公元前361年,秦献公逝世,秦孝公继位,而正是这位君主改变了秦国之后命运,可以说直接影响到为后来秦国一统天下。
在当时黄河、崤山以东有齐、楚、魏、燕、韩、赵六个大国;在淮水与泗水之间又有很多类似宋国,中山国之类的小国;在秦国的边界由于楚国、魏国相邻,而魏国又在秦魏的边界上修筑了长城,南起郑县(今山西华县一带),沿着洛水向北行,一直到黄河边上的少梁(今韩城市西南),魏国还占领了北部的上郡(今陕西洛河以东,北至长子、延安一带);而楚国除了本土之外西北有汉中(秦岭以南),西南有巴郡(重庆一带),黔中(湖南西部,贵州东部)。可以说秦国在地理上是被包抄的形势~
此时在整个社会的动荡之下,在诸侯争雄,战火连年,周室衰微,名存实亡的背景之下秦国因为其自身的局限性而更不上其他诸侯国的发展。
第一,秦国地理位置不利,不仅被楚、魏呈包抄之势,而且位居偏僻的雍州(陕西、甘肃一带)不能参与中原地区的会盟。而且还被各诸侯国视为夷狄。
第二,秦国经历了厉共公、躁公、简公、出子长时间的内乱,西部大片土地被掠夺,国力大伤。
第三,秦献公继位,想要光复秦穆公时的辉煌于是他先是迁都栎阳(在雍州三原县西北),之后又发生了两次战争而且还取得了胜利,分别是秦献公二十一年和二十三年,于晋国地区的两次战争。二十一年与晋战于石门斩首六万,天子贺以襜霡。二十三年与魏晋战少梁,虏其将公孙痤。而正在这一片大好的局面之下秦献公却撒手人寰,之后秦献公之子秦孝公继位。
秦孝公继位后面临的是被折腾的快不行的烂摊子,好在秦献公时期出现了中兴的局面,于是秦孝公也要开始他的行动了,他首先下了一个“招贤令”:
“昔我缪公自岐雍之间,修德行武,东平晋乱,以河为界,西霸戎翟,广地千里,天子致伯,诸侯毕贺,为後世开业,甚光美。会往
者厉、躁、简公、出子之不宁,国家内忧,未遑外事,三晋攻夺我先君河西地,诸侯卑秦、丑莫大焉。献公继位,镇抚边境,徙治栎阳,且欲东伐,复缪公之故地,脩缪公之政令。寡人思念先君之意,常痛於心。宾客群臣有能出奇计彊秦者,吾且尊官,与之分土。”(《史记?秦本纪》)
大概是说在秦穆公时期我们是不可一世,何等威风,(天子致伯,诸侯毕贺)然而经历了厉共公到出子之间的内乱国力大伤,失去了大部分土地,诸侯都看不起我们,是奇耻大辱啊~等到了献公继位后,镇抚边境,迁都栎阳,想要光复秦穆公时期的辉煌,可惜中道崩殂。我呢缅怀先王遗志,内心十分悲痛,希望有人能够为我出强国之计,我将不会亏待你。
之后秦孝公又出兵,“东围陕城,西斩獂王”(于是乃出兵东围陕城,西斩戎之獂王)。
求贤令发出后引起来一个人的注意——公孙鞅。也就是著名的商
鞅。
商鞅是卫国的公子,也叫卫鞅,从小就喜欢法家学说。曾经在魏国的相国公叔座做事。有一回公叔座病重了,魏惠王来看望公叔座,就问他“假如你的病治不好那么该用谁来担任相国呢,”公叔座说“我府中啊有一个人,叫公孙鞅,虽然年纪轻轻,却很有才华,希望您能用他来担任相国,并且‘举国而听之’。”魏惠王也没说什么,过了一会就离开了,离开之后公叔座赶紧叫过商鞅跟他说“今天,大王问我谁能继我之后做魏国的相国,我推荐了你,但是看他的样子可能不会用你。于是我有因为君前臣后告诉他如果不要你就杀了你,大王许诺了我,你呀,现在就赶快逃吧。”商鞅就说啊“他不听你的话用我,有怎么会听你的话杀了我呢,”果然魏惠王既没有用商鞅也没有杀商鞅,公叔座死后,商鞅听说秦孝公下“招贤令”广招贤才,于是亡魏入秦,去了秦国。
商鞅到了秦国后通过一个景监的人面见了秦孝公,但是说服秦孝公也是一波三折,在几次面谈之后秦孝公接纳了商鞅。而且秦孝公在于商鞅交谈时听的很激动“不自知膝之前于席也”,交谈了几天都不厌倦,景监就问商鞅“你和我们大王谈的什么让他那么高兴,”商鞅
就回答说“我之前用五帝、三王之道,但是大王却说太久远了,等不了了;我用富国强兵之术说服大王,大王听了非常高兴,但是却无法和殷商比德行了。”可见商鞅不只是通法家学术而是对各家学派都有所了解,而且秦孝公也是一位急于成霸业的这么一位国君。
在商鞅入秦的第二年,商鞅就谋划着变法了,就和秦孝公说了,而秦孝公又怕被国人职责犹犹豫豫。商鞅见秦孝公是这么个态度就和秦孝公说“疑行无名,疑事无功。且夫有高人之行者,固见非于世;有独知之虑者,必见敖于民。愚者闇于成事,知者见于未萌。民不可与虑始而可与乐成。论至德者不和于俗,成大功者不谋于众。是以圣人苟可以彊国,不法其故;苟可以利民,不循其礼。”就是说迟疑是做不成事的,而且超出常人的行为就要受到很多的流言蜚语,有独特见解的人必定会受到别人的厌恶,愚蠢的人只看见结果,而智者能看到他们刚刚成型的样子,百姓是不可以和他们谈论开始只能和他们一块享受成果,所以至德之人不与世俗同流,成大事的人不和众人商议。所以圣人要使国家富强就不必遵循古道,如果利国利民也不需要遵循礼法。”秦孝公说“善”
纵观中国古代变法事件没有一次说是有人不提反对意见,当然这时候也不会例外。一个叫甘龙的人站出来说“我不认为他的说法,我认为圣人是不用改变礼法就可以教化人民,智者不用变法就可以是国家富强的,遵循民俗教化百姓,不用费力就能成功,根据原有的法令而治理,管理熟悉,百姓安顿。”商鞅反驳甘龙说甘龙是“世俗之言”常人安于现状,一般学者沉溺在自己所听闻的知识里,用这两种人是可以做官但却无法谈论大事。又说“三代不同礼而王,五伯不同法而霸”智者制定法令,常人被法令制约;圣人制定礼法,常人被礼法所拘束。甘龙没话说了,这时又来一个,叫杜挚,他说“利不百,不变法;功不十,不易器。法古无过,循礼无邪”就是说利益不是百倍就不变法,不够十倍的功效就不改变祭祀的仪器,效仿古制、遵循旧礼可以避免错误。商鞅说,治世不一盗,便国不法古”商汤和武王不遵循古法而称王,夏商不变法而灭亡,反对古制的人不可以非议,遵循古制的人不值得赞同。经过一系列的雄霸后,秦孝公开始任用商鞅进
行变法。
商鞅开始制定新法准备改革,改革的内容大概是以下三点
一,什伍连坐制。
就是令五家为一“伍”十家为一“什”然后实行连坐制,就是一家犯罪九家检举,如果窝藏包庇就要受到刑法,而检举的人则受到奖赏。这样一来就使得秦国社会稳定,老百姓也可以安心的去从事生产了。
