to the electronic weighing equipment, varied, and omnipresent.
(4)In the field of computer networks and communications applications
MCU general with modern communication interface, can be easy with the computer data communication, networking and communications in computer applications between devices had excellent material conditions, are basically all communication equipment to achieve a controlled by MCU from mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications call system, train radio communication, to the daily work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phones, trunked mobile radio, walkie-talkies, etc..
(5)Microcomputer in the field of medical device applications
MCU in the use of medical devices is also quite extensive, such as medical respirator, the various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds, etc. Call system.
(6)In a variety of major appliances in the modular applications
Designed to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, and analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card).
In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.
(7)Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipment
SCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc.. In addition, the MCU in business, finance, research, education, and national defense, aerospace and other fields has a very wide range of applications.
译文
51系列单片机的功能和结构
结构和功能的监控监-51系列之一--计算机芯片监控监-51名是一幅一个电脑晶片,英特尔公司生产系列. 这家公司推出8级一个计算机芯片监控监-51系列之后,于1980年8引入一个计算机芯片监控监,于1976年48系列.。它属于这一类型很多行一个芯片的电脑芯片都如8051、8031、8751、80c51bh,80c31bh等,其基本组成、性能和基本教学制度,都是一样的. 8051每日代表-51系列之一--电脑晶片 有一个芯片的计算机系统是由以下几个方面: (1)18微处理器(CPU). (2)在切片数据存储羊(128B/256B),使用可以不读书不写数据如因经营不中,最后结果要和数据显示等. (3)存储器存储程序/可擦写可编程只读存储器(4KB/8KB),用于保存程序和数据,初步形成片. 但并不存储器/可擦写可编程只读存储器在一些人的电脑芯片,如8031、8032、80c等. (4)经营的84并肩一/四OP0P3接口,每口可以用作介绍,也可以用作输出. (5)两个定时/柜台,每个计时器/柜台可设立和计算的方法,用来计算的外部事件,可以建立成一个时间的方式也可以和根据计算结果或时间实现控制的计算(六)五切断源头上控制系统.
(七)各一序I/O口UART(异步接收世界/发送(UART)),它是实现一个计算机芯片和一个计算机芯片和通讯系列电脑上使用. (8)强、时钟振荡器电路生产、水晶石英细调需要外部电容. 为使振动频率目前最强. 上述地区内的数据是通过加入单片机.
其中,CPU的核心是一个电脑芯片,它是计算机和指挥控制中心等部分组成,运算器和控制等. 运算器的可携带8人计算a经营单位的经营逻辑,其中,1temporarilies存储装置8、暂时贮存器2、8的行政协调会累积装置、B、注册登记程序国有PSW等. 累积计200人,行政协调委员会结束对进入检查. 暂时运作往往是来自一店经营者,这是经营下去,使计暂时经营成果和行政协调会. 此外,行政协调会经常被视为转运站,在8051年的数据传输. 一般微处理器一样,是繁忙登记. 帮助大家,表示了赞同的命令. 控制程序包括柜台命令详解,振荡器电路和时间等. 程序相当于16. 这是一个字节地址位的程序,其实,内容是未来IA将进行PC. 修改的内容,它可以改变方向,进行程序. 在8051电路动摇一个电脑芯片、石英晶体外,只需要相当频繁调整电容,其范围是12mhz的频率
1.2mhz. 这一脉冲信号,作为8051年工作的基本节拍,即单位时间内的最低.
8051年是计算机一样,在和谐的工作基本控制打,就像打了一个乐团,按照发挥,指挥. 有存储器(程序存储器,只能读),8051年在羊片(存储数据,是可以写出)二读,他们每个独立存储空间处理,处理方式是一样的,一般的电脑记忆. 8051年和8751年拨款程序存储程序存贮器4kb,从0000h地址,用于保存程序和方式不变. 数据8051-87518031128b记忆存储数据,00fh假地址,用于存放操作结果中,暂时储存数据和资料等无人。在这种羊128b,有32个单位字节可以出任就业登记,这是与一般不同的微处理器、8051切片和就业登记成立一个级别相同的地点安排. 这是很不相同的记忆监控监-51系列之一--计算机芯片,除了一般电脑的方式处置. 一般电脑先向空间、存储器和RAM,可安排在不同的空间范围内解决这一意愿,即存储器的地址和RAM,地址分配不同的空间形成. 同时来访的记忆,相应的存储器,只有一个地址,可以存储,也可以撞击,并以同样的访问. 这种记忆结构称为普林斯顿结构. 8051记忆分为程序存储空间和数据存储空间的物理结构,有四个存储空间:我们的程序储存在一个数据存储空间之外的数据存储和一个程序存储空间、外一、结构形式的这种程序装置和数据存储与形式的数据存储,称为哈佛结构. 但从用户的角度,讨论8051年的记忆空间分为三类:(1)在时代安排Fifth座,0000h地点、从容外片(地址用十六). (二)处理数据存储空间之外64kb之一,被安排从地址0000hFfffh64kb(地址16),地点太. 三)处理数据存储空间256b(地址8使用). 上述三个存储空间地址重叠,鉴别设计,象征不同的数据传输的语言系统8051:CPU访问片,以存储器,阻止访问命令Ra用途外用一张旅游片。