二,军功爵制。
就是说打仗立了军功可以升爵位,秦国当时的爵级很多,比如在长平之战大胜后秦始皇就下令关中百姓各升一级爵位,可见当时秦国的爵位爵级非常多,不然怎么会一下子把关中的百姓全部都升爵位,当然还有就是没有军功的不可以进入贵族行列,即使很富有但是没有军功也是很可耻的。所以秦军打仗非常勇猛,杀个敌军说不定就能赏你个爵位,所以秦军一向是斗志十足,提升了军队的士气。
三,奖励耕织,重农抑商。
努力从事劳动生产的,并且有很大收获的可以免除他的劳役或赋税。而那些懒惰的,从事工商业的则被作为官吏的奴隶,这一做法大大提高了生产力,和人们从事农业、纺织业的积极性,获得了很大的受益。
新法是制定好了但是还没有实施,商鞅就担心老百姓不信任怎么办。于是想了一招叫“徙木立信”,商鞅在南城门竖了一根三丈长的木头,还声称谁要是能把木头搬到北门就赏他十金,百姓都来看热闹没有人行动,我们想想看一根木头能有多重,是不是,十金不就等于白送吗,谁会这么傻,过了很长时间商鞅见没有人来于是商鞅就把十金改为五十金,我们说重赏之下必有勇夫嘛,又过了好一会终于有人来试试了,他搬到北门后商鞅就把这五十金给了这位壮士,之后大家都看到了商鞅的诚信,新法的颁布也就稍微顺利一些了。
新法颁布不久,说新发不好的有很多人,而且太子还犯了法,商
鞅就像拿太子来下手,但是太子是储君啊,将来是要做国君的,于是就将太子的老师处以黥刑,到了第二天情况立马好转,“秦人皆趋令”实行了几年秦国的情况就“奔小康”去了。战国策描写说“期年之后,道不拾遗,民不妄取,兵革大强,诸侯畏惧”班固在汉书中描写“倾邻国而雄诸侯”
那么商鞅变法为什么会这么成功呢,在我看来不外乎两个字:
一,严,“商君治秦,法令至行,公平无私,罚不讳强大,赏不私亲近,法及太子,黥劓其傅”(战国策)公平公正,不管是谁,王子犯法与民同罪。自古以来世家子弟飞扬跋扈,不把法令放在眼里,就是在如今也没有完全解决,比如我们现在的“官二代”事件,世家子弟总是为社会带来种种麻烦,而商鞅不畏强权,就是太子也要去杀杀他的锐气~连太子都要受罚那么谁还敢不守法,
二,信,孔子说“道千乘之国,敬事而信”“民无信,则不立”商鞅采用“徙木立信”的方式来竖立诚信,而且有较高的评价比如北宋王安石就说了“自古驱民在信诚,一言为重百金轻”就是司马光在“资治通鉴”中都说“夫信者,人君之大宝也。国保于民,民保于信。非信无以使民,非民无以守国。”可见历来人们所推崇“信”这个字。而总是说的轻巧做的难,真真做到的又有多少呢,当地沟油流在我们的餐桌之上的时候,当毒奶粉哺育着下一代的时候,当救人变成“伤人”的时候我们是不是该反省却是了什么,我们所缺失的恰恰是人与人交往中最重要的“信”,因为没有诚信,人与人之间的距离被逐渐的拉远了,社会也就变得更加的冰冷。人与人之间有信任那么社会和谐,人与国家之间有信任那么国民一心~令我们欣慰的是在当下讲诚信的例子也还是有不少的~
秦孝公七年,秦孝公于魏惠王在平城进行会盟。八年秦国和魏国在元里城交战,并且取得了胜利。十年,商鞅任大良造,带兵围攻魏国的安邑得手。
过了几年后在秦孝公二十一年的时候,齐国和魏国发生了一场战争,就是著名的马陵之战,魏国战败~太子申被俘虏,将军庞涓被杀。
在秦孝公二十二年的时候,商鞅鼓动秦孝公伐魏,说“魏国占领着有利地形,与秦国是邻国,处于有利的时候可以向西攻打我们秦国,不利就向东扩张领土,如今君主贤明,国家富强,而且魏国刚刚打了几场败仗,可以乘机攻打魏国,魏国必然挡不住我们,一定会向东迁徙,那么我们就可以占领有利地形牵制诸侯以成霸业~”(魏居领厄之西,都安邑,与秦界河而独擅山东之利。利则西侵秦,病则东收地。今以君之贤圣,国赖以盛。而魏往年大破於齐,诸侯畔之,可因此时伐魏。魏不支秦,必东徙。东徙,秦据河山之固,东乡以制诸侯,此帝王之业也。)于是秦孝公就派遣商鞅率兵去攻打魏国,魏国就派出了公子卬来应战。等到了前线商鞅就送信个魏国,跟公子卬说“咱们两个是朋友、哥们,我不好意思和你打,这样吧,你来,咱们喝两杯,然后订个什么盟约的然后撤兵吧。”公子卬就信了商鞅的话,就来了。来了以后呢,商鞅的伏兵突然出现,俘虏了公子卬,打垮了魏国的军队。魏惠王就有些害怕了,先是齐国在马陵大胜魏国,而后如今被秦国这么一折腾实力一天天衰弱,魏惠王就只好割地求和了,把黄河以西的地带全部割让给了秦国,自己迁都大梁。梁惠王这时候悔恨啊,悔恨自己当初没有听信公叔座的话,以至于落得如此下场,当然悔恨也是没有用的。商鞅回国复命,秦孝公把於、商等地封给了商鞅,称他为商君。
在秦孝公二十四年的时候,一代国君秦孝公去世了,他的儿子秦惠文王继位,秦惠文王一继位立马杀了商鞅。但是商鞅的法令却是被沿用了下来。就这样商鞅变法使秦国逐渐的富强起来,秦国的霸业蒸蒸日上,那么秦惠文王又会有怎样的动作呢,
秦孝公—商鞅变法
公?元前361?年,秦献公?逝世,秦孝?公继位,而?正是这位君?主改变了秦?国之后命运?,可以说直?接影响到为?后来秦国一?统天下。
? 在?当时黄河、?崤山以东有?齐、楚、魏?、燕、韩、?赵六个大国?;在淮水与?泗水之间又?有很多类似?宋国,中山?国之类的小?国;在秦国?的边界由于?楚国、魏国?相邻,而魏?国又在秦魏?的边界上修?筑了长城,?南起郑县(?今山西华县?一带),沿?着洛水向北?行,一直到?黄河边上的?少梁(今韩?城市西南)?,魏国还占?领了北部的?上郡(今陕?西洛河以东?,北至长子?、延安一带?);而楚国?除了本土之?外西北有汉?中(秦岭以?南),西南?有巴郡(重?庆一带),?黔中(湖南?西部,贵州?东部)。可?以说秦国在?地理上是被?包抄的形势?~
? 此时在整?个社会的动?荡之下,在?诸侯争雄,?战火连年,?周室衰微,?名存实亡的?背景之下秦?国因为其自?身的局限性?而更不上其?他诸侯国的?发展。
? 第一?,秦国地理?位置不利,?不仅被楚、?魏呈包抄之?势,而且位?居偏僻的雍?州(陕西、?甘肃一带)?不能参与中?原地区的会?盟。而且还?被各诸侯国?视为夷狄。?
?第二,秦国?经历了厉共?公、躁公、?简公、出子?长时间的内?乱,西部大?片土地被掠?夺,国力大?伤。
? 第三,?秦献公继位?,想要光复?秦穆公时的?辉煌于是他?先是迁都栎?阳(在雍州?三原县西北?),之后又?发生了两次?战争而且还?取得了胜利?,分别是秦?献公二十一?年和二十三?年,于晋国?地区的两次?战争。二十?一年与晋战?于石门斩首?六万,天子?贺以襜霡。?二十三年与?魏晋战少梁?,虏其将公?孙痤。而正?在这一片大?好的局面之?下秦献公却?撒手人寰,?之后秦献公?之子秦孝公?继位。
? 秦孝?公继位后面?临的是被折?腾的快不行?的烂摊子,?好在秦献公?时期出现了?中兴的局面?,于是秦孝?公也要开始?他的行动了?,他首先下?了一个“招?贤令”: ? “?昔我缪公自?岐雍之间,?修德行武,?东平晋乱,?以河为界,?西霸戎翟,?广地千里,?天子致伯,?诸侯毕贺,?为後世开业?,甚光美。?会往者厉、?躁、简公、?出子之不宁?,国家内忧?,未遑外事?,三晋攻夺?我先君河西?地,诸侯卑?秦、丑莫大?焉。献公继?位,镇抚边?境,徙治栎?阳,且欲东?伐,复缪公?之故地,脩?缪公之政令?。寡人思念?先君之意,?常痛於心。?宾客群臣有?能出奇计彊?秦者,吾且?尊官,与之?分土。”(?《史记?秦?本纪》)
? 大?概是说在秦?穆公时期我?们是不可一?世,何等威?风,(天子?致伯,诸侯?毕贺)然而?经历了厉共?公到出子之?间的内乱国?力大伤,失?去了大部分?土地,诸侯?都看不起我?们,是奇耻?大辱啊~等?到了献公继?位后,镇抚?边境,迁都?栎阳,想要?光复秦穆公?时期的辉煌?,可惜中道?崩殂。我呢?缅怀先王遗?志,内心十?分悲痛,希?望有人能够?为我出强国?之计,我将?不会亏待你?。
? 之后秦孝?公又出兵,?“东围陕城?,西斩獂王?”(于是乃?出兵东围陕?城,西斩戎?之獂王)。?
?求贤令发出?后引起来一?个人的注意?——公孙鞅?。也就是著?名的商鞅。?
?商鞅是卫国?的公子,也?叫卫鞅,从?小就喜欢法?家学说。曾?经在魏国的?相国公叔座?做事。有一?回公叔座病?重了,魏惠?王来看望公?叔座,就问?他“假如你?的病治不好?那么该用谁?来担任相国?呢,”公叔?座说“我府?中啊有一个?人,叫公孙?鞅,虽然年?纪轻轻,却?很有才华,?希望您能用?他来担任相?国,并且??举国而听之??。”魏惠?王也没说什?么,过了一?会就离开了?,离开之后?公叔座赶紧?叫过商鞅跟?他说“今天?,大王问我?
谁能继我之?后做魏国的?相国,我推?荐了你,但?是看他的样?子可能不会?用你。于是?我有因为君?前臣后告诉?他如果不要?你就杀了你?,大王许诺?了我,你呀?,现在就赶?快逃吧。”?商鞅就说啊?“他不听你?的话用我,?有怎么会听?你的话杀了?我呢,”果?然魏惠王既?没有用商鞅?也没有杀商?鞅,公叔座?死后,商鞅?听说秦孝公?下“招贤令?”广招贤才?,于是亡魏?入秦,去了?秦国。
? 商鞅?到了秦国后?通过一个景?监的人面见?了秦孝公,?但是说服秦?孝公也是一?波三折,在?几次面谈之?后秦孝公接?纳了商鞅。?而且秦孝公?在于商鞅交?谈时听的很?激动“不自?知膝之前于?席也”,交?谈了几天都?不厌倦,景?监就问商鞅?“你和我们?大王谈的什?么让他那么?高兴,”商?鞅就回答说?“我之前用?五帝、三王?之道,但是?大王却说太?久远了,等?不了了;我?用富国强兵?之术说服大?王,大王听?了非常高兴?,但是却无?法和殷商比?德行了。”?可见商鞅不?只是通法家?学术而是对?各家学派都?有所了解,?而且秦孝公?也是一位急?于成霸业的?这么一位国?君。
? 在商鞅?入秦的第二?年,商鞅就?谋划着变法?了,就和秦?孝公说了,?而秦孝公又?怕被国人职?责犹犹豫豫?。商鞅见秦?孝公是这么?个态度就和?秦孝公说“?疑行无名,?疑事无功。?且夫有高人?之行者,固?见非于世;?有独知之虑?者,必见敖?于民。愚者?闇于成事,?知者见于未?萌。民不可?与虑始而可?与乐成。论?至德者不和?于俗,成大?功者不谋于?众。是以圣?人苟可以彊?国,不法其?故;苟可以?利民,不循?其礼。”就?是说迟疑是?做不成事的?,而且超出?常人的行为?就要受到很?多的流言蜚?语,有独特?见解的人必?定会受到别?人的厌恶,?愚蠢的人只?看见结果,?而智者能看?到他们刚刚?成型的样子?,百姓是不?可以和他们?谈论开始只?能和他们一?块享受成果?,所以至德?之人不与世?俗同流,成?大事的人不?和众人商议?。所以圣人?要使国家富?强就不必遵?循古道,如?果利国利民?也不需要遵?循礼法。”?秦孝公说“?善”
? 纵观中?国古代变法?事件没有一?次说是有人?不提反对意?见,当然这?时候也不会?例外。一个?叫甘龙的人?站出来说“?我不认为他?的说法,我?认为圣人是?不用改变礼?法就可以教?化人民,智?者不用变法?就可以是国?家富强的,?遵循民俗教?化百姓,不?用费力就能?成功,根据?原有的法令?而治理,管?理熟悉,百?姓安顿。”?商鞅反驳甘?龙说甘龙是?“世俗之言?”常人安于?现状,一般?学者沉溺在?自己所听闻?的知识里,?用这两种人?是可以做官?但却无法谈?论大事。又?说“三代不?同礼而王,?五伯不同法?而霸”智者?制定法令,?常人被法令?制约;圣人?制定礼法,?常人被礼法?所拘束。甘?龙没话说了?,这时又来?一个,叫杜?挚,他说“?利不百,不?变法;功不?十,不易器?。法古无过?,循礼无邪?”就是说利?益不是百倍?就不变法,?不够十倍的?功效就不改?变祭祀的仪?器,效仿古?制、遵循旧?礼可以避免?错误。商鞅?说,治世不?一盗,便国?不法古”商?汤和武王不?遵循古法而?称王,夏商?不变法而灭?亡,反对古?制的人不可?以非议,遵?循古制的人?不值得赞同?。经过一系?列的雄霸后?,秦孝公开?始任用商鞅?进行变法。?
?商鞅开始制?定新法准备?改革,改革?的内容大概?是以下三点?
?一,什伍连?坐制。
? 就是?令五家为一?“伍”十家?为一“什”?然后实行连?坐制,就是?一家犯罪九?家检举,如?果窝藏包庇?就要受到刑?法,而检举?的人则受到?奖赏。这样?一来就使得?秦国社会稳?定,老百姓?也可以安心?的去从事生?产了。
? 二,?军功爵制。?
?就是说打仗?立了军功可?以升爵位,?秦国当时的?爵级很多,?比如在长平?之战大胜后?秦始皇就下?令关中百姓?各升一级爵?位,可见当?时秦国的爵?位爵级非常?多,不然怎?么会一下子?把关中的百?姓全部都升?爵位,当然?还有就是没?有军功的不?可以进入贵?族行列,即?使很富有但?是没有军功?也是很可耻?的。所以秦?军打仗非常?勇猛,杀个?敌军说不定?就能赏你个?爵位,所以?秦军一向是?斗志十足,?提升了军队?的士气。 ? 三?,奖励耕织?,重农抑商?。
? 努力从事?劳动生产的?,并且有很?大收获的可?以免除他的?劳役或赋税?。而那些懒?惰的,从事?工商业的则?被作为官吏?的奴隶,这?一做法大大?提高了生产?力,和人们?从事农业、?纺织业的积?极性,获得?了很大的受?益。
? 新法是?制定好了但?是还没有实?施,商鞅就?担心老百姓?不信任怎么?办。于是想?了一招叫“?徙木立信”?,商鞅在南?城门竖了一?根三丈长的?木头,还声?称谁要是能?把木头搬到?北门就赏他?十金,百姓?都来看热闹?没有人行动?,我们想想?看一根木头?能有多重,?是不是,十?金不就等于?白送吗,谁?会这么傻,?过了很长时?间商鞅见没?有人来于是?商鞅就把十?金改为五十?金,我们说?重赏之下必?有勇夫嘛,?又过了好一?会终于有人?来试试了,?他搬到北门?后商鞅就把?这五十金给?了这位壮士?,之后大家?都看到了商?鞅的诚信,?新法的颁布?也就稍微顺?利一些了。?