8051年1-48芯片计算机与我走/澳港,要求P0、P1、P2和P3. 每个港口8准确双向口,共占32别针. 每一个我/O线可作为引进和输出独立. 每个港口有门闩(即登记特殊功能)、驾驶人、出口实行缓冲. 可当门闩使outputting数据,数据可以缓冲时推出,但这些四个功能自我同一. 在扩大对外开放具有时代记忆系统,这四个港口可准确双向口1/O共同使用。在扩大对外开放具有时代记忆系统,高8P2口地址见客. P0口是一个双向车采用8送数据低地址/出口Timesharing 在8051年的巡回一个计算机芯片和四个1/O港口很巧妙的设计. 熟悉我/港澳逻辑电路,不仅有利于正确、合理地使用港口、激励周边逻辑电路设计的一个计算机芯片有所提高. 负载能力和接口港口有一定的要求,因为产量等,P0和P1口的最终产量、P3口的结构,在不同的年级,所以,负载能力和接口要求其门南辕北辙相处. 不同于其他P0口口,其产量即将年级抵抗.。在使用它的
嘴巴,用共同使用,是生产事故等级亮起电路,它是利用NMOS呼吁采取抵制外,应同时输入,走出失败. 当被用作介绍,应该写
生产级的P3口,P1,P1,内有连接负载阻力划,每个人可以带动4产出模型LSTTL载荷. 而作为输入口,任何NMOS电路可驱动TTL或P1的8051一个电脑芯片P3口的正常发展. 由于产量等做出抵抗的人,也可以公开方式收藏或流失的根源就是反抗的方式,要求公开,不须具备抵抗绘画. 别人都准确双向口也. 当行为投入,要写出1首相应的港口与门闩. 以80c51一个计算机芯片,只能提供港口毫安的电流电产出,它是生产口去要求一个普通的计算是将晶体管、接触的阻力应该在港口及半导体基地 同时为了抑制高电力输出P1~P3级是恢复王位是一个着手运作一个计算机芯片. 其主要功能是将电脑变成0000h开始,使一个开始进行计算机芯片进行程序0000h单位. 除了那些进入正常initialized系统,因为它的程序操作失误或操作失误不多,为了摆脱困境,必须按国家和恢复王位,恢复太重要了. 这是一项投入恢复王位,结束了在8051年中国信息表寄. 恢复王位高有效信号,应保持24震撼周期(机器周期,2)有效时间段. 6如果使用频率前去辉煌,恢复王位信号完成期限不得超过4微妙的王位,恢复营业. 逻辑电路生
产情况,恢复王位的信号:
恢复王位的电路两部分组成,包括外部的芯片完全. 外界产生电路恢复王位信号(表)交给史密特的启动,恢复王位样品电路产量,史密特触发不断每一s5p2、机器周期有一次,光有与恢复王位和经营所需insidly信号. 恢复王位抵抗一般线路、电容参数适合6精彩震撼,是否能恢复王位高信号机会大于2周期保证. 正在恢复王位是简单的电路,其作用是非常重要的.一 张电脑芯片系统可正常运作,应先检查一下,才能恢复王位没有成功. 检测可以流行和监督寄与初步示波器,并把恢复王位的关键,波的形式,并认为有足够的距离输出(瞬间),也就是通过它来恢复电路值进行实现改变。
目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域,几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。导弹的导航装置,飞机上各种仪表的控制,计算机的网络通讯与数据传输,工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理,广泛使用的各种智能IC卡,民用豪华轿车的安全保障系统,录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制,以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等,这些都离不开单片机。更不用说自动控制领域的机器人、智能仪表、医疗器械了。因此,单片机的学习、开发与应用将造就一批计算机应用与智能化控制的科学家、工程师。
单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域,大致可分如下几个范畴:
(1)在智能仪器仪表上的应用
单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点,广泛应用于仪器仪表中,结合不同类型的传感器,可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化,且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备(功率计,示波器,各种分析仪)。
(2)在工业控制中的应用
用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的智能化管、电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统,与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。
(3)在家用电器中的应用
可以这样说,现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制,从电饭褒、洗衣机、电冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备,五花八门,无所不在。
(4)在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用
现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口,可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信,为在计算机网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件,现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机智能控制,从手机,电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话,集群移动通信,无线电对讲机等。
(5)单片机在医用设备领域中的应用
单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛,例如医用呼吸机,各种分析仪,监护仪,超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。
(6)在各种大型电器中的模块化应用
某些专用单片机设计用于实现特定功能,从而在各种电路中进行模块化应用,而不要求使用人员了解其内部结构。如音乐集成单片机,看似简单的功能,微缩在纯电子芯片中(有别于磁带机的原理),就需要复杂的类似于计算机的原理。如:音乐信号以数字的形式存于存储器中(类似于ROM),由微控制器读出,转化为模拟音乐电信号(类似于声卡)。
在大型电路中,这种模块化应用极大地缩小了体积,简化了电路,降低了损坏、错误率,也方便于更换。
(7)单片机在汽车设备领域中的应用
单片机在汽车电子中的应用非常广泛,例如汽车中的发动机控制器,基于CAN总线的汽车发动机智能电子控制器,GPS导航系统,abs防抱死系统,制动系统等等。
此外,单片机在工商,金融,科研、教育,国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。
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