?新法颁布不?久,说新发?不好的有很?多人,而且?太子还犯了?法,商鞅就?像拿太子来?下手,但是?太子是储君?啊,将来是?要做国君的?,于是就将?太子的老师?处以黥刑,?到了第二天?情况立马好?转,“秦人?皆趋令”实?行了几年秦?国的情况就?“奔小康”?去了。战国?策描写说“?期年之后,?道不拾遗,?民不妄取,?兵革大强,?诸侯畏惧”?班固在汉书?中描写“倾?邻国而雄诸?侯”
? 那么商?鞅变法为什?么会这么成?功呢,在我?看来不外乎?两个字:
? 一?,严,“商?君治秦,法?令至行,公?平无私,罚?不讳强大,?赏不私亲近?,法及太子?,黥劓其傅?”(战国策?)公平公正?,不管是谁?,王子犯法?与民同罪。?自古以来世?家子弟飞扬?跋扈,不把?法令放在眼?里,就是在?如今也没有?完全解决,?比如我们现?在的“官二?代”事件,?世家子弟总?是为社会带?来种种麻烦?,而商鞅不?畏强权,就?是太子也要?去杀杀他的?锐气~连太?子都要受罚?那么谁还敢?不守法,
? 二?,信,孔子?说“道千乘?之国,敬事?而信”“民?无信,则不?立”商鞅采?用“徙木立?信”的方式?来竖立诚信?,而且有较?高的评价比?如北宋王安?石就说了“?自古驱民在?信诚,一言?为重百金轻?”就是司马?光在“资治?通鉴”中都?说“夫信者?,人君之大?宝也。国保?于民,民保?于信。非信?无以使民,?非民无以守?国。”可见?历来人们所?推崇“信”?这个字。而?总是说的轻?巧做的难,?真真做到的?又有多少呢?,当地沟油?流在我们的?餐桌之上的?时候,当毒?奶粉哺育着?下一代的时?候,当救人?变成“伤人?”的时候我?们是不是该?反省却是了?什么,我们?所缺失的恰?恰是人与人?交往中最重?要的“信”?,因为没有?诚信,人与?人之间的距?离被逐渐的?拉远了,社?会也就变得?更加的冰冷?。人与人之?间有信任那?么社会和谐?,人与国家?之间有信任?那么国民一?心~令我们?欣慰的是在?当下讲诚信?的例子也还?是有不少的?~
? 秦孝公七?年,秦孝公?于魏惠王在?平城进行会?盟。八年秦?国和魏国在?元里城交战?,并且取得?了胜利。十?年,商鞅任?大良造,带?兵围攻魏国?的安邑得手?。
? 过了几年?后在秦孝公?二十一年的?时候,齐国?和魏国发生?了一场战争?,就是著名?的马陵之战?,魏国战败?~太子申被?俘虏,将军?庞涓被杀。?
?在秦孝公二?十二年的时?候,商鞅鼓?动秦孝公伐?魏,说“魏?国占领着有?利地形,与?秦国是邻国?,处于有利?的时候可以?向西攻打我?们秦国,不?利就向东扩?张领土,如?今君主贤明?,国家富强?,而且魏国?刚刚打了几?场败仗,可?以乘机攻打?魏国,魏国?必然挡不住?我们,一定?会向东迁徙?,那么我们?就可以占领?有利地形牵?制诸侯以成?霸业~”(?魏居领厄之?西,都安邑?,与秦界河?而独擅山东?之利。利则?西侵秦,病?则东收地。?今以君之贤?圣,国赖以?盛。而魏往?年大破於齐?,诸侯畔之?,可因此时?伐魏。魏不?支秦,必东?徙。东徙,?秦据河山之?固,东乡以?制诸侯,此?帝王之业也?。)于是秦?孝公就派遣?商鞅率兵去?攻打魏国,?魏国就派出?了公子卬来?应战。等到?了前线商鞅?就送信个魏?国,跟公子?卬说“咱们?两个是朋友?、哥们,我?不好意思和?你打,这样?吧,你来,?咱们喝两杯?,然后订个?什么盟约的?然后撤兵吧?。”公子卬?就信了商鞅?的话,就来?了。来了以?后呢,商鞅?的伏兵突然?出现,俘虏?了公子卬,?打垮了魏国?的军队。魏?惠王就有些?害怕了,先?是齐国在马?陵大胜魏国?,而后如今?被秦国这么?一折腾实力?一天天衰弱?,魏惠王就?只好割地求?和了,把黄?河以西的地?带全部割让?给了秦国,?自己迁都大?梁。梁惠王?这时候悔恨?啊,悔恨自?己当初没有?听信公叔座?的话,以至?于落得如此?下场,当然?悔恨也是没?有用的。商?鞅回国复命?,秦孝公把?於、商等地?封给了商鞅?,称他为商?君。
? 在秦孝?公二十四年?的时候,一?代国君秦孝?公去世了,?他的儿子秦?惠文王继位?,秦惠文王?一继位立马?杀了商鞅。?但是商鞅的?法令却是被?沿用了下来?。就这样商?鞅变法使秦?国逐渐的富?强起来,秦?国的霸业蒸?蒸日上,那?么秦惠文王?又会有怎样?的动作呢,?
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秦孝公 推动变法成王霸之业
秦孝公 推动变法成王霸之业
经过春秋时期连年的兼并,到战国时期,一百多个诸侯国只剩下了二十多个,其中又以齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦七国最为强大,号称战国七雄。这几个大国为了实现国富兵强,以便在兼并战争中占有最有利的条件,纷纷展开了以政治改革为主的变法运动。
公元前445年开始,魏文侯在魏国执政。公元前406年,他任用李悝为相,在魏国实行变法。据说李悝是孔子弟子卜子夏的学生。李悝在任相期间,在政治、经济各个方面进行了卓有成效的改革,使魏国经济得以迅速发展,国力日益强大,成为战国初期的一个强盛的国家。这时候,魏国的另一个大政治家和军事家吴起在魏文侯的支持下进行了军事改革。这使魏国成为战国初期的头号强国。从魏文侯时起,到商鞅在秦国变法时为止,魏国称霸中原达百年之久。
公元前360年,秦孝公登上了秦国的王位。当时,秦国还很落后,虽然秦国在秦穆公的时候,曾一度成为西方的霸主,但秦国的政治经济依旧很落后,而且那是三百年前的事情了。秦穆公的赫赫威名并没有保佑他的后代和他的国家强盛起来。当魏文侯励精图治、锐意改革的时候,秦国内部却纷争不止,魏国就经常进攻这个西方大国,占了秦国的不少土地。在外忧内患的压力下,秦国也开始寻找改革以图强的发展道路。
秦简公(公元前414——前404年在位)、秦献公(公元前384——前362年在位)相继进行了改革。特别是秦献公,一面进行国内改革,一面积极进行收复失地的战争。所以,当他的儿子秦孝公一上台,就对他的先王大加赞美。他说:“长期以来,秦国内忧外患,各诸侯国瞧不起秦国,这真是奇耻大辱。”“每当想到父亲的遗愿还没有实现,寡人就非常痛心。”
为了完成父亲未竞的事业,秦孝公一即位,马上就颁布了一个招贤令,说:“不管是本国人,还是别的国家的人,谁能献奇计,使秦国强大起来,寡人就封给他高爵,赐给他土地,让他做高官。”
远在魏国的商鞅,听到这个消息,立即收拾行装,带着李悝的《法经》,风尘仆仆地向秦国奔来。
商鞅姓公孙,名鞅,大约生于公元前390年。因为是卫国人,也称卫鞅。后来受封于商(陕西商县东南),号为商君,所以又称为商鞅。
商鞅到了秦国,打听到秦国有个叫景监的人很受秦孝公的宠爱,就用重金贿赂他,托他引见秦孝公。据说,在景监的引见下,商鞅一共四次拜谒秦孝公。
第一次拜谒。商鞅对秦孝公大谈传说中的尧、舜这些帝王如何与百姓同甘共苦,身体力行,以自己的模范行动感化了百姓,从而达到天下大治这一套所谓的“帝道”。结
果说得秦孝公直打瞌睡,一句也没听进去。事后,孝公责备景监说:“你的那个客人,只会说一些大话来欺人,不值得一用。”景监就埋怨商鞅,商鞅说:“我向国君进献了帝道,可他却不能领会。”还说:“我第一次没经验,请你再引见一次。”
第二次拜谒。这是在5天以后的事情。商鞅大谈周文王、武王的“王道”,这次,孝公没睡觉,听了一半儿。孝公对景监说:“你那个朋友啊。没多大能耐,但可以交谈。过几天再让他进宫来谈吧。”
第三次拜谒。这一次,他们谈得比较投机,但孝公也没表示要任用他,只是对景监说: “你的这个客人还可以,我能同他谈得来!”景监问商鞅,“你都对国君谈了什么?”商鞅说:“我向国君推荐了春秋五霸以武力强国的道理,国君有要用我的意思了,如果能再见我一次,我就知道怎么去说服国君了!”
第四次拜谒。当商鞅向国君进言时,秦孝公听入了迷,有时,甚至忘了君臣礼节,不知不觉地一次次将坐席向前移,商鞅一连说了好几天,孝公也没听够。景监很奇怪,问道:“你说了些什么打动了国君,国君那么激动。”商鞅说:“我向国君进献帝道、王道,国君说那些事太久了,他等不及,我向国君进献强国之术,国君就特别高兴。”
商鞅为了让孝公接受自己的观点,一次又一次地晋见孝公,终于使孝公接受了他的政治观点。在以后的两年里,商鞅成为孝公宫廷中最受欢迎的人。他们经常在一起彻夜长谈,富国强兵的政策也成熟了。
公元前359年,孝公授权商鞅,正式推行变法,但这遭到了保守势力的强烈反对。甘龙、杜挚是反对派的代言人。于是,在改革的前夜,在秦国的宫廷,发生了一场激烈的大论战。
孝公说:“我既然身为国君,就应该以国事为重,这是国君的本分。现在我想变法以求强国,改变旧礼以教化民众,但我又担心天下人议论我。”
商鞅立即指出:“要变革旧有的法令制度,肯定会有人怀疑您的动机和变法的效果,这不足为奇。凡是有高出常人的行为的人,必然会被世人非议;有强烈的主见和高明的远见的人,怎么会马上得到他人的信任呢?愚钝平庸的人,对已经明朗的状况都不能察觉;才智过人者,则能够在事情还未曾萌芽时就能推测到它的结果;一般的臣民,因为心智过于平常,不可以和他们谋划创业之事,不过,可以让他们坐享其成。那些有大志向,能成就大功业者不屑于和大多数平庸的人商议。在有识之士看来,只要能够使国家强大,只要有利于民,就不必拘泥于固有的成法。”
商鞅这一番长篇大论,让秦孝公非常激动,马上回应说:“好!太好了!”但商鞅
的矛头明显地指向了反对派,孝公又明确支持商鞅,这引起了他们的不满。
甘龙赶紧上前说:“我听说圣人不会改变那些民众的本质就可以对他们进行教化;有大智慧的人,不必改变原有的法纪,就可以使天下大治。按照老习惯去做,可以不费力气就能教化民众;依照旧制度去治理国家,官吏熟悉,民众好接受。如今,国君不按秦国的传统办事,天下人肯定要议论国君。请国君慎重考虑。”
秦孝公并非鲁莽之人,他听到甘龙的话,心里有所触动。商鞅见状,急忙上前说道:“甘龙所说不过世俗之言而已。普通人当然愿意安于现状,而那些老学究们则往往被他们所熟悉的那一套所蒙蔽,这些成为他们接受新事物的桎梏。像这两种人,可以当官做老爷,但是他们不配去讨论变革的事情,因为他们只能看见眼前的东西,不懂得思考,墨守陈规,不思进取,无所作为。请大王想一想,当年夏、商、周三代都是天下共同拥戴的帝王,但是他们都制订了完全不同的礼仪制度。春秋五霸,包括您的先祖秦穆公,都因使用不同的法度而成为天下的霸主。有智慧的人可以制定法纪,改订礼仪,移风易俗;而愚钝者只能被法纪所约束,也只能因循旧礼制。请大王想想,如果我秦国都是那些畏缩不前、因循守旧的庸人,什么时候才能恢复穆公时的霸业,什么时候才能建立大王您的万世之功呢?”
商鞅明显在对孝公使用激将法,杜挚一看,势头不好,大叫道:“常言说得好,‘利不百,不变法;功不十,不易器’。如果没有一百倍的利益,十倍的功效,变法又有何用?不过是一场没有意义的乱子而已。而且,沿袭古代制度没有过错,遵循旧礼也不是什么坏事啊。请大王一定三思。”
杜挚的话果然增加了孝公的担忧,因为他就是怕一旦变革旧法,不但没能达到使秦国成为天下第一强国的目的,反而造成一场混乱,到时候,怎么收场啊?
正在此时,商鞅不慌不忙地说道:“前代礼教各不相同,你究竟效法哪一个呢?治理天下不必用一个方法,管理国家也不必师法古人。想当初,商朝的大王成汤和周朝的大王周武王,都是没有因循守旧而成就王业的,这一点天下皆知。而夏朝的末代帝王夏桀和商朝的末代帝王商纣王,都是因为不知道在新的时代应该更改礼仪制度而导致亡国的。时代变了,旧礼、旧法也一定要变。”商鞅进而提出了自己变法的理论根据:“治世不一道,变国不法古。”
商鞅对杜挚的语气比较客气,使本来剑拔弩张的气氛稍稍缓和下来。满朝文武见秦孝公明显倾向于商鞅,而且商鞅的辩论有理有据,思维缜密,都不敢继续上前与他辩驳了。
孝公
见商鞅已经在言辞上压倒了群臣,而且他所说的都在理,便高兴地说:“你说得太好了,我心里没有疑虑了!”
孝公马上封商鞅为左庶长,然后又指派他制订变法的方案。历史上著名的商鞅变法开始了。一系列新法措施相继出台并实施。
商鞅的新法令赏罚分明,规定官职的大小和爵位的高低以打仗立功为标准。贵族没有军功的就没有爵位;多生产粮食和布帛的,免除官差;凡是为了做买卖和因为懒隋而贫穷的,连同妻子儿女都罚做官府的奴婢。
秦国自从商鞅变法以后,农业生产增加了,军事力量也强大了。不久,秦国进攻魏国的西部,从河西打到河东,把魏国的都城安邑也打了下来。
公元前350年,商鞅又实行了第二次改革,改革涉及到国家的方方面面。
商鞅在秦变法前后共21年,司马迁在《史记》中说,新法“行之十年,秦民大说,道不拾遗,山无盗贼,家给人足。民勇于公战,怯于私斗,乡邑大治。”
秦国越来越富强,各方面的实力都赶上或超过了东方六国,秦国一跃而成为头号强国。周天子打发使者送祭肉来给秦孝公,封他为“方伯”(一方诸侯的首领),中原的诸侯国也纷纷向秦国道贺。魏国不得不割让河西土地给秦国,把国都迁到大梁(今河南开封)。从此,秦国称雄于东方,为秦始皇统一六国奠定了坚实的基础。
知识链接
“君”字的含义
古代对帝王称“君主”,又简称“君”,有“君临天下”之意。“君”字古体从“群”字,意即“群下之所归心也”(《白虎通?号篇》)。“君”字的本意,说明了国君是从原始的部落群体发展而来的,随着私有制和国家的产生,原来的部落首领逐渐成为国家元首,具有至高无上的地位。《汉书?丙吉传》更称“君为元首”。
秦孝公—商鞅变法(Xiao - Shang Yang reform)
秦孝公—商鞅变法(Xiao - Shang Yang reform)
In 361 BC, Qin Xiangong died, Xiao Ji, and it is the king of Qin after changed the fate, can be said to directly affect later Qin domination.
At that time, the Yellow River Xiaoshan east of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei six powers; in between the Huai River and Surabaya have many similar song, a small country like Zhongshan; in the state of Qin, Chu Wei in the adjacent boundary because, while Wei and Qin Wei on the boundary of construction the Great Wall, south Zheng county (area now Xihua County, along the mountain) to the north, until the little beam on the edge of the Yellow River (now south southwest of the city), Wei also seized on the north of the county (now Shaanxi River East, north to the Yanan area, the eldest son); in addition to outside the northwest and Chu Hanzhoung (south of Qinling Mountains), southwest Bajun (Chongqing area), Guizhou (Western Hunan, Eastern Guizhou). It can be said in geography is Qin outflanks the situation!
At this time under the turbulence of the whole society, in the feudal hegemony, war years, the Zhou Dynasty declined, under development in the background of Qin because of their own limitations and not on other states.
First, the geographical position of Qin Chu, Wei Cheng is not only detrimental to outflank the potential, and in the remote Yongzhou (Shaanxi and Gansu) the Central Plains region cannot participate in the meeting. But also the vassal states as barbarians.
Second, Qin experienced the "Li Gong Gong", "impetuous public", "simple public" and "son" for a long time of civil strife, the western large tracts of land were looted, the national power is seriously injured.
Third, Qin Xiangong succeeded to recover when he first Qinmu brilliant is moved to Yueyang (in the northwest of Sanyuan County, Yongzhou), later the two war and victory, respectively is twenty-one Qin Xiangong and twenty-three years in the two war area of jin. The twenty-one year war in Shimen and Shanxi beheaded sixty thousand, Emperor he Yichan Mai. Twenty-three years of the Wei and Jin Dynasties and its beam, from male acne. This is under a good situation but Qin Xiangong died, after the son of Qin Xiao Qin Xiangong throne.
Facing the audience is no successor was tossing fast mess, fortunately Qin Xiangong emerged during the resurgence of the situation, so the audience will start his action, he first made a "Dr. yin":
"When I was Yong Qi from the public, repair virtue Wu, Dongping Jin chaos, with river as the border, mmui Rong Zhai, thousands of miles wide, the emperor to Bo, he later opened after the princes, light, very beautiful. Will the Li, rashness, Jane, the restless, state anxiety, not to mention the foreign affairs, Shanxi attack took me first Jun Hexi, humble, ugly great Yan Qin vassal. Public offer in succession, Zhen Fu border migration governance Yueyang, and to the east of the complex, Miao Miao Gong Gong pastly, repair order. I miss the first king of Italy, pain in the heart. The guests can have surprisingly strong Qin ministers plan, and I respect the official, and the
soil." ("historical records of the Qin Ji")
Probably we are in the period of king said the mighty, how prestige? (by Emperor Bo, princes Bi He) after Li public great injury to civil strife between the princes lost most of the land, look down upon us is burning shame and humiliation! Wait until the public offer in succession, Zhen Fu border, capital of Yueyang, want to recover Qinmu Gong glorious era, but the Tathagata collapse. I remember the first king of legacy, the heart is very sad, hope someone can for my power, I will not treat you.
After the audience and troops, "Dong Wai Shan City, West Zhanyuan king" (so he sent troops to Eastern Wei Shan City, Xi Rong Wang cut Zhiyuan).
Seeking after the decree quoted one's attention -- martingale. That is, the famous Shang Yang.
Shang Yang is defending the son, also called Wei Yang, childhood love of legalism. Has been working in the state of Wei Gong Shu Xiangguo seat. A back seat male uncle was seriously ill, Wei Hui Wang came to see a male uncle asked him, "if you can not cure the disease by who served as prime minister?" A male uncle said: "I have a person in the house ah, called Gongsun Yang, although young, but very talented, I hope you can use it to serve as prime minister,
And the whole nation listens to it." King Wei Hui did not say what, after a while on the left, left seat quickly called male uncle Shang Yang told him that "today, king asked me who can
do after me Wei in the country, I recommend you, but he may not be with you. I have told him before Chen Jun because if you don't kill you, the king promised me, you will run now." Shang Yang said, "he does not listen to me. How can you kill me if you listen to me?"" Sure enough Wei Hui Wang neither Shang Yang nor Shang Yang kill, a male uncle died, Shang Yang heard that "Xiao Zhao Xian" recruitment drive, then went into the death of Wei Qin, qin.
Shang Yang went to Qin after a Jing Jian people met with audience, but also to persuade audience after several striking one snag after another, Xiao Shang Yang accepted the interview. But Shang Yang is talking to the audience very excited, "not knowing the knee before I can talk," a few days are not tired, Jing Jian asked Shang Yang "you and we talk about the king of what makes him so happy?" Shang Yang answered "I before the five emperors, kings of the road, but the king said too long, can not wait; I use fuguoqiangbing operation to persuade the king, the king was very happy to hear, but not the ratio and virtue." Shang Yang is not only visible through the school of Legalists scholarship but have to understand, but also an audience eager to become such a king.
In the second years of Shang Yang in Qin, Shang Yang on planning reform, and the audience said, the audience and the fear of being hesitant in responsibilities. Shang Yang is such an attitude will see Xiao Xiao and say "suspected for unknown, Yishiwugong. And the husband has an expert walker, solid see not in the world; there is only know the worry, will see Ao in the people. The dark to succeed, wise in not adorable. People must not begin with consideration, but succeed with pleasure.
On those not in the vulgar, not to the public for success. It is with the sage that Gou can make the country strong and lawless, so that Gou can benefit the people and not follow the ceremony." That is to say hesitation is do not do, but beyond the ordinary behavior will be subject to a lot of people have a unique insight into the tattle and prate, will be hated, stupid people only see the results, and a wise man can see their newly formed appearance, people can not only talk about and they started together with them enjoy the fruits, so people are not the same with the down of the secular stream, a person with all consulting. So the sage to make the country rich and powerful will not have to follow the road, if the country does not need to follow the law." Xiao said "good"
Throughout China's ancient political reform events, no one said that some people do not raise objections, of course, this time is no exception. A man called dragon stood up and said "I don't think his argument, I think the sage is without changing the etiquette can educate people, the wise man can is the prosperity of the country without reform, follow the folk custom people, can not easily succeed, according to the original law and governance, be familiar with the management of people, Anton." Shang Yang said Jin Jin refute "worldly words" ordinary people with the status quo, scholars generally indulge in their own knowledge that, with these two kinds of people can be an official but not talk about big events. Again, "three generations of different rites and the king, five different laws and tyrants", the wise man making laws, ordinary people are ruled by law; the saints make laws and regulations, ordinary people are bound by law and order. Jin no words, then another, called Du Zhi, he said "not 100, not reform; too difficult for
ten. No francou, Xun Li is innocent "interest is not a hundred times not enough reform, ten times the effect will not change the worship of ancient instruments, follow, follow the old rite can avoid mistakes. Shang Yang said, not just a thief, then in the ancient law "and not to follow the ancient Shang Tang Wu and the king, Xiashang method and perish, against the ancient people can not follow the old system of criticism, they are not worthy of approval. After a series of strong after the audience began to appoint Shang Yang to carry out political.
Shang Yang began to draw up new laws to prepare for reform. The content of the reform is probably the following three points
A,
What involve system.
Is that five is a "Five" ten for "what" and then sit implement system, is a nine crime report, if harboring will be subject to criminal law, and report the people rewarded. As a result, the social stability of the state of Qin, the people can also feel relieved to engage in production.
Two, the military exploit juesystem.
That war made the military can rise the title, at the time of the Qin Jue level a lot, such as in the battle of Changping victory after Qin Shihuang ordered the people of every level in the title, the title Prince of Qin level can be seen at the time very much, otherwise how would all of a sudden the people all rise in Guanzhong title? Of course there is no military can
not enter the ranks of nobility, even rich but no military is very shameful. So the Qin war is very fierce, kill an enemy might be able to give you the title, so Qin has always been a scrappy, enhance the army's morale.
Three, reward farming and weaving, restraining.
To engage in labor and production, a great harvest can be exempted from his servitude or taxes. Those who were lazy and engaged in industry and commerce were slaves of government officials, which greatly improved the productive forces and gained great benefit from the enthusiasm of people engaged in agriculture and textiles.
The new law is made, but it has not yet been implemented. Shang Yang fears that the people will not trust them. He wanted a move called "resettlement wood Ericsson, Shang Yang in the South Gate put up a three feet long wood, who also claimed that if the log gate will give him ten gold, and all the people came to watch no action, we think of a piece of wood can have multiple? Is not, ten gold is white? Who would be so stupid? After a long time no one to see Shang Yang and Shang Yang ten to fifty, we say there must be rewarded under Isao. After a while, and finally someone to try, he moved to the north after Shang Yang took the fifty gold to the warrior, after you see Shang Yang good faith, the promulgation of the new law is slightly smooth some of the.
The new law was promulgated soon, said the new hair is not good there are a lot of people, and the prince has violated the law, Shang Yang like to take a prince to start, but the prince is
Prince ah, the future is to do the monarch, then Prince of the teacher sentenced to second days of Qing punishment, immediately improved, "Qin people are tending to" a few years the situation is "well-off society" to. War policy description "period after daobushiyi, people do not take, Bingge Daqiang, princes of fear" Ban Gu Han description "tilt its neighbours and male princes"
So why is Shang Yang's political reform so successful? In my opinion, it's only two words:
A, Yan, "taking monarchy Qin, to act, the penalty to strong, cross-bench mind, a private law and not close, the prince, the Qing Yi Fu" (Warring States) fair, no matter who is the prince, with the law and the people sin. Since ancient times the family not to act on become powerful and intransigent, is now in the eyes, is not completely solved, for example, we are the "two generation" events, family always brings troubles to the society, and Shang Yang is not afraid of power, prince to kill his spirit! Even the prince must be punished, then who dares to obey the law?
Two, letter, Confucius said "thousand country, Jingshi and letter" of "people without a letter, is made by Shang Yang resettlement wood Ericsson way erected credibility and higher evaluation, such as the Northern Song Dynasty Wang Anshi said," since ancient times, people drive in Xincheng, a word of weight one hundred gold light is Sima Guang in the "mirror" in "the husband said the letter, king also dabao. The national security of the people, Minbaoyuxin. No faith, no people, no people, no country." It is obvious that the word "faith" has always been
respected by people. And always say "light", "difficult", "really do" and how much? When the waste oil flows over our table, when the milk powder nurtures the next generation, when the rescue becomes "wounding", should we reflect on what it is? What we lack is precisely the most important letter in the communication between people",
Because there is no integrity, the distance between people is gradually pulled away, and society becomes even more cold. There is trust between people, then social harmony, trust between people and countries, then the nation as one! To our relief, there are still many examples of honesty in the present moment!
Seven years of the audience, audience in Pyongsong in Wei Hui wang. Eight years of Qin and Wei Yuan war in the city, and victory. Ten years, Shang Yang was made in Daliang, soldiers besieged Wei EUP.
A few years later when the audience twenty-one years, there was a war of Qi and Wei, is the famous battle of Maling, Wei defeated! The Prince "was captured, general pangjuan killed.
When the audience of twenty-two years, Shang Yang encouraged the audience to attack Wei, Wei said "occupy a favorable terrain, and the neighbor, in a favorable time to attacking us Qin, unfavorable eastward expansion of territory, now monarch wise, the prosperity of the country, and Wei just hit a few defeats and can attack Wei, Wei will not stop us, will migrate to the East, then we can occupy a favorable terrain to contain the princes!" Wei (leading the West Ecuador, Duan Town, and Qin
River and dominance of Shandong li. While Li invaded the Qin Dynasty, the disease returned to the east. Today is the kingdom of the king and the kingdom of man. And Wei in recent years big break Qi, the princes of the river, but because at this time cutting wei. If Wei does not support Qin, he will move eastward. According to Qin River East and solid, Dongxiang for the princes, the king of the industry). So the audience sent Shang Yang rate soldiers to attack Wei, Wei sent a son to fight ang. Wait until the front Shang Yang was a messenger of Wei, and son Aung said "we two are friends, buddies, I feel shy and you play well, you come, let's drink two cups, and then make a covenant and then withdraw it what." Childe ang believed Shang Yang's words and came. After I came, Shang Yang's men suddenly appeared and captured the son of Aung, defeated the Wei army. Wei Hui Wang some fear, first in the state of Wei Qi Ma Ling victory, and now regarded this ordeal fading strength, Wei Hui Wang had to cede territory and ask for peace, to the west of the Yellow River area all ceded to the state of Qin, he moved the crossbeam. Liang Hui Wang regret this time, regret that he did not listen to the words of the uncle's seat, so that the end of such a fate, of course, regret is useless. Shang Yang returned to the audience, taking on it, such as the letter to Shang Yang, calling him lord shang.
When the audience twenty-four years, generation Duke Xiao Qin Wang died, his son succeeded to the throne, Emperor Qin Hui Wang was immediately killed Shang Yang. But Shang Yang's decrees were used. So the reform of Shang Yang Qin gradually become strong and prosperous, the Qin Qin Wang hegemony on the upgrade, then how will the action?
秦孝公—商鞅变法(Xiao - Shang Yang reform)
秦孝公—商鞅变法(Xiao - Shang Yang reform)
And the whole nation listens to it." King Wei Hui did not say what, after a while on the left, left seat quickly called male uncle Shang Yang told him that "today, king asked me who can do after me Wei in the country, I recommend you, but he may not be with you. I have told him before Chen Jun because if you don't kill you, the king promised me, you will run now." Shang Yang said, "he does not listen to me. How can you kill me if you listen to me?"" Sure enough Wei Hui Wang neither Shang Yang nor Shang Yang kill, a male uncle died, Shang Yang heard that "Xiao Zhao Xian" recruitment drive, then went into the death of Wei Qin, qin.
Shang Yang went to Qin after a Jing Jian people met with audience, but also to persuade audience after several striking one snag after another, Xiao Shang Yang accepted the interview. But Shang Yang is talking to the audience very excited, "not knowing the knee before I can talk," a few days are not tired, Jing Jian asked Shang Yang "you and we talk about the king of what makes him so happy?" Shang Yang answered "I before the five emperors, kings of the road, but the king said too long, can not wait; I use fuguoqiangbing operation to persuade the king, the king was very happy to hear, but not the ratio and virtue." Shang Yang is not only visible through the school of Legalists scholarship but have to understand, but also an audience eager to become such a king.
In the second years of Shang Yang in Qin, Shang Yang on planning reform, and the audience said, the audience and the fear of being hesitant in responsibilities. Shang Yang is such an attitude will see Xiao Xiao and say "suspected for unknown,
Yishiwugong. And the husband has an expert walker, solid see not in the world; there is only know the worry, will see Ao in the people. The dark to succeed, wise in not adorable. People must not begin with consideration, but succeed with pleasure. On those not in the vulgar, not to the public for success. It is with the sage that Gou can make the country strong and lawless, so that Gou can benefit the people and not follow the ceremony." That is to say hesitation is do not do, but beyond the ordinary behavior will be subject to a lot of people have a unique insight into the tattle and prate, will be hated, stupid people only see the results, and a wise man can see their newly formed appearance, people can not only talk about and they started together with them enjoy the fruits, so people are not the same with the down of the secular stream, a person with all consulting. So the sage to make the country rich and powerful will not have to follow the road, if the country does not need to follow the law." Xiao said "good"
Throughout China's ancient political reform events, no one said that some people do not raise objections, of course, this time is no exception. A man called dragon stood up and said "I don't think his argument, I think the sage is without changing the etiquette can educate people, the wise man can is the prosperity of the country without reform, follow the folk custom people, can not easily succeed, according to the original law and governance, be familiar with the management of people, Anton." Shang Yang said Jin Jin refute "worldly words" ordinary people with the status quo, scholars generally indulge in their own knowledge that, with these two kinds of people can be an official but not talk about big events. Again, "three generations of different rites and the king, five different
laws and tyrants", the wise man making laws, ordinary people are ruled by law; the saints make laws and regulations, ordinary people are bound by law and order. Jin no words, then another, called Du Zhi, he said "not 100, not reform; too difficult for ten. No francou, Xun Li is innocent "interest is not a hundred times not enough reform, ten times the effect will not change the worship of ancient instruments, follow, follow the old rite can avoid mistakes. Shang Yang said, not just a thief, then in the ancient law "and not to follow the ancient Shang Tang Wu and the king, Xiashang method and perish, against the ancient people can not follow the old system of criticism, they are not worthy of approval. After a series of strong after the audience began to appoint Shang Yang to carry out political.
Shang Yang began to draw up new laws to prepare for reform. The content of the reform is probably the following three points
A,
What involve system.
Is that five is a "Five" ten for "what" and then sit implement system, is a nine crime report, if harboring will be subject to criminal law, and report the people rewarded. As a result, the social stability of the state of Qin, the people can also feel relieved to engage in production.
Two, the military exploit juesystem.
That war made the military can rise the title, at the time of the Qin Jue level a lot, such as in the battle of Changping
victory after Qin Shihuang ordered the people of every level in the title, the title Prince of Qin level can be seen at the time very much, otherwise how would all of a sudden the people all rise in Guanzhong title? Of course there is no military can not enter the ranks of nobility, even rich but no military is very shameful. So the Qin war is very fierce, kill an enemy might be able to give you the title, so Qin has always been a scrappy, enhance the army's morale.
Three, reward farming and weaving, restraining.
To engage in labor and production, a great harvest can be exempted from his servitude or taxes. Those who were lazy and engaged in industry and commerce were slaves of government officials, which greatly improved the productive forces and gained great benefit from the enthusiasm of people engaged in agriculture and textiles.
The new law is made, but it has not yet been implemented. Shang Yang fears that the people will not trust them. He wanted a move called "resettlement wood Ericsson, Shang Yang in the South Gate put up a three feet long wood, who also claimed that if the log gate will give him ten gold, and all the people came to watch no action, we think of a piece of wood can have multiple? Is not, ten gold is white? Who would be so stupid? After a long time no one to see Shang Yang and Shang Yang ten to fifty, we say there must be rewarded under Isao. After a while, and finally someone to try, he moved to the north after Shang Yang took the fifty gold to the warrior, after you see Shang Yang good faith, the promulgation of the new law is slightly smooth some of the.
The new law was promulgated soon, said the new hair is not good there are a lot of people, and the prince has violated the law, Shang Yang like to take a prince to start, but the prince is Prince ah, the future is to do the monarch, then Prince of the teacher sentenced to second days of Qing punishment, immediately improved, "Qin people are tending to" a few years the situation is "well-off society" to. War policy description "period after daobushiyi, people do not take, Bingge Daqiang, princes of fear" Ban Gu Han description "tilt its neighbours and male princes"
So why is Shang Yang's political reform so successful? In my opinion, it's only two words:
A, Yan, "taking monarchy Qin, to act, the penalty to strong, cross-bench mind, a private law and not close, the prince, the Qing Yi Fu" (Warring States) fair, no matter who is the prince, with the law and the people sin. Since ancient times the family not to act on become powerful and intransigent, is now in the eyes, is not completely solved, for example, we are the "two generation" events, family always brings troubles to the society, and Shang Yang is not afraid of power, prince to kill his spirit! Even the prince must be punished, then who dares to obey the law?
Two, letter, Confucius said "thousand country, Jingshi and letter" of "people without a letter, is made by Shang Yang resettlement wood Ericsson way erected credibility and higher evaluation, such as the Northern Song Dynasty Wang Anshi said," since ancient times, people drive in Xincheng, a word of weight
one hundred gold light is Sima Guang in the "mirror" in "the husband said the letter, king also dabao. The national security of the people, Minbaoyuxin. No faith, no people, no people, no country." It is obvious that the word "faith" has always been respected by people. And always say "light", "difficult", "really do" and how much? When the waste oil flows over our table, when the milk powder nurtures the next generation, when the rescue becomes "wounding", should we reflect on what it is? What we lack is precisely the most important letter in the communication between people",
Because there is no integrity, the distance between people is gradually pulled away, and society becomes even more cold. There is trust between people, then social harmony, trust between people and countries, then the nation as one! To our relief, there are still many examples of honesty in the present moment!
Seven years of the audience, audience in Pyongsong in Wei Hui wang. Eight years of Qin and Wei Yuan war in the city, and victory. Ten years, Shang Yang was made in Daliang, soldiers besieged Wei EUP.
A few years later when the audience twenty-one years, there was a war of Qi and Wei, is the famous battle of Maling, Wei defeated! The Prince "was captured, general pangjuan killed.
When the audience of twenty-two years, Shang Yang encouraged the audience to attack Wei, Wei said "occupy a favorable terrain, and the neighbor, in a favorable time to attacking us Qin, unfavorable eastward expansion of territory, now monarch wise,
the prosperity of the country, and Wei just hit a few defeats and can attack Wei, Wei will not stop us, will migrate to the East, then we can occupy a favorable terrain to contain the princes!" Wei (leading the West Ecuador, Duan Town, and Qin River and dominance of Shandong li. While Li invaded the Qin Dynasty, the disease returned to the east. Today is the kingdom of the king and the kingdom of man. And Wei in recent years big break Qi, the princes of the river, but because at this time cutting wei. If Wei does not support Qin, he will move eastward. According to Qin River East and solid, Dongxiang for the princes, the king of the industry). So the audience sent Shang Yang rate soldiers to attack Wei, Wei sent a son to fight ang. Wait until the front Shang Yang was a messenger of Wei, and son Aung said "we two are friends, buddies, I feel shy and you play well, you come, let's drink two cups, and then make a covenant and then withdraw it what." Childe ang believed Shang Yang's words and came. After I came, Shang Yang's men suddenly appeared and captured the son of Aung, defeated the Wei army. Wei Hui Wang some fear, first in the state of Wei Qi Ma Ling victory, and now regarded this ordeal fading strength, Wei Hui Wang had to cede territory and ask for peace, to the west of the Yellow River area all ceded to the state of Qin, he moved the crossbeam. Liang Hui Wang regret this time, regret that he did not listen to the words of the uncle's seat, so that the end of such a fate, of course, regret is useless. Shang Yang returned to the audience, taking on it, such as the letter to Shang Yang, calling him lord shang.
When the audience twenty-four years, generation Duke Xiao Qin Wang died, his son succeeded to the throne, Emperor Qin Hui Wang was immediately killed Shang Yang. But Shang Yang's decrees
were used. So the reform of Shang Yang Qin gradually become
strong and prosperous, the Qin Qin Wang hegemony on the upgrade,
then how will the action?
